Mossy cells(MC)are a type of astrocyte that make up a large percentage of the cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus(DG).However,its structure,function and role in neurological disorders remain largely unclear.Changes in local circuit inputs to MC during seizures alter the excitatory-inhibitory homeostatic balance of the loop,leading to changes in disease.The net inhibitory effect on the hippocampal network exerted by surviving MC,thus providing protection against seizures.Furthermore,increased expression of c-fos protein in MC enhances memory for novelty and also improves cognitive performance by reducing anxiety.This article reviews the role of MC in the dentate gyrus loop and its value in disease management.

Objective:To compare the preliminary clinical efficacy of iodized oil embolization and improved microspheres injection embolization in patients with hepatic metastasis from gastrointestinal tumors.Methods:In total 100 patients with hepatic metastasis from gastrointestinal tumors were perspective enrolled from July 2015 to July 2017 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology. The patients were randomly divided into iodized oil group (45 cases) and microspheres group (55 cases) using random number table. The patients in iodized oil group were firstly received regular perfusion chemotherapy, then underwent the embolization with Iodized oil and epirubicin emulsifier. As for the microspheres group, the patients were received epirubicin and microspheres perfusion and embolization alternately after the same regular perfusion chemotherapy. The post-operation complications were observed. The effective rate of tumor controling at each time point was compared between two groups using χ 2 test. Kaplan-Meier method was used to perform the survival analysis. Log-rank test was used to compare the survival rate between two groups. Results:The operation was successfully performed in all the patients, without severe complications found. The follow up time was 18.7±3.4 months. The tumor control rates of 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after operation in the iodine oil group were 71.1% (32/45), 68.9% (31/45), 51.1% (23/45), 28.9% (13/45), 6.7% (3/45) respectively; while in microspheres group were 90.9% (50/55), 89.1% (49/55), 72.7% (40/55), 49.1% (27/55), 23.6% (13/55), respectively. The tumor control rate in microspheres group was superior to that in iodine oil group ( P<0.05). The median lifetime was 12 months and 17 months for iodine oil group and microspheres group respectively, with significant difference (χ2=8.238, P=0.004) found between two groups. As for the microspheres group, the liver abscess was found in one week after operation in 4 patients, who were cured after drainage and anti-inflammatory treatment. Conclusion:The improved microspheres injection embolization is an effective method for the hepatic metastasis from gastrointestinal tumors and superior to iodized oil embolization in tumor controlling, which may prolong the median survival time.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 125I seed implantation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC).Methods 156 patients who had unresectable PHC seen from January 2012 to December 2015 in our unit were randomly assigned into the study group (76 patients) and the control group (80 patients).The study group of patients were treated with intra-hepatic implantation of 125I seed + TACE,and the control group of patients were treated with three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) + TACE.After ra diotherapy the two groups of patients underwent 2 to 3 times TACE treatment.The biomarker levels were compared between the two groups before and after treatment,and the short-term efficacy,clinical safety and 1 year survival rates were assessed.Results The success rates of the treatment for the two groups were both 100％.Patients in the study group were implanted with 1 016 125I seeds,with an average of (13.7 ± 2.5) seeds per patient.The two groups had no significant difference on short-term efficacy (P ＞ 0.05).The DCR,ORR and 1 year survival rates in the study group were 63.2％,92.1％,55.5％,and they were 61.3％,90.0％,58.1％ in the control group,respectively.There were no significant differences between these 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).At 1 month after treatment,the two groups had no significant differences onAFP,IGF-Ⅱ and IGFBP-2 [(5.08±0.85) μg/L vs.(5.12 ±0.79) μg/L,(4.77 ±0.58) μg/L vs.(4.86 ±0.53) μg/L,(4.98 ±0.67) μg/L vs.(5.04 ±0.71) μg/L] (P＞0.05).There were no signif-icant differences on chemotherapy drug toxicities between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of radi-ation hepatitis in the study group was 1.3％,while the incidences of radiation dermatitis,hepatitis,gastriculcer in the control group were 5.0％,8.8％,2.5％,respectively.The radiation dermatitis incidence inthe study group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).In the study group,2 pa-tients (2.6％) had their 125I seed slightly moved.Conclusion The short-term efficacy of 125I seed implan-tation plus TACE in the treatment of PHC is no less than the 3DCRT + TACE regimen,but with less radia-tion side effects.

