ObjectiveThis paper aims to investigate the efficacy and related actions of Guizhi Fulingwan in intervening in the mice with colitis-associated colon cancer （CAC） based on the immunosuppressive microenvironment associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells （MDSCs）. MethodsSixty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to a blank group， a model group， an aspirin group （0.04 g·kg^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose Guizhi Fulingwan groups （4.87， 9.75， and 19.50 g·kg^-1）， with ten mice per group. The CAC mouse model was established via combined induction of azoxymethane （AOM）/dextran sulphate sodium （DSS）. Drug intervention commenced in week five， with continuous intragastric administration for nine weeks. The food intake， body weight， fecal characteristics， and haematochezia were observed and recorded， and disease activity index （DAI） scores were calculated according to scoring criteria. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the colon tissues of the mice. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine proliferating cell nuclear antigen-67 （Ki67） expression in the colon tissues， and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the contents of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， IL-1β， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in the serum of the mice. Flow cytometry was employed to determine the proportion levels of MDSCs， CD4⁺ T cells， and CD8⁺ T cells in the spleen tissues of the mice. The mRNA expressions of MDSC-associated effector molecules， including arginase 1 （Arg1） and inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）， were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. After that， an in vitro co-culture model of MDSCs and CD8⁺ T cells was established， and drug-containing serum of Guizhi Fulingwan was used for intervention. The Flow cytometry was employed to assess the effects of drug-containing serum of Guizhi Fulingwan with different concentrations on the levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and iNOS in MDSCs and the proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells. The levels of granzyme B （GZMB） and interferon-γ （IFN-γ） in cell supernatant were detected by ELISA. ResultsCompared with those in the control group， the mice in the model group exhibited significantly reduced body weight， elevated DAI scores， shortened colon length （P<0.01）， increased number of tumors and Ki67 expression （P<0.01）， and significantly elevated contents of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α in the serum （P<0.01）. Significant increases in the number of MDSCs were observed in mouse spleens， alongside marked reductions in the levels of CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T cells （P<0.01）. Furthermore， the mRNA expressions of MDSC function-associated effector molecules Arg1 and iNOS were significantly upregulated （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the model group， the mice in the middle-dose Guizhi Fulingwan group exhibited increased body weight and significantly decreased DAI scores （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The mice in the middle- and high-dose Guizhi Fulingwan groups exhibited significantly improved colon shortening， significantly decreased number of tumors and Ki67 expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and significantly decreased contents of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α in the serum （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Furthermore， administration of Guizhi Fulingwan markedly reduced MDSC infiltration in the spleen of the mice， with different degrees of increase in the levels of both CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T cells （P<0.05， P<0.01）， alongside significant decreases in the mRNA expressions of Arg1 and iNOS （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In vitro cell co-culture shows that administration of drug-containing serum of Guizhi Fulingwan significantly decreases the activity levels of ROS and iNOS in MDSCs and promotes the proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells and the secretion of GZMB and IFN-γ （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionGuizhi Fulingwan can reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and inhibit tumor proliferation in the colon tissues of CAC mice. Its potential mechanism may involve reducing MDSC infiltration， enhancing effector T cells， particularly CD8⁺ T cell response， and improving the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment.

