ObjectiveTo explore the potential mechanism of Xianglian Huazhuo prescription （XLHZ） in treating chronic atrophic gastritis （CAG） by regulating cell cycle and inhibiting proliferation， using bioinformatics technology and animal experiments. MethodsDifferential expressed genes （DEGs） related to CAG were screened using GEO database and GEO2R tool. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis （WGCNA） was employed to search for hub genes of CAG. These hub genes were intersected with cell cycle proliferation based on GeneCards database. Eenrichment analysis of the intersecting genes was performed to obtain signaling pathways and biological processes related to CAG. Protein protein interaction （PPI） analysis of genes was conducted using the Protein Interaction Platform （STRING） database to search the super hub gene （hub 2.0）， and animal experiments were conducted for further validation. Fourteen of 70 male Wistar rats were randomly selected as the normal group， and the remaining 56 rats were prepared by the combined modeling method of "starvation disorder+N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine （MNNG） + sodium salicylate". The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group， XLHZ-H， XLHZ-M， and XLHZ-L groups （36， 18， 9 g·kg^-1， respectively）， and Morodan group （1.4 g·kg^-1）. Each group was given corresponding intervention for 60 days. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of gastric mucosa in rats. The ultrastructure of gastric mucosal tissue cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The relative expression levels of TGF-β₁， Smad2 and Smad3 proteins， S/G₂/M phase marker geminin and proliferation marker MCM2 were detected by Western blot in gastric mucosal tissue， and Spearman correlation analysis was performed. ResultsA total of 15 hub 2.0 genes were identified， including TGF-β₁， suggesting the involvement of the TGF-β₁ signaling pathway in the CAG pathogenesis. Compared with the normal group， the expressions of TGF-β₁， Smad2， geminin and MCM2 proteins in the gastric mucosa tissue of the model group were increased （P<0.05）， and the expression of Smad3 protein was decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the expressions of TGF-β₁ and geminin in the gastric mucosa were decreased in the drug groups （P<0.05）. The XLHZ-M group， XLHZ-H group and Morodan group had significantly decreased protein expression of Smad2 and MCM2 （P<0.05）. The protein expression of Smad3 was significantly increased in XLHZ-M， XLHZ-H， and Morodan groups （P<0.05）. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Smad3 was negatively correlated with other indicators， and positively correlated with other indicators （P<0.01）. ConclusionXLHZ may inhibit TGF-β₁/Smads signaling pathway， regulate cell cycle， and inhibit proliferation in the treatment of CAG.

ObjectiveTo explore the potential mechanism of Xianglian Huazhuo prescription （XLHZ） in treating chronic atrophic gastritis （CAG） by regulating cell cycle and inhibiting proliferation， using bioinformatics technology and animal experiments. MethodsDifferential expressed genes （DEGs） related to CAG were screened using GEO database and GEO2R tool. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis （WGCNA） was employed to search for hub genes of CAG. These hub genes were intersected with cell cycle proliferation based on GeneCards database. Eenrichment analysis of the intersecting genes was performed to obtain signaling pathways and biological processes related to CAG. Protein protein interaction （PPI） analysis of genes was conducted using the Protein Interaction Platform （STRING） database to search the super hub gene （hub 2.0）， and animal experiments were conducted for further validation. Fourteen of 70 male Wistar rats were randomly selected as the normal group， and the remaining 56 rats were prepared by the combined modeling method of "starvation disorder+N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine （MNNG） + sodium salicylate". The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group， XLHZ-H， XLHZ-M， and XLHZ-L groups （36， 18， 9 g·kg^-1， respectively）， and Morodan group （1.4 g·kg^-1）. Each group was given corresponding intervention for 60 days. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of gastric mucosa in rats. The ultrastructure of gastric mucosal tissue cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The relative expression levels of TGF-β₁， Smad2 and Smad3 proteins， S/G₂/M phase marker geminin and proliferation marker MCM2 were detected by Western blot in gastric mucosal tissue， and Spearman correlation analysis was performed. ResultsA total of 15 hub 2.0 genes were identified， including TGF-β₁， suggesting the involvement of the TGF-β₁ signaling pathway in the CAG pathogenesis. Compared with the normal group， the expressions of TGF-β₁， Smad2， geminin and MCM2 proteins in the gastric mucosa tissue of the model group were increased （P<0.05）， and the expression of Smad3 protein was decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the expressions of TGF-β₁ and geminin in the gastric mucosa were decreased in the drug groups （P<0.05）. The XLHZ-M group， XLHZ-H group and Morodan group had significantly decreased protein expression of Smad2 and MCM2 （P<0.05）. The protein expression of Smad3 was significantly increased in XLHZ-M， XLHZ-H， and Morodan groups （P<0.05）. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Smad3 was negatively correlated with other indicators， and positively correlated with other indicators （P<0.01）. ConclusionXLHZ may inhibit TGF-β₁/Smads signaling pathway， regulate cell cycle， and inhibit proliferation in the treatment of CAG.

