Objective To analyze the main epidemiological characteristics of fungal infection in this hospital in the past 7 years,and to provide reference for clinical treatment and prevention and control strategies of fun-gal infection.Methods The fungal data and clinical data of related patients isolated from clinical samples in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from early January 2018 to the end of May 2024 were selected,and the main epidemiological characteristics of fungal infection in this hospital were identified and described through multi-angle statistical analysis.Results A total of 4 479 patients with filamentous fungal infection were en-rolled.The proportion of male patients[57.5％(2 576/4 479)]was higher than that of female patients[42.5％(1 903/4 143)],mainly distributed in internal medicine,Intensive Care Unit(ICU)and emergency de-partment,among which internal medicine accounted for the highest proportion[50.0％(2 241/4 479)].About 90.0％of the specimens were from the lower respiratory tract,in addition to specimens from skin and soft tis-sue,tissue,ear and blood culture.In terms of seasonal distribution,there are more patients in winter.The fun-gi were mainly composed of Aspergillus,Mucor,Cerdosporium,Fusarium and Penicillium,among which As-pergillus was the most abundant,accounting for 74.6％of the total.Aspergillus fumigatus was the most a-bundant Aspergillus,accounting for 42.5％of the total Aspergillus(1 418/3 340).Among the related infec-tions caused by mold,Aspergillus was the most common in the lower respiratory tract,accounting for 76.8％.Among them,Aspergillus fumigatus accounted for the highest proportion(33.6％).98.6％of the molds infected the ear were Aspergillus,of which Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus were the most common.Skin infections are mainly caused by Sporothrix schenckii,Trichophyton rubrum,Microsporum ca-nis.The results of in vitro drug sensitivity test showed that the four common Aspergillus isolated in this hos-pital were sensitive to voriconazole,and amphotericin B had better antifungal activity against Mucorales in vitro.Conclusion Based on the main epidemiological characteristics of fungal infections in this hospital,it is recommended that special attention be paid to the admission of patients in the respiratory department during the peak infection period in autumn and winter.In the treatment of fungal infections in different regions and on different body parts,attention should be paid to the differences in the distribution of bacterial species.

ObjectiveTo present the exploration and application of a prospective follow-up research method for acute infectious disease surveillance based on natural community populations， using COVID-19 infection as an example， and to provide a reference for improving the infectious disease surveillance and early warning system. MethodsA multi-stage probability proportional sampling method was employed to sample residents from all communities of 16 administrative districts in Shanghai， with households as the units. A cohort for acute infectious diseases based on natural community populations was established. The baseline survey was conducted for all cohort subjects， and COVID-19 antigen test kits were distributed. From December 21， 2022 to September 30， 2023， prospective follow-up monitoring of COVID-19 antigen and nucleic acid was carried out on the study subjects on a weekly basis. The baseline characteristics and follow-up information of the cohort subjects were described. ResultsThe cohort for acute infectious diseases included a total of 12 881 subjects， comprising 6 098 males （47.3%） and 6 783 females （52.7%）. The baseline survey revealed that 35.2% （4 540/12 881） of the subjects had a history of COVID-19 infection. During the follow-up period from December 21， 2022 to September 30， 2023， the average incidence density in the cohort was 0.61/person-year， with a higher incidence density in females （0.63/person-year） compared to males （0.59/person-year）. Individuals aged 60 and above （0.64/person-year） and those with underlying health conditions （0.67/person-year） had a higher incidence density. Healthcare workers showed a notably higher incidence density （0.84/person-year） than that in other occupational groups. As of September 30， 2023， a total of 340 subjects in the cohort experienced secondary infections， with a median interval of 170 days between the first and second infections. ConclusionThis study applies cohort study method to acute infectious disease surveillance， providing crucial data support for estimating infection rates and forecasting alerts for acute infectious diseases in the community. This method can be promoted and applied as a new approach for acute infectious disease surveillance.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is a multisystem disease associated with obesity， insulin resistance， and dyslipidemia and has a complex pathogenesis. Studies have shown that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with the onset of NAFLD， and traditional Chinese medicine treatment can improve the laboratory markers and clinical symptoms of NAFLD patients by regulating intestinal microbiota and its metabolites. This article elaborates on the association between NAFLD and gut microbiota， the involvement of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of NAFLD， and the possible mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine treatment in improving NAFLD from the perspective of gut microbiota， in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of NAFLD.

