Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Guangxi from 2012 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the incidence data of mumps in Guangxi from 2012 to 2024. Results A total of 159 873 mumps cases were reported from 2012 to 2024 in Guangxi, with an average annual reported incidence of 25.41/100 000, and no death. Mumps occurred every month, with the peak incidence mainly concentrated in April to July and October to January of the next year. There were 96,118 male cases (29.43 /100 000), and 63 755 female cases (21.07 /100 000). The male to female ratio was 1.40:1, and the difference between male and female was significant (χ²=4 321.276，P＜0.05). The annual incidence of mumps showed a certain periodic change, with the incidence peak and trough alternating every 4 - 5 years. The majority of patients were under 15 years old, accounting for 85.32% of the total number of cases. The patients mainly included students, preschool children and scattered children. The highest average incidence was in Nanning City with 40 231 cases (42.08/100 000), and the lowest was in Qinzhou City with 3 466 cases (8.16/100 000). From 2012 to 2024, a total of 210 mumps outbreaks with 4 483 cases were reported in Guangxi. Conclusion The incidence of mumps in Guangxi from 2012 to 2024 shows a periodic change and obvious seasonality. People under 15 years old are the key group at risk of mumps. The prevention and control of the epidemic of mumps in schools and kindergartens should be strengthened. It is suggested to carry out long-term monitoring of mumps as well as immune effect research, and continue to maintain a high vaccination rate of 2 doses of mumps-containing vaccines.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, causing dementia and affecting millions of individuals. One prominent characteristic in the brains of AD patients is glucose hypometabolism. In the context of galactose metabolism, intracellular glucose levels are heightened. Galactose mutarotase (GALM) plays a crucial role in maintaining normal galactose metabolism by catalyzing the conversion of β-D-galactose into α-D-galactose (α-D-G). The latter is then converted into glucose-6-phosphate, improving glucose metabolism levels. However, the involvement of GALM in AD progression is still unclear. In the present study, we found that the expression of GALM was significantly increased in AD patients and model mice. Genetic knockdown of GALM using adeno-associated virus did not change the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and APP-cleaving enzymes including a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and presenilin-1 (PS1). Interestingly, genetic overexpression of GALM reduced APP and Aβ deposition by increasing the maturation of ADAM10, although it did not alter the expression of BACE1 and PS1. Further electrophysiological and behavioral experiments showed that GALM overexpression significantly ameliorated the deficits in hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning and memory in AD model mice. Importantly, direct α-D-G (20 mg/kg, i.p.) also inhibited Aβ deposition by increasing the maturation of ADAM10, thereby improving hippocampal CA1 LTP and spatial learning and memory in AD model mice. Taken together, our results indicate that GALM shifts APP processing towards α-cleavage, preventing Aβ generation by increasing the level of mature ADAM10. These findings indicate that GALM may be a potential therapeutic target for AD, and α-D-G has the potential to be used as a dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Animals ; ADAM10 Protein/metabolism* ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology* ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Mice ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism* ; Male ; Mice, Transgenic ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism* ; Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism* ; Female ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Long-Term Potentiation/physiology*

Objective To compare the effects of Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides,cyclophosphamide,and cisplatin on the establishment of a mouse model of diminished ovarian reserve(DOR).Methods Mice were randomly divided into the following treatment groups:control(Ctrl),Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides(TWP),cyclophosphamide(CTX),and cisplatin(DDP).Mice in the TWP group received a 50 mg/kg suspension of Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides by gavage for 14 days,mice in the CTX group received a 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide suspension by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days,and mice in the DDP group received a 1.5 mg/kg cisplatin solution by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days.The body weight,uterine index,and ovarian index were recorded,the estrous cycle was monitored using the vaginal smear method,and the levels of anti-Mullerian hormone(AMH),estradiol(E2),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),and luteinizing hormone(LH)were detected using ELISA.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect ovarian follicle development.The rates of oocyte maturation and fertility were analyzed.Results The three treatment groups of mice all showed the following:significantly decreased body weight and ovarian index(P＜0.05);apparent disorder of the estrous cycle;significantly decreased levels of AMH and E2(P＜0.05);decreased and increased rates of developing follicles and atretic follicles,respectively(P＜0.05);and significantly decreased rates of oocyte maturation,pregnancy,and live birth(P＜0.05).Conclusions DOR mouse models were successfully constructed using Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides,cyclophosphamide,or cisplatin,as evidenced by decreased body weight and ovarian index,disordered estrous cycle and hormones,and DOR function,resulting in reduced rates of oocyte maturation,pregnancy,and total number of live births.These DOR effects were most appropriate in the cyclophosphamide group.

OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical efficacy of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction(XFZY)in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced lung fibrosis(RILF)in esophageal cancer patients with blood stasis type underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy(CRT).METHODS A total of 130 esophageal cancer patients with blood stasis type who treated with concurrent CRT were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group,with 65 cases in each group.No patients dropped out during the study period.Patients in both groups received CRT and standardized symptomatic treatment was given according to the condition if radiation-induced lung injury occurred during treatment.On the basis of the treatment of the control group,the patients in the experimental group received XFZY from the beginning day until 30 days after the completion of CRT.The TCM syndrome score of the two groups were compared before and after treatment.The incidence of acute radiation pneumonia(RP)and chronic RILF and changes in pulmo-nary function indicators[forced expiratory volume in the first second as a percentage of predicted value(FEV1%pred),forced vital ca-pacity(FVC),FVC as a percentage of predicted value(FVC%pred),FEV1/FVC ratio,and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity as a per-centage of predicted value(DLCO%pred)]and serum cytokine levels[interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),and transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1)]were compared at 6 months and 12 months after the completion of CRT.The occurrence of adverse reaction during treatment was recorded.RESULTS The total score of TCM syndrome of the two groups was significantly improved and the experimental group was better than that of the control group(P<0.01)after treatment.The efficacy of TCM syndrome was better in the experimental group than that of the control group(P<0.01).There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of acute RP between the two groups(P>0.05)at 6 months after the completion of CRT.The levels of lung function indicators FEV1%pred,FVC%pred,and DLCO%pred in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),and the levels of various cytokines in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The incidence rate of chronic RILF in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05)at 12 months after the completion of CRT.The DLCO%pred level in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.01),and the levels of cytokines HIF-1α,VEGF,and TGF-β1 were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05,P<0.01).There was no serious adverse event observed in either group of patients during the treat-ment.CONCLUSION XFZY can effectively prevent and treat RILF in esophageal cancer patients with blood stasis type underwent CRT,reducing the loss to lung function caused by radiotherapy,and its mechanism may be related to downregulating the levels of cyto-kines of HIF-1α,VEGF,and TGF-β1.

Objective To compare the effects of Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides,cyclophosphamide,and cisplatin on the establishment of a mouse model of diminished ovarian reserve(DOR).Methods Mice were randomly divided into the following treatment groups:control(Ctrl),Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides(TWP),cyclophosphamide(CTX),and cisplatin(DDP).Mice in the TWP group received a 50 mg/kg suspension of Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides by gavage for 14 days,mice in the CTX group received a 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide suspension by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days,and mice in the DDP group received a 1.5 mg/kg cisplatin solution by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days.The body weight,uterine index,and ovarian index were recorded,the estrous cycle was monitored using the vaginal smear method,and the levels of anti-Mullerian hormone(AMH),estradiol(E2),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),and luteinizing hormone(LH)were detected using ELISA.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect ovarian follicle development.The rates of oocyte maturation and fertility were analyzed.Results The three treatment groups of mice all showed the following:significantly decreased body weight and ovarian index(P＜0.05);apparent disorder of the estrous cycle;significantly decreased levels of AMH and E2(P＜0.05);decreased and increased rates of developing follicles and atretic follicles,respectively(P＜0.05);and significantly decreased rates of oocyte maturation,pregnancy,and live birth(P＜0.05).Conclusions DOR mouse models were successfully constructed using Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides,cyclophosphamide,or cisplatin,as evidenced by decreased body weight and ovarian index,disordered estrous cycle and hormones,and DOR function,resulting in reduced rates of oocyte maturation,pregnancy,and total number of live births.These DOR effects were most appropriate in the cyclophosphamide group.

OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical efficacy of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction(XFZY)in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced lung fibrosis(RILF)in esophageal cancer patients with blood stasis type underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy(CRT).METHODS A total of 130 esophageal cancer patients with blood stasis type who treated with concurrent CRT were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group,with 65 cases in each group.No patients dropped out during the study period.Patients in both groups received CRT and standardized symptomatic treatment was given according to the condition if radiation-induced lung injury occurred during treatment.On the basis of the treatment of the control group,the patients in the experimental group received XFZY from the beginning day until 30 days after the completion of CRT.The TCM syndrome score of the two groups were compared before and after treatment.The incidence of acute radiation pneumonia(RP)and chronic RILF and changes in pulmo-nary function indicators[forced expiratory volume in the first second as a percentage of predicted value(FEV1%pred),forced vital ca-pacity(FVC),FVC as a percentage of predicted value(FVC%pred),FEV1/FVC ratio,and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity as a per-centage of predicted value(DLCO%pred)]and serum cytokine levels[interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),and transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1)]were compared at 6 months and 12 months after the completion of CRT.The occurrence of adverse reaction during treatment was recorded.RESULTS The total score of TCM syndrome of the two groups was significantly improved and the experimental group was better than that of the control group(P<0.01)after treatment.The efficacy of TCM syndrome was better in the experimental group than that of the control group(P<0.01).There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of acute RP between the two groups(P>0.05)at 6 months after the completion of CRT.The levels of lung function indicators FEV1%pred,FVC%pred,and DLCO%pred in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),and the levels of various cytokines in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The incidence rate of chronic RILF in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05)at 12 months after the completion of CRT.The DLCO%pred level in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.01),and the levels of cytokines HIF-1α,VEGF,and TGF-β1 were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05,P<0.01).There was no serious adverse event observed in either group of patients during the treat-ment.CONCLUSION XFZY can effectively prevent and treat RILF in esophageal cancer patients with blood stasis type underwent CRT,reducing the loss to lung function caused by radiotherapy,and its mechanism may be related to downregulating the levels of cyto-kines of HIF-1α,VEGF,and TGF-β1.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of Guizhi Tongluo Tablets(GZTLP)on improving atherosclerosis in APOE knockout mice by regulating neutrophil extracellular trapping nets(NETs).Methods After modeling,24 APOE knockout mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups:GZTLP high-dose group,low-dose group,model control group and normal control group,with 6 mice in each group.GZTLP was given 1.87 mg·g-1 and 0.47 mg·g-1 intragastric administration in high-dose group and low-dose group,respectively.The normal control group and model control group were given 0.9%sodium chloride solution intragastric administration for 6 weeks,and the lipid plaque deposition in aorta was observed by gross oil red O staining.Lipid deposition in aortic root was observed by oil red O staining.The pathological changes of lipid plaques in aortic root were observed by HE staining.The levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)in peripheral blood of mice were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The expression of lymphocyte antigen 6G(Ly6G),myeloperoxidase(MPO)and citrulinated histone(Cit-H3)in plaques of the aortic arch and the colocalization of Ly6G,MPO and Cit-H3 were detected by immunofluorescence assay.Results Compared with the normal control group,the aorta of mice in the model control group showed serious lipid plaque deposition,morphological damage,and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltration,the contents of serum inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α were increased,and the protein expressions of Ly6G,Cit-H3 and MPO were significantly increased.Compared with model control group,GZTLP group reduced the amount of lipid plaque deposition in aorta,the arrangement of aortic cells was more regular,the inflammatory cell infiltration was improved,and the contents of serum inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly decreased(P<0.05).The colocalization and the protein expression of Ly6G,MPO and Cit-H3 were significantly decreased in aortic tissues(P<0.01).Conclusions GZTLP can improve atherosclerosis,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of neutrophil extracellular trapping nets.

Objective Based on the secreted frizzled-related protein 2(SFRP2)-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway,this study explored the effect and mechanism of Cuiru Keli(CRKL)in the treatment of postpartum hypogalactia.Methods A rat model of postpartum hypogalactia was established by gavaging 2 mL of 1.6 mg/mL bromocriptine mesylate to female rats on the third day after delivery.Female rats with a delivery time difference of less than 48 hours were selected and randomly assigned to 7 groups,including a normal group(without any modeling or medication),a model group,a CRKL low-dose group of model group model rats receiving CRKL at the dose of 3 g/kg,a CRKL medium-dose group of model rats receiving CRKL at the dose of 6 g/kg,a CRKL high-dose group of model rats receiving CRKL at the dose of 9 g/kg,a positive drug group of model rats receiving domperidone at the dose of 3 mg/kg,and a negative control(NC)group of model rats receiving normal saline.Each group contained 6 rats.Except for the normal and model groups,the remaining 5 groups were continuously administered with the respective intervention drugs at the specified doses by gavage once a day for 10 days.Changes in the total litter mass of the offspring in the 7 groups within 10 days were measured,and HE staining was performed to identify pathological changes in the mammary tissue(MT).Six groups of rats(excluding the positive control group)were used to observe the pathological changes of eosinophils in pituitary tissue.ELISA was performed to determine the content of prolactin(PRL)in serum,immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the expression of prolactin receptor(PRLR)in MT,and RT-qPCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of genes related to lactation in MT.Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to study the therapeutic effect and mechanism of CRKL on postpartum hypogalactia,particularly whether it acted through the SFRP2-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.The mechanism of CRKL treatment was further validated by detecting mRNA(RT-qPCR)and protein expression(Western blot)of related pathway genes.Cell experiments were conducted using primary culture rat mammary epithelial cells(RMEC)from rat MT.RMEC were divided into four groups,including a normal group(primary culture RMEC,untreated),SFRP2 overexpression group(primary cultured RMEC treated with SFRP2 overexpression vector),SFRP2 overexpression+CRKL group(receiving treatment for SFRP2 overexpression group plus 10% drug-containing serum),and negative control group(primary culture RMEC treated with empty vector).The effect of CRKL on the expression of lactation-related genes FASN,CSN2,and GLUT1 mRNA after SFRP2 overexpression was detected by RT-qPCR.Results In this study,CRKL was administered at a dose of 3 g/kg in the CRKL low-dose group,6 g/kg in the medium-dose group,and 9 g/kg in the high-dose group(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with the model group,CRKL at all doses significantly increased the total litter weight gain of the offsprings within 10 days(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and effectively increased lactation(P<0.01),the area of mammary lobules,and the size and filling of acinar cavities.CRKL at all doses also increased the number of eosinophils that secreted PRL in the pituitary gland of the postpartum hypogalactia rat model,and increased the content of PRL in the serum(P<0.05 or P<0.01).CRKL promoted the secretion and expression of PRL in postpartum hypogalactic model rats.In addition,it significantly promoted the expression of genes related to milk fat,milk protein,and lactose synthesis in MT(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Network pharmacology predicted that the Wnt signaling pathway might be a key pathway for CRKL in treating postpartum hypogalactia.The molecular docking results showed that related chemical components in CRKL had good binding ability with CCND1 and SFRP2.Compared with the model group,CRKL at all doses inhibited the expression of SFRP2 gene in vivo(P<0.01)and activated the mRNA and protein expression of CCND1 and c-Myc in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in MT(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Cell experiments showed that,compared to the normal group,SFRP2 overexpression reduced the mRNA expression of milk synthesis-related genes FASN,CSN2,and GLUT1 in RMEC(P<0.01).The CCK8 results indicated that 10% of the drug-containing serum was the effective concentration administered to cells(P<0.01).After administering drug-containing serum,the expression of the lactation-related genes FASN,CSN2,and GLUT1 were up-regulated(compared with the SFRP2 overexpression group,P<0.01).Conclusion CRKL alleviates postpartum hypogalactia through the SFRP2-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.SFRP2 might be a potential new target for the diagnosis and treatment of postpartum hypogalactia.This reveals a new mechanism of CRKL in treating postpartum hypogalactia and promotes its clinical application.