Objective To investigate the expression characteristics of the transcription factor E2F2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), its impact on patient prognosis, and its potential role in the tumor immune microenvironment, with validation using clinical samples and functional assays. Methods RNA sequencing data and clinical information of ccRCC patients were obtained from the TCGA database; GSE53757 and GSE66272 datasets were downloaded from the GEO database as external validation cohorts. The expression difference of E2F2 between ccRCC tissue and normal tissue was compared, and the relationship between E2F2 expression and clinical pathological characteristics was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis with log-rank test was performed to evaluate the effects of E2F2 on overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS). The prognostic efficacy of E2F2 in predicting 1-, 3- and 5-year survival was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. GSEA was performed to identify E2F2-related signaling pathways, and the ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms were used to assess the relationship between E2F2 expression level and tumor immune cell infiltration and immune microenvironment. Twenty pairs of surgically resected and pathologically confirmed ccRCC tissues and matched adjacent non-tumor tissues were collected from our hospital, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect the protein expression of E2F2. Human ccRCC cell line 786-O was used for functional assays;shRNA was used to knock down E2F2 expression (constructing stable shE2F2#1 and shE2F2#2 cell lines), and qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to verify knockdown efficiency, followed by MTT, colony formation, and Transwell migration assays to evaluate the effects of E2F2 on the biological behaviors of ccRCC cells. Results E2F2 was significantly upregulated in ccRCC tissues (the same results in the verification set). Higher E2F2 expression was associated with advanced histological grade, clinical stage and higher TNM classification (P＜0.05). KM analysis showed that patients in the E2F2 high-expression group had worse OS, PFS, and DSS (P=0.019, 0.036, ＜0.001); the ROC curves showed area under the curve (AUC) of E2F2 of predicting 1-, 3- and 5- year survival of ccRCC patients were 0.844, 0.851 and 0.815, respectively. GSEA revealed that the E2F2 low-expression group was enriched in multiple metabolism-related pathways, whereas the E2F2 high-expression group was associated with immune-related pathways. Immune analysis demonstrated that high E2F2 expression was associated with increased immune scores, increased proportion of immune cells, higher tumor mutation burden, and potentially stronger immunotherapy response. IHC results showed that the E2F2 immunoreactivity score in ccRCC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-tumor tissues (P＜0.05). Functional assays indicated that E2F2 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, and migration of ccRCC cells. Conclusion E2F2 is highly expressed in ccRCC and may be involved in tumorigenesis and progression through modulation of the immune microenvironment. Its expression level is closely associated with patient prognosis, and E2F2 has the potential to serve as a prognostic biomarker and immunotherapeutic target in ccRCC.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism by which Qifu Lizhong decoction restores intestinal mucosal barrier function in ulcerative colitis （UC） by regulating the myosin light chain kinase （MLCK）/phosphorylated myosin light chain （p-MLC） signaling pathway. MethodsA rat model of UC with spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome and an in vitro intestinal barrier injury model were established. In vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the body weight， disease activity index （DAI） scores， and changes in colonic pathological morphology in each group of rats. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and myeloperoxidase （MPO）. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） was employed to observe the morphology and structure of tight junctions （TJ） in rat colonic epithelium. In vitro experiments were conducted to observe the morphology of F-actin in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line-2（Caco-2） cells by phalloidin staining. Combining both in vivo and in vitro approaches， immunohistochemistry （IHC）， immunofluorescence （IF）， and Western blot were applied to detect the expression and phosphorylation levels of TJ proteins ［zonula occludens-1 （ZO-1）， Occludin， Claudin-1］ as well as key proteins in the MLCK/p-MLC signaling pathway. ResultsIn vivo experiments demonstrated that， compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited significant body weight loss， elevated DAI scores and histopathological scores （P<0.01）， increased colonic TNF-α， IL-1β， and MPO levels （P<0.01）. TJ structures were disrupted， and the expression of ZO-1， Occludin， and Claudin-1 was significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of myosin light chain （MLC）， MLCK， phosphorylated （p）-MLC， and p-MLCK significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， all Qifu Lizhong decoction dose groups exhibited increased body weight， as well as significantly decreased DAI scores and histopathological scores （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The colonic levels of MPO， TNF-α， and IL-1β were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In the Qifu Lizhong decoction + inhibitor group， the expression of TJ proteins ZO-1， Occludin， and Claudin-1 significantly increased （P<0.01）， while the protein expression levels of MLC， MLCK， p-MLC， and p-MLCK were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. In vitro experiment results showed that， compared with the normal group， the TNF-α group exhibited disordered cytoskeletal architecture， weakened fluorescence signals of ZO-1， Occludin， and Claudin-1， and significantly elevated protein expression levels of MLC， MLCK， p-MLC， and p-MLCK （P<0.01）. Compared with the TNF-α group， the Qifu Lizhong decoction + inhibitor group restored the ordered arrangement of the F-actin cytoskeleton， normalized the expression and localization of TJ proteins ZO-1， Occludin， and Claudin-1， and significantly decreased the protein expression levels of MLC， MLCK， p-MLC， and p-MLCK （P<0.01）. ConclusionQifu Lizhong decoction may exert its therapeutic effects on UC by inhibiting the MLCK/p-MLC signaling pathway， thereby stabilizing TJ structure and repairing intestinal barrier integrity.