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during the autumn-winter season in Beijing, providing evidence for the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of ARIs.

Objective To explore the characteristics of blood vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, D, E, K1, K2 and folic acid and their correlation with severity in patients with metabolic-related fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Methods　From September to December 2022, a total of 473 cases of residents were recruited through community MAFLD screening activities and their health information was obtained through questionnaire survey and physical examination. The severity of hepatic steatosis was determined with FibroScan, and vitamin concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Two independent samples' t-tests were used to assess the differences between the two groups, and univariate chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore the related factors of MAFLD. Results　Of the 473 inhabitants, 195 (41.23%, 195/473) met the diagnostic criteria for MAFLD, including mild 43 (22.05%, 43/195) cases of fatty liver, 88 (45.13%, 88/195) cases of moderate fatty liver, and 64 (32.82%, 64/195) cases of severe fatty liver. Using healthy residents collected during the same period as controls, the overall mean of vitamins A, E, K1, and K2 in the MAFLD group was higher than that of the healthy group, with a statistical difference (P<0.05). Furthermore, the concentrations of vitamins A, E, K1 and K2 increased with the severity of fatty liver [R=0.149, P=0.004; R=0.245, P<0.001; R=0.110, P=0.032; R=0.129，P=0.012]. There were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the blood levels of vitamin A and E between patients with moderate or severe fatty liver and the healthy population. The blood vitamins K1 and K2 in severe fatty liver patients were also different from those of healthy people (P<0.05). However, there was no significance between folic acid, vitamin D, B2, B6, B12, and MAFLD (P>0.05). Through univariate chi-square analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was found that male [Wald=5.789, P=0.034，OR=1.598(1.037-2.463)] and vitamin E≥8.13 μg/mL[Wald=14.632，P<0.001，OR=2.378(1.522-3.674)] were risk factors for moderate and severe MAFLD. Conclusions The concentrations of vitamin A, E, and K in the blood are increased in patients with MAFLD compared to the healthy population, and they are positively correlated with the severity of MAFLD. ale gender and high levels of vitamin E may be related to moderate to severe MAFLD.

The gene encoding regulatory subunit 15 A of protein phosphatase 1 produces a protein that is a universally present protein phosphatase in eukaryotic cells.In this study,genomic DNAs were extracted from the blood of 89 Chinese Holstein cows and were used as templates for PCR amplification of the target fragment of the PPP1R15A gene.The product was tested and a polymor-phic site,E3-250T＞A was found.The polymorphism of this side and its correlation with milk pro-duction traits in Chinese Holstein cattle were statistically analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software.The findings revealed three genotypes at this site:AA,AT and TT.Cows possessing the AT and TT genotypes exhibited significant differences(P＜0.01)in milk fat and solid non-fat content com-pared to those with the AA genotype.While no significant differences were noted for other milk production traits,including milk yield,protein,lactose,somatic cell count,blood urea nitrogen,and corrected milk.The identification of functional SNPs in the PPP1R15A gene provides a theoretical basis for further research and identification of causal variations in the cow PPP1R15A gene.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of a new bioceramic material iRoot BP Plus and a traditional pulp capping material calcium hydroxide for indirect pulp capping of deep primary molar caries.Methods A total of 104 deep primary molar caries in children who visited the Department of Pediatric Stomatology of Jing'an District Dental Hospital from July 2020 to June 2022 were se-lected as the research objects.They were randomly divided into two groups,which were treated with chemically cured calcium hydroxide Dycal and iRoot BP Plus for indirect pulp capping respectively.The patients were followed up regularly at 6 months and 12 months after the operation for clinical efficacy and imaging detection.The clinical efficacy and reparative dentin thickness of the two groups were compared.Results After 12 months of treatment,the success rate of treatment in the iRoot BP Plus group(96.23%)was higher than that in the Dycal group(82.35%),and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=5.289,P=0.021).The increase in reparative dentin thickness in the iRoot BP Plus group((0.161±0.017),mm)was greater than that in the Dycal group((0.143±0.023),mm),and the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion The application of iRoot BP Plus in the indirect pulp cap-ping of deep primary molar caries has good expectations,which can promote the formation of reparative dentin to a certain extent and improve the long-term success rate of the treatment fordeep primary molar caries.

