Organ transplantation is an effective alternative treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure. However, the shortage of donor organs has limited the widespread application of clinical transplantation. In recent years, breakthroughs in CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology have overcome the barrier of hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation, offering a potential solution to the organ shortage crisis. Rejection remains a critical factor affecting graft survival. Antigen-presenting cells play a vital role in the initiation and progression of rejection and immune regulation in xenotransplantation. Therefore, in-depth investigation into the role of antigen-presenting cells in xenotransplantation is of great significance. This article summarizes the roles and therapeutic strategies of professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells in xenotransplantation, aiming to provide insights for future research on immune regulation mechanisms in this field.

Humans and animals have a fundamental ability to use experiences and environmental information to organize behavior. It often happens that humans and animals make decisions and prepare actions under uncertain situations. Uncertainty would significantly affect the state of animals' minds, but may not be reflected in behavior. How to "read animals' mind state" under different situations is a challenge. Here, we report that neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats can reflect the environmental uncertainty when the task situation changes from certain to uncertain. Rats were trained to perform behavioral tasks under certain and uncertain situations. Under certain situations, rats were required to simply repeat two nose-poking actions that each triggered short auditory tone feedback (single-task situation). Whereas under the uncertain situation, the feedback could randomly be either the previous tone or a short musical rhythm. No additional action was required upon the music feedback, and the same secondary nose-poking action was required upon the tone feedback (dual-task situation); therefore, the coming task was uncertain before action initiation. We recorded single-unit activity from the mPFC when the rats were performing the tasks. We found that in the dual task, when uncertainty was introduced, many mPFC neurons were actively engaged in dealing with the uncertainty before the task initiation, suggesting that the rats could be aware of the task situation change and encode the information in the mPFC before the action of task initiation.
Animals ; Prefrontal Cortex/cytology* ; Uncertainty ; Neurons/physiology* ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Action Potentials/physiology* ; Acoustic Stimulation

Background: Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). In recent years, research on anal CA has primarily focused on treatment rather than underlying mechanisms. The mechanism of HPV persistence and recurrence in CA require further exploration. It needs multiple researches in mechanisms to focalize treatment targets. Objective: To investigate the relationship between intestinal mucosal immunity and the relapse of anal CA and persistent infection. Methods: Levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay in anal mucosal cells obtained from patients treated at Tianjin Union Medical Center from September 2022 to December 2024. All the participants signed Informed Consent and the whole plan was approved by Institutional Review Board in Tianjin Union Medical Center (No. B155). Results: The levels of IFN-γ and sIgA significantly decreased after infection, and persistent infection exhibited even lower levels. These two factors increased following treatment, reaching peak concentrations at 4 weeks before decreasing again. Conclusion These findings demonstrate a significant association between persistent anal CA infection and dysregulation of intestinal mucosal immunity.