Objective To establish the method of determination for rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion in Niuhuang Qinghuo Pills. Methods Sample was hydrolyzed by 20% H2 SO4 , and anthraquinones were extracted by soxhlet extraction with acetone as solvent, and were determined by HPLC with Kromasil C18 as column, methanol-0.5%H3 PO4 (75:25,V/V) as mobile phase at the flow of 1.0 mL/min, 230 nm as the detection wavelength.Results The linear relationship of rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion were 1.50-150, 0.950-95.0, 1.30-130 and 1.15-115 mg/L. The anthraquinones were seperated completely, the recovery of 4 anthraquinones were 98.14% -101.3%.Conclusion This method is simple, accurate, steady, and could be used for the quality control of Niuhuang Qinghuo Pills.

Objective To investigate the influence of sodium fluoride(NaF)on alkaline phosphatase (ALP)activity and bone gla protein(BGP)synthesis in yellow ligament cells from different surgical simples in vitro.Methods The human ligament cells were divided into three groups according to its sources,including normal yellow ligament cells(NLF)group(from acute traumatic thoracolumbar fractures with paraplegia in 7 patients),degenerative yellow ligament cells(DLF)group(from degenerative lumbar stenosis in 9 cases)and ossified ligament cells(OLF)group(thoracic yellow ligament from 8 patients).Twenty-four groups of cells were obtained under vitro cell culture by the method of tissue adherence.Different concentrations of NaF were added into the medium when the cells spread to the fifth generation.Then,the morphological changes were observed and ALP activity and BGP synthesis were tested.Results Human yellow ligament cells from different samples can proliferate and be passaged in vitro.The cell in ossific groups and degenerative groups were pleomorphic and could form calcium nodules.High concentration of NaF(1.0 mmol/L)can lead to cytotoxic reaction in all 24 groups.Low concentrations of(0.01-0.125 mmol/L)NaF can enhance the ALP activity and BGP synthesis in DLF groups while no effect was found in OLF and NLF groups cells under the same concentration of NaF.Conclusion The fact that fluoride can promote ALP activity and BGP synthesis in degenerative yellow ligament cells in vitro indicates fluoride may play an important role in inducing further ossification of human ligament cells.

Objective To retrospectively investigate the cause of spontaneous rupture of the large intestine,pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the relevant factors. Methods The collection of domestic medical records of 155 cases of spontaneous rupture of the large intestine in last decades,combined with 5 cases collected in our hospital since 2002. All the cases underwent emergency surgery confirmed the preoperative diagnosis of straight,colon rupture in 25 cases. Surgical repair for rupture in 5 cases,rupture of an external repair in 5 cases,rupture of the proximal colostomy repair combined with single or dual-chamber in 43 cases of ruptured bowel resection and anastomosis of the proximal intestine fistula combined with single or dual-chamber in 61 cases ruptured bowel resection stump of dual-chamber fistula in 6 cases, rupture of bowel resection and anastomosis in 5 cases, rupture of intestine directly fistula 9 cases. Surgical presentation in the remained cases were unknown. Results One hundred and seventeen patients cured, 43 cases died. Conclusions Most spontaneous colon rupture occurred in elderly patients,and is rare disease. The diagnosis rate is low and easy to delay in the treatment. Moreover, the intraabdominal infections caused by pollution would leed to a direct life-threatening toxic shock. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and timely surgery is important to improve the cure rate.