Objective To investigate the serum levels of CC chemokine ligand(CCL)8 and CCL22 in chil-dren with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(SMPP)and their clinical significance.Methods A to-tal of 103 children with SMPP admitted to the hospital from January 2021 to June 2023 were selected as the SMPP group.According to the simplified pediatric critical illness score,they were divided into non-critical group(37 cases),critical group(40 cases),and extremely critical group(26 cases).According to the prognosis of 28 d after admission,the patients were divided into poor prognosis group(22 cases)and good prognosis group(81 cases).At the same time,a total of 60 children with mild Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MMPP)were enrolled as the MMPP group,and 60 healthy children who underwent physical were enrolled as the control group.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum levels of CCL8,CCL22,C-reactive protein(CRP),procalcitonin(PCT),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6).Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between CCL8,CCL22 levels and CRP,PCT,TNF-α,IL-6 and the disease severity.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors for the poor prognosis of children with SMPP.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the value of CCL8 and CCL22 in predicting the poor prognosis of children with SMPP.Re-sults Compared with the control group,the levels of CCL8,CCL22,CRP,PCT,TNF-α and IL-6 were signifi-cantly increased in the SMPP group and MMPP group(P<0.05),and the levels of the above indexes in the SMPP group were significantly higher than those in the MMPP group(P<0.05).Compared with the non-critical group,the levels of CCL8,CCL22,CRP,PCT,TNF-α and IL-6 in the extremely critical group and the critical group were increased(P<0.05),and the levels of the above indexes in the extremely critical group were increased more significantly than those in the critical group(P<0.05).The levels of CCL8 and CCL22 in SMPP group were positively correlated with disease severity,CRP,PCT,TNF-α and IL-6(P<0.05).Com-pared with the good prognosis group,the levels of CCL8,CCL22,CRP,PCT,TNF-α and IL-6 in the poor prog-nosis group were increased(P<0.05).Increased serum levels of CRP,PCT,TNF-α,IL-6,CCL8,and CCL22 were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in children with SMPP(P<0.05).The area under the curve of serum CCL8,CCL22 and their combination for predicting poor prognosis was 0.807,0.801 and 0.907,re-spectively.The predictive value of combined detection of CCL8 and CCL22 was greater than that of each index alone(Z=1.811,1.864,P=0.029,0.025).Conclusion The serum levels of CCL8 and CCL22 are increased in children with SMPP,and are closely related to the severity and prognosis of the disease.Early combined de-tection of CCL8 and CCL22 can be used as a marker to predict the poor prognosis of children with SMPP.