Objective To investigate the expression of pepsin in vocal cord polyps and vocal cord cancer,and to compare the difference of pepsin expression.Methods From May 2020 to December 2021,27 patients with vocal cord polyp,27 patients with vocal cord cancer and 23 healthy volunteers were selected.RSI and RFS scoring scales were used for scoring,pepsin detection kit was used for saliva pepsin detection,and immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of pepsin in vocal cord tissues of patients with vocal cord polyps and vocal cord cancer.Results The RSI score,RFS score and pepsin test kit results of vocal cord polyp group and vocal cord canc-er group were higher than those of non-vocal cord disease group,and the differences of the three indexes were statis-tically significant(P＜0.05).RSI score,pepsin detection kit results and pepsin immunohistochemistry results of vocal cord polyp group showed no significant difference compared with vocal cord cancer group(P＞0.05).The RFS score of vocal cord polyp group was significantly different from that of vocal cord cancer group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Pepsin may be an important pathogenic factor of vocal cord polyp and vocal cord cancer,and play an im-portant role in the occurrence of these two diseases.The difference of pepsin expression in vocal cord polyp and vo-cal cord cancer suggests that pepsin may have different pathogenesis.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is susceptible to systemic complications. Especially，sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for COPD patients that can exacerbate respiratory muscle fatigue，lead to a higher risk of falls and fractures，and lower the quality of life. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia involves such aspects as mitochondrial dysfunction，insulin resistance，changes in skeletal muscle fiber types，and an imbalance in protein synthesis and breakdown. As nutrition support and exercise rehabilitation therapy frequently have limited effectiveness，it is urgent to find a way to slow the progression of COPD with sarcopenia. Numerous studies conducted in recent years have discovered a potential link between pulmonary microbiome disorders and the gut microbiota of COPD patients. Furthermore，a wide range of functions of gut microbiota and its metabolites have been demonstrated，such as regulating inflammation and immunity，glucose and lipid metabolism，and mitochondrial function. According to the Zangxiang theory in Chinese medicine， there are intimate connections between the spleen， intestine，and muscle，and gut microbiota may be the most essential part of ameliorating "spleen governing muscle" and increasing muscle mass and strength. This study aims to expound on the effect mechanism of gut microbiota in slowing the progression of COPD with sarcopenia，thereby furnishing novel perspectives and recommendations for forthcoming investigations and therapeutic applications.

Objective To investigate the antigen presentation characteristics of dendritic cells(DC)and B cells in cardiac grafts.Methods The heart of BALB/c mice was transplanted into the abdominal cavity of C57BL/6J mice.CD45+cells in the heart graft were extracted and sorted by flow cytometry at postoperative 5 d,and single cell RNA sequencing was performed.Taking DC and B cell subsets in cardiac grafts as the main study cells,the changing trend,antigen presenting ability and intercellular communication with T cells after heart transplantation were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis and flow cytometry.Gene ontology(GO)function enrichment difference analysis was adopted to prove the specific function and the reliability annotation of cell subsets.Results Germinal center-like B cell(GC-L B)was the B cell subset with the largest increase in quantity during the acute rejection phase,accounting for 87％.Classical DC(cDC)2 was the only DC subset with a significant increase in quantity during acute rejection of heart transplantation,accounting for 44％of DC subset,and it occupied the highest communication intensity with T cells after heart transplantation.Mononucleated DC(moDC)and memory B cell(MBC)were the main transmitters of T cell input signals in non-transplanted hearts,whereas transformed into cDC2 and GC-L B during the acute rejection phase.Among them,MBC and GC-L B were the main sources of T cell input signals in non-transplanted hearts and heart grafts.Conclusions Compared with DC,B cells occupy a higher number and weight in the intercellular communication with T cells in non-transplanted hearts and heart grafts,prompting that the antigen presenting activity of B cells is more active and stronger than DC in the early stage of acute rejection of heart transplantation.