In recent years,cortisol has been used as a biomarker to assess stress in dogs.To evaluate the welfare of dogs,we reviewed cortisol levels and changes in dogs under various stresses.We explored the influential factors that relieve stress in accordance with variations in cortisol levels,to improve the measures which reduce stress in dogs.It is recommended to apply cortisol measurement and behavioral observation comprehensively to evaluate stress in dogs more accurately.

Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) entails unbiased shotgun sequencing of all microbial and host nucleic acids present in a clinical sample. By analyzing the microbiota diversity, taxonomic, and phylogenetic relationships of clinical specimens, metagenomics related analysis provides an opportunity to investigate substantial biological significance of different microbes. According to the published paper, most studies on mNGS mainly focused on the clinical impact evaluation. However, the studies focused on the analytical performance validation of mNGS before clinical application were rare. Here, a scheme, included intended use, method establishment, assay validation and standard operating protocol, for the laboratory validation of clinical metagenomics sequencing assay was provided by summarizing experiences of clinical laboratory department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital protocol and relevant research. In this scheme, we discussed important topics of mNGS laboratory validation as below: specimen type and pathogen list, bioinformatics pipeline setup, dry lab standard preparation and performance validation, mNGS workflow setup, background nucleotide acid evaluation, wet lab standard preparation and performance validation.

ObjectiveTo conduct on-site epidemiological investigation， emergency response， tracing of infection source and analysis of a confirmed COVID-19 case of a foreign airline cargo service staff member in Shanghai’s international airport， aiming to provide reference for prevention of imported COVID-19 cases under regular prevention and control of COVID-19. MethodsA retrospective field epidemiological investigation was conducted to collect information of basic characteristics， illness onset， diagnosis， treatment， clinical manifestations， exposure history and risk factors within 14 days before onset， close contacts， close contacts of close contacts， and key places related to activity trajectories. Respiratory tract specimens of cases and contacts were collected for detection of SARS-CoV-2 by real time RT-PCR （rRT-PCR）. Emergency response， including infection source analysis and contact management， was conducted. ResultsThe case developed pharyngeal itch on July 28， 2021， and fever on the 30th， and went to the hospital for treatment twice on the 31st. Because his specimen was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR on August 1， he was isolated and treated on August 2 and diagnosed as a confirmed case of COVID-19. The case was a foreign airline cargo service member at an international airport. The two regular nucleic acid screenings of him as a high-risk occupation on July 21 and 28 were negative. He did not leave Shanghai within 14 days before the onset of illness. During July 22nd and 23rd， he was repeatedly exposed during work to the high-risk environment that may have been contaminated by SARS-CoV-2 and had contact with the crew of foreign airlines， and the personal protection was not standardized. None of the 67 close contacts and 567 close contacts of close contacts in Shanghai showed symptoms during the 14-day medical quarantine， and the specimens of them were all negative for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR. The results of genome sequencing analysis showed that the genomic homology between the virus of the case and the one of recent domestic local epidemic and the recent imported cases was low， and the homology with the overseas Delta mutant strain was higher than that of the domestic Delta mutant strain. ConclusionThe situation of prevention of COVID-19 import is still serious. It is necessary to conduct regular nucleic acid screening for high-risk occupational groups， strengthen the diagnosis and reporting awareness of medical institutions， effectively implement the prevention and control measures for people， objects， and environment at international airports， and further enhance the public's awareness of personal protection.