Objective To explore the correlation between the total burden of cerebral small vessel disease and poor prognosis of branch atheromatous disease(BAD)in elderly patients.Methods A total of 114 BAD patients admitted to Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital between January 2021 and March 2023 were enrolled,and according to mRS score at 90 d after onset,they were divided into a good prognosis group(mRS score ≤2,67 cases)and a poor prognosis group(mRS score＞2,47 cases).The clinical and imaging characteristics were analyzed,and the relationship between total cerebral small vessel disease burden and clinical prognosis of BAD was investigated using lo-gistic regression analysis.ROC curve analysis was used to determine the threshold of the total cere-bral small vessel disease burden for predicting adverse outcomes and to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity.Results The good prognosis group had younger age,smaller proportion of diabetes,lower SBP,NIHSS score at admission and white matter hyperintensities,and reduced ratio of cerebral microbleeds than the poor prognosis group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Statistical difference was observed in the total cerebral small vessel disease burden between the two groups(P＜0.01).Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the total cerebral small vessel disease burden score and NIHSS score at admission were independent predicators of poor prognosis in BAD patients(OR=3.350,95％CI:1.439-7.798,P=0.005;OR=2.814,95％CI:1.586-4.993,P=0.001).ROC curve analysis indicated that the total cerebral small vessel disease burden had a cut-off val-ue of 1.5,and the sensitivity and specificity for predicting poor prognosis was 63.8％and 86.6％,respectively,for BAD patients.Conclusion The total cerebral small vessel disease burden is an in-dependent predictor for poor prognosis of BAD patients.

Objective Pertussis cases have increased markedly since 2018 in Guangxi.The aim of this study was to evaluate antibody levels and the infection status of pertussis in the resident population. Method A total of 10,215 serum samples from residents were collected from August-November 2018 and tested for anti-pertussis IgG and toxin IgG using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results Of the collected samples,1,833(17.94%)tested positive for anti-pertussis IgG,with the median concentration of 16.06 IU/mL.Antibody level<10 IU/mL accounted for more than 60%in children under 4 years of age,but declined with age,whereas the percentages of the other three levels(10-40,40-50,and≥50 IU/mL)increased almost with age(P<0.001).Moreover,7,924 samples were selected for anti-pertussis toxin IgG,of which 653(8.24%)tested positive(≥40 IU/mL)with the median concentration of 5.89 IU/mL,and 204 participants(2.56%)had recent pertussis infection(≥100 IU/mL).Among the different age groups,the highest rates of positivity and recent infection were observed at 11-20 years of age,the lowest positivity rate at 5 years of age,and the lowest recent infection rate at 4 years of age(P<0.001,P=0.005,respectively). Conclusion The survey results showed that all age groups in Guangxi lacked immunity against pertussis,which was one of the main factors contributing to the resurgence of pertussis in 2018.In addition,the prevalence of pertussis is relatively high in Guangxi,and its incidence is seriously underestimated,especially in adolescents and adults.