Objective:To summarize the clinical experience of treating patients with severe acute organic fluorine poisoning using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).Methods:In January 2021, an acute mass organic fluorine gas poisoning incident occurred in Quzhou, Zhejiang Province. The clinical data of 4 severe patients with acute poisoning of organic fluorine treated by ECMO in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed, and the epidemiological characteristics, clinical symptoms, signs, the abnormal laboratory studies/examinations, and treatments of this kind poisoning patients, especially, the treatment pattern, support time, complications, and outcomes of ECMO were collected and analyzed.Results:All the 4 patients were male, with an average age of (52±9) years, and all of them came to the emergency department complaining chest tightness, cough and pharyngeal discomfort 6 h after exposure by inhalation. The patient’s condition progressed rapidly with severe acute respiratory failure and circulatory failure as the prominent manifestations. The mechanical ventilations were performed (13.0±4.8) h after poisoning, and ECMO treatment was performed (15.5±5.3) h after poisoning. Among them, 2 patients were treated using venoarterial (VA) ECMO, and 2 patients using venovenous (VV) ECMO, but 1 patient was converted to VA-ECMO 8 h later. The duration of ECMO support for the patients was (8.8±3.6) d. The duration of mechanical ventilation was (23.0±28.7) d and stay in intensive care unit was (42.0±55.4) d. Among them, one patient was transferred to a specialized rehabilitation hospital after the amputation surgery due to lower limb necrosis after VA-ECMO support, and the remaining 3 patients were discharged after recovery.Conclusions:ECMO support might have the irreplaceable value in the treatment of patients with severe acute organic fluorine poisoning, and should be considered as one of the reserves of regional health care system in dealing with public health emergencies.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of concurrent and asynchronous radiochemotheray for early extranodal nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL).Methods:From 2007 to 2020, 278 patients with early NKTCL treated with comprehensive treatment in the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guizhou Medical University were recruited. According to the adjusted Nomogram-revised risk index (NRI) prognostic model, there were 49 cases in the good prognostic group without adverse prognostic factors (age>60 years old, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ECOG score ≥2, primary tumor invasion (PTI), Ann Arbor stage Ⅱ, and 229 cases in the poor prognostic group with any adverse prognostic factors. 145 of these cases were treated with concurrent radiochemotherapy, and 133 of them were treated with asynchronous radiochemotherapy.Results:The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of the whole group was 71.0%, and the progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 67.6%. The 5-year OS rate in the good prognostic group was 95.6%, and 65.4% in the poor prognostic group ( P<0.001). In the poor prognostic group, the 5-year OS rates of patients with NRI=1(low-and moderate-risk group), NRI=2(moderate-and high-risk group), NRI≥3(high-risk group) were 72.1%, 61.1% and 47.7%, respectively ( P=0.007). There was no significant difference in curative effect between the concurrent and asynchronous radiochemotherapy groups. The 5-year OS rates were 70.6% and 69.8%( P=0.783), and the 5-year PFS rates were 67.6% and 65.2%( P=0.631). Further stratified analysis showed that the 5-year OS rates of patients with NRI=1 receiving concurrent and asynchronous radiochemotherapy were 73.1% and 76.5%( P=0.576), 62.6% and 69.3%( P=0.427) for those with NRI=2, and 58.1% and 42.3% for those with NRI≥3( P=0.954). Conclusions:Comprehensive treatment can significantly improve the prognosis of early NKTCL in the poor prognostic group. In the sequence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is no significant difference in 5-year OS and PFS rates between concurrent and asynchronous radiochemotherapy. Sequential treatment with better tolerance can be adopted for early NKTCL with poor prognosis.

Objective:To describe the real experience of the elderly who has felt happy during the time they stayed at nursing homes, and discuss the meaning which is behind their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, to provide scientific basis for improving their subjective well-being.Methods:Qualitative explanatory phenomenological analysis methods, and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to interview 21 elderly people living in Guangzhou Songhe Nursing Home. Data analysis and subject extraction were carried out with reference to the Colaizzi 7-step analysis.Results:The real experience of subjective well-being of the elderly in nursing homes has six themes: be satisfied with the nursing home management service, be satisfied with harmonious interpersonal relationship, be satisfied with good health, be satisfied with family support, grateful and expectations for the social support system, be satisfied with and grateful for the epidemic prevention work during the COVID-19 epidemic.Conclusions:The elderly who live in a nursing home with perfect management and service, care for each other, are healthy, receive family and social support, are grateful, and understand family and social support will be more likely to feel happy. Improving the subjective well-being of the elderly in nursing homes requires the coordination and support of nursing homes, the elderly, families, society and other aspects.

Malnutrition and dehydration are prevalent in the elderly poplulation, and obesity is also a growing problem, which pose a serious challenge to the nutritional management in geriatrics. In order to better guide clinical practice, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) published the practical guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geria-trics on March 5, 2022. This guideline provides 82 recommendations on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics based on clinical practicability, covering basic problems and general prin-ciples, prevention and treatment of malnutrition/nutri-tional risk, prevention and treatment of specific diseases, as well as prevention and treatment of obesity, along with flow-charts, hoping to be convenient for doctors, nutritionists and nurses to use in clinical practice.