Objective: To study characteristics of diagnosis and treatment of arachnoid cysts in the sacral canal. Method: After laminectomy of the sacral canal, arachnoid cysts were treated in three ways: 13 cases underwent excision of the most of the cyst wall and suture of redundant wall around the intracystic nerve; 8 cases underwent the excision of the most of the cyst wall and plugging the communicating hole with a block of muscle; 2 cases underwent excision of most of the cyst wall and leaving them unsutured. Clinical results were evaluated after 30. 2 months' follow-up. Changes in the imaging materials (X-ray, CT, CTM and MRI) were also evaluated. The clinical behaviors, pathologies and complications post-operatively were analyzed. Result: Long T1 and T2 signals of the cysts could be clearly showed in MRI, and the signal density was the same as that of cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical symptoms were caused by compression of sacral nerve. Generally, there were communicating holes between cysts and thecal sacs. There were no statistical differences between first two methods of treatments. The complications post-operatively included erosion of wound skin and intracranial infection. Conclusion: MRI allows us to better illustrate the arachnoid cyst in sacral canal, and the cyst seems to arise as a result of congenital defect of thecal dura. Excision of the most of the cyst wall and plugging the communicating hole with a block of muscle seems to to a reasonable method to treat the carachnoid cysts in the sacral canal. Do not put the drain tube and forbidding patients to lie supinely are better for reducing the complications.

Aim To investigate the possible roles of age, bodyheight, mass and body mass index(BMI) in Lumbar1-4 bone mineralcontent (L1-4BMC), L1-4 areal bone mineral density(L1-44BMD) and L1-4volumetric bone mineral apparent density(L1-4BMAD) of Chinese adoles-cents with early ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods Thirty-one maleChinese adolescent outpatients with early AS were included. Age (y),total body mass (kg), height(cn) and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2)of subjects were obtained. L1-44BMC(g) and L1-4 BMD(g/cm2) were e-valuated by using DEXA, and L1-4 BMAD(L1-44BMC/Area3/2, g/cm3)was subsequently calculated. Correlation and multiple regression analyseswere performed. Results Multiple regression revealed that height ( P =0.000) and BMI(P=0.009) were significantly positively related toL1-44BMC (R=0.759, Radj2=0.545, P=0.000 ＜0.01), and heightplayed the pivotal roles in significant correlation with L144BMC(R =0. 676 Radj2 = 0. 439, P = 0. 000) . Body mass significantly positivelycorrelated with both L-44BMD ( R = 0. 657, Radj2 = 0. 412, P = 0. 000)and L1-4BMAD (R=0.551, Radj2=0.280, P=0.001) .Therefore,height as well as BMI significantly positively correlated with L144BMC andmass was definitely associated with both L1-4BMD and L1-4BMAD in ado-lescents with early AS in this study. Conclusion Height and mass couldhave significantly positive effects on axial bone mass and densities ofadolescents with early AS.

Objective To study the OPG/RANKL gene expression of bone marrow stromal cell under stimulation of PTHrP.Method Primary bone marrow cells were cultured under the stimulation of 45 ng/ml PTHrP. Number of osteoclasts was counted after 6-day's culture.90 ng/ml PTHrP was used to stimulate adherent bone marrow stromal cells for 3 or 6 days.OPG and RANKL gene expression level were determined by real-time PCR. Result Large number of osteoclasts were formed in primary bone marrow cell culture after 6-day stimulation of PTHrP.RANKL gene expression level was up-regulated by PTHrP,while OPG gene expression level were down-regulated.Conclusion PTHrP stimulates osteoclast formation via up-regulating RANKL level and down-regulating OPG level.

Objective To study the diagnosis and the treatment of the arachnoid cysts in the sacral canal. Methods After decompression laminectomy of the sacral canal, the arachnoid cysts were dealt with in three ways: 13 cases with excision of the most of the cyst wall and suture of redundant wall around the intracystic nerves, 8 cases with the excision of the most of the cyst wall and plugging the communicating hole with a block of muscle, 2 cases with excision of most of the cyst wall and leaving cystic wound unsutured. The clinical results were studied with 30.2 months follow up. The radiological changes including X-ray, CT, CTM and MRI were evaluated as well as their clinical behaviors, pathologies and post operative complications. Results Long T1 and T2 signals of the cysts could be clearly showed in MRI, and the signal density was the same as that of cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical symptoms were caused by compression of sacral nerve. Generally, there were communicating holes between cysts and thecal sacs. There were no statistical differences between the results of the first two surgical methods. The post operative complications included the wound erosion and intracranial infection. Conclusion The cyst seems to arise as a result of congenital defect of the thecal dura. Excision of the most of the cyst wall and plugging the communicating hole with a block of muscle seems to be a reasonable surgical method. No drain tube should be used and a supine position should not be allowed so as to reduce the complications