Objective:To investigate the value of nomogram model based on CT features in differentiating ectopic pancreas (EP) from gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) with a long diameter less than 3 cm.Methods:This study was a case-control study. The clinical and imaging data of 43 patients with EP and 90 patients with GIST confirmed by pathology in the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from August 2013 to March 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative CT images were analyzed to obtain qualitative features (number of lesions, location, morphology, growth pattern, borders, cystic degeneration, calcification, ulceration, catheter sign, central umbilication) and quantitative features (lesion long diameter, short diameter, long/short diameter, lesion and normal pancreas arterial-phase and venous-phase CT values, and enhancement ratio). Statistical analyses, including independent sample t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, χ2 tests, and Fisher exact tests, were performed to compare CT characteristics between the two groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to obtain independent predictors to identify the two groups, to establish a joint model, and to draw a nomogram. The discriminative performance of the independent predictors and the combined model was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, while calibration curves were used to evaluate model fit. Results:The differences in age, location, morphology, border, catheter sign, central umbilication, short diameter, long/short diameter, arteriovenous phase enhancement CT value and arteriovenous phase enhancement ratio were statistically significant between the EP group and the GIST group (all P<0.05). The logistic analysis showed that the differences in age ( OR=0.920, 95% CI 0.885-0.956, P<0.001), border ( OR=5.994, 95% CI 2.111-17.022, P=0.001), long/short diameter ( OR=7.820, 95% CI 1.841-33.224, P=0.005), and venous phase enhancement ratio ( OR=8.847, 95% CI 1.103-70.972, P=0.040) were the independent predictors for distinguishing EP from GIST, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were 0.782 (95% CI 0.698-0.866), 0.684 (95% CI 0.600-0.767), 0.705 (95% CI 0.607-0.803), and 0.693 (95% CI 0.605-0.781), respectively. Combined age, border, long diameter/short diameter and venous phase enhancement ratio were plotted in a nomogram with an AUC of 0.881 (95% CI 0.817-0.945), sensitivity and specificity of 74.4% and 93.3%, respectively. The calibration curve demonstrated a strong agreement between predicted and actual probabilities (Hosmer-Lemeschow test, P=0.267). Conclusions:CT imaging reveals significant differences between EP and small GISTs (<3 cm). EP is more likely when patients are younger and lesions exhibit indistinct borders, a higher long-to-short diameter ratio, and greater venous-phase enhancement. The nomogram derived from CT features provides a valuable tool for differentiating EP from GIST.

Objective:To investigate the impact of electroacupuncture(EA)on adenosine triphosphatase(ATPase),ade-nosine triphosphate(ATP),phosphorylated myosin light chain kinase(p-MLCK),and phosphorylated myosin light chain(p-MLC)in the detrusor muscle of neurogenic bladder patients who have experienced suprasacral spinal cord injury(SSCI).The primary objective of this research was to elucidate the mechanism by which EA inhibits detrusor hyperreflexia in these patients.Method:Forty female SD rats were randomly divided into two groups:a control group and a sham operation group,each comprising eight rats.The remaining twenty-four rats were used to create a neurogenic bladder model with incontinence.The rats were then randomly divided into two groups:a model group and an elec-troacupuncture group,with eight rats in each group.Subsequently,the remaining twenty-four rats were used to create an incontinence-type neurogenic bladder model using a modified T10 spinal cord transection method.The rats were further divided into a model group and an electroacupuncture group,with eight rats in each group.On the nineteenth postoperative day,electroacupuncture was administered at the"Ciliao","Zhongji",and"Sanyinjiao"points for seven consecutive days.Urodynamic tests were conducted after the treatment,and the levels of ATPase,ATP,adenosine diphosphate(ADP),and adenosine monophosphate(AMP)in the detru-sor muscle were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The levels of p-MLCK and p-MLC2 in the detrusor muscle were measured using Western Blot.Result:The model group exhibited higher abdominal leakage point pressure and maximum bladder pressure,as well as lower maximum bladder capacity,compared to the control group(P<0.01).Additionally,the ATP content in the detrusor muscle was higher,while the levels of ATPase,ADP,and AMP were lower(P<0.01).The p-MLC2 level in the detrusor muscle was higher,and the p-MLCK level was lower(P<0.01).In con-trast,the electroacupuncture group displayed lower maximum bladder pressure,reduced abdominal leakage point pressure,and increased maximum bladder capacity compared to the model group(P<0.01).The ATP con-tent in the detrusor muscle was lower,and the levels of ATPase,ADP,and AMP were higher(P<0.01).Fur-thermore,the p-MLC2 levels in the detrusor muscle were lower,and the p-MLCK level was higher(P<0.01).Conclusion:Electroacupuncture at"Ciliao","Zhongji",and"Sanyinjiao"acupoints effectively improves bladder function in rats with detrusor overactivity following SSCI.The underlying mechanism is associated with the up-regulation of ATPase expression in the detrusor muscle,promoting ATP hydrolysis and modulating p-MLCK and p-MLC2 levels,thereby inhibiting detrusor muscle contraction.

Turning to critical illness is a common stage of various diseases and injuries before death. Patients usually have complex health conditions, while the treatment process involves a wide range of content, along with high requirements for doctor′s professionalism and multi-specialty teamwork, as well as a great demand for time-sensitive treatments. However, this is not matched with critical care professionals and the current state of medical care in China. Telemedicine, which shortens the distance of medical professionals and the gap of disease diagnosis and treatments in various regions through electronic information, can effectively solve the current problem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a standardized, high-quality visualization telemedicine round system .Therefore, experts have been organized to search domestic and foreign literature on telemedicine round for critically ill patients and to form this consensus based on clinical experiences so as to further improve the level of critical care treatments in regions.

Objective Advances in synthetic DNA technology have made it much easier to fake human DNA samples.There are literature reports that fake human DNA can be synthesized by different methods and implanted in the field to confuse the investigation or mislead the trial.Therefore,distinguishing authentic human DNA from synthetic DNA and performing individual identification has become a critical scientific challenge.Methods We define a novel composite genetic marker(methylation-microhaplotype)by combining CpG sites stably hypermethylated or hypomethylated in natural human DNA and nearby immediately adjacent microhaplotype sites.A total of 19 locis were obtained according to the screening criteria,and a composite detection system for methylation-microhaplotypes was established using MPS technology.Random volunteer DNA samples were extracted and synthetic DNA samples were prepared based on whole genome amplification techniques.Population DNA samples were analyzed to evaluate forensic parameters and methylation variability of the methylation-microhaplotype markers.Comparative analyses of human and synthetic DNA were conducted to assess the markers'ability to discriminate between the two and to detect/type both components in mixed mixed samples.Results The composite detection system composed of 19 locis demonstrated high individual identification ability,achieving a cumulative individual identification probability of 0.999 999 999 996 86.12 hypermethylated locis and 7 hypomethylated locis had relatively stable methylation levels in 57 human DNA samples.According to the allele methylation rate(Ram)value,the system can effectively identify natural and synthetic DNA samples.Meanwhile,for mixed DNA samples,the presence of human and synthetic DNA samples can be found and genotyped.Conclusion Methylation-microhaplotype genetic markers,which can discover human DNA and synthetic DNA and can detect the presence and genotyping of them from mixed samples,is a potential useful tool for forensic DNA analysis.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of peripheral retinal defocus distribution in adult myopia and its relationship with refractive error.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.A total of 270 myopic patients aged 18 to 46 years were enrolled at Tianjin Eye Hospital from January to March 2024.Data from the right eye were included in the analysis.Spherical power and cylindrical power were obtained using an autorefractor and the spherical equivalent (SE) was calculated.Corneal curvature parameters including flap keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), and average keratometry (Km) were measured using the Pentacam anterior segment imaging analyzer.Central corneal thickness (CCT) and axial length (AL) were measured using the IOLMaster optical biometer.Peripheral defocus within a 53° area centered on the fovea was assessed using multispectral refractive topography.Based on the peripheral defocus data, the distribution patterns were classified into four types: hemilateral upturn type, saddle type, crater type, and relatively flat type.Characteristics of different tpes and their correlation with diopter were analyzed.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (No.KY-2024020).All participants voluntarily participated and signed the informed consent form.Results:Of the different types of peripheral retinal defocus, 186 eyes (68.63%) were hemilateral upturn type, 45 eyes (16.61%) were crater type, 36 eyes (13.28%) were relatively flat type, and 3 eyes (1.11%) were saddle type.The crater type exhibited the lowest mean SE of (-6.18±1.50)D, while the relatively flat type showed the highest mean SE of (-3.88±0.87)D.There were significant differences in SE and AL among different peripheral defocus types ( F=15.469, 17.928, 3.431; all P<0.05).The hemilateral upturn type had significantly lower SE and spherical diopter than the relatively flat type, and crater type had significantly lower SE and spherical diopter compared to the hemilateral upturn type and relatively flat type significantly, and the hemilateral upturn type had longer AL than the relatively flat type (all P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in CCT, K1, K2, or Km among different peripheral defocus types ( F=0.861, 1.761, 2.603, 2.248; all P>0.05).Spherical power was weakly negatively correlated with superior, inferior, and temporal peripheral defocus ( r=-0.269, P<0.001; r=-0.176, P<0.01; r=-0.292, P<0.001).Age was positively correlated with superior and temporal peripheral defocus ( rs=0.213, P<0.001; rs=0.181, P=0.003), and negatively correlated with nasal peripheral defocus ( rs=-0.138, P=0.023). Conclusions:Among adult peripheral defocus patterns, the hemilateral upturn type is predominant.The crater type has the lowest mean spherical equivalent, while the relatively flat type has the highest.There are negative correlations between spherical power and the superior, inferior, and temporal peripheral defocus.

AIM:To explore the role and mechanism of calcium-sensing receptor(CaSR)in regulating macro-phage polarization in hypertensive rats.METHODS:Male spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR)and Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)rats were categorized into WKY group,SHR group,SHR+R568(CaSR agonist)group,and SHR+NPS2143(CaSR inhibitor)group.The thoracic aorta was isolated,and the expression of CaSR and macrophage polarization markers in the aorta was observed through immunofluorescence staining.The primary peritoneal macrophages of SHR and WKY rats were aseptically extracted following anesthesia.After intervention with R568 and NPS2143,the expression levels of M1 and M2 markers of peritoneal macrophages were observed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining.The levels of interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-10 were measured by ELISA.The concentration of Ca2+in peritoneal macrophages was mea-sured by immunofluorescence.Western blot was employed to identify the expression of CaSR and nucleotide-binding oligo-merization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome components.Following anesthesia,vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs)were isolated from SHR using an adherent method.Subsequently,a co-culture system was estab-lished with macrophage supernatant.The optimal action time for this co-culture system was determined through CCK-8 as-say.RESULTS:Compared with SHR group,activation of CaSR resulted in a significant decrease in the protein expres-sion of M1 polarization markers(P<0.05)and a concomitant increase in the protein expression of M2 polarization markers in the aorta(P<0.05).Compared with SHR group,administration of R568 led to a significant decrease in the protein ex-pression of M1 polarization markers(P<0.05)and a concomitant increase in the protein expression of M2 polarization markers(P<0.05)in peritoneal macrophages.Additionally,there was a notable reduction in the protein levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components(P<0.05).Furthermore,the fluorescence intensity of intracellular Ca2+was significantly en-hanced following R568 treatment(P<0.05).After administration of MCC950,an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor,the re-sults were consistent with those observed following R568 treatment,demonstrating statistical significance(P<0.05).This effect was reversed by the combined intervention of U73122,a phospholipase C(PLC)inhibitor(P<0.05).Compared with the control(0 h),the 24-h peritoneal macrophage supernatant exhibited the strongest capacity to enhance the viabili-ty of VSMCs after 24 h of culture(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:In hypertensive rats,the CaSR inhibits NLRP3 inflamma-some activation via the PLC-Ca2+signaling pathway,thereby mediating an increase in macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype and a decrease towards the M1 phenotype.