Objective:To explore the impact of female body mass index (BMI) on pregnancy outcomes in artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 4 484 couples with 9 852 AID treatment cycles treated at Reproductive Center of Guangdong Institute of Reproductive Science from January 2011 to September 2024. Participants were divided into four groups based on BMI: low BMI group (BMI<18.5 kg/m 2), normal BMI group (18.5 kg/m 2≤BMI<24.0 kg/m 2), overweight group (24.0 kg/m 2≤BMI<28.0 kg/m 2), and obese group (BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2). General characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared across groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate cumulative pregnancy rates from one to six cycles. Generalized estimating equations (GEE), univariate and multivariate logistic and Cox regression analysis were performed, adjusting for age, basal follicle-stimulating hormone, basal luteinizing hormone, endometrial thickness, clinical diagnosis, and treatment protocol, to explore correlations between female BMI and clinical pregnancy rate, spontaneous abortion rate, and cumulative pregnancy rate. Results:1) There were no statistically significant differences in clinical pregnancy rate and spontaneous abortion rate among the low BMI group, the normal BMI group, the overweight group, and the obesity group (all P>0.05). 2) Cumulative pregnancy rates for AID cycles 1-6 were 17.60%, 31.60%, 43.08%, 54.37%, 61.83% and 73.68%, respectively. 3) Multivariate GEE analysis revealed that female age ( OR=0.962, 95% CI: 0.950-0.974, P<0.001), endometrial thickness ( OR=1.040, 95% CI:1.011-1.069, P=0.006), and natural cycles ( OR=1.171, 95% CI: 1.060-1.294, P=0.002) influenced clinical pregnancy rates. Compared with the normal BMI group, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical pregnancy rates of low BMI group, overweight group, and obese group (all P>0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that female age ( OR=1.051, 95% CI: 1.012-1.091, P=0.010), endometrial thickness ( OR=0.920 , 95% CI: 0.847-1.000, P=0.049) and polycystic ovary syndrome ( OR=1.927, 95% CI: 1.044-3.556, P=0.036) influenced spontaneous abortion rates. Compared with the normal BMI group, there were no statistically significant differences in spontaneous abortion rates of low BMI group, overweight group and obese group (all P>0.05). 4) Cox regression analysis indicated that female age ( HR=0.939, 95% CI: 0.928-0.950, P<0.001), endometrial thickness ( HR=1.039, 95% CI: 1.013-1.066, P=0.003) and natural cycles ( HR=1.957, 95% CI: 1.785-2.146, P<0.001) influenced cumulative pregnancy rates. Compared with the normal BMI group, there were no statistically significant differences in cumulative pregnancy rates of low BMI group, overweight group and obese group (all P>0.05). Conclusion:Female BMI does not significantly affect clinical pregnancy rates, spontaneous abortion rates and cumulative pregnancy rates in AID.

Objective:To explore the correlation between visual spatial attention ability and static balance function in stroke patients with different hemiplegic sides based on different reference frames.Method:Thirty-eight patients with stroke were divided into left hemiplegia group and right hemiplegia group ac-cording to hemiplegic side.All patients completed the assessments in cognition,balance and visual spatial at-tention function.Visual spatial attention ability was assessed through response accuracy and reaction time in egocentric and allocentric reference frame,and the efficiency score is accuracy rate divided by reaction time.The differences of cognitive function,balance function and visual spatial attention ability between the two groups were analyzed.The correction between the results of cognitive function,visual spatial attention function and balance function were analyzed.Result:There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex,age,course of disease,Brunnstrom stage,stroke type,location of the lesion,MoCA and digit span task score(P＞0.05),but there were significant differences in the score of A section of trial making test(P＜0.05).Significant differences were found between the two groups in the average movement speed and length during closed-eye conditions(P＜0.05).There were significant differences in the accuracy rate in egocentric test,the reaction time and efficiency score in allocentirc test between the two groups(P＜0.05).The reaction time and the efficiency scores in ego-centric and allocentric tests were positively related to the static balance parameters in right hemiplegic stroke patients(P＜0.05).However,there was no significant correlation between cognitive function,visual spatial at-tention ability and static balance function in patients with left hemiplegia(P＞0.05).Conclusion:The balance function and visual spatial attention ability of patients with right hemiplegia patients were better than those with left hemiplegia.There is a positive correlation between static balance function and egocentric visual spatial attention ability in patients with right hemiplegia.All these findings provide an impor-tant theoretical basis for stroke patients in balance rehabilitation.

The rising prevalence of allergic diseases imposes a significant burden on healthcare resources and socio-economic systems. Allergen testing plays a critical role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic diseases. However, its application in clinical practice still faces numerous challenges. This article reviews the current status of allergen testing in clinical settings and discusses the challenges in managing allergic diseases. Additionally, it provides recommendations for improving medical education on allergen testing and promoting standardized clinical management of allergic diseases.

Objective:To explore the impact of female body mass index (BMI) on pregnancy outcomes in artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 4 484 couples with 9 852 AID treatment cycles treated at Reproductive Center of Guangdong Institute of Reproductive Science from January 2011 to September 2024. Participants were divided into four groups based on BMI: low BMI group (BMI<18.5 kg/m 2), normal BMI group (18.5 kg/m 2≤BMI<24.0 kg/m 2), overweight group (24.0 kg/m 2≤BMI<28.0 kg/m 2), and obese group (BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2). General characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared across groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate cumulative pregnancy rates from one to six cycles. Generalized estimating equations (GEE), univariate and multivariate logistic and Cox regression analysis were performed, adjusting for age, basal follicle-stimulating hormone, basal luteinizing hormone, endometrial thickness, clinical diagnosis, and treatment protocol, to explore correlations between female BMI and clinical pregnancy rate, spontaneous abortion rate, and cumulative pregnancy rate. Results:1) There were no statistically significant differences in clinical pregnancy rate and spontaneous abortion rate among the low BMI group, the normal BMI group, the overweight group, and the obesity group (all P>0.05). 2) Cumulative pregnancy rates for AID cycles 1-6 were 17.60%, 31.60%, 43.08%, 54.37%, 61.83% and 73.68%, respectively. 3) Multivariate GEE analysis revealed that female age ( OR=0.962, 95% CI: 0.950-0.974, P<0.001), endometrial thickness ( OR=1.040, 95% CI:1.011-1.069, P=0.006), and natural cycles ( OR=1.171, 95% CI: 1.060-1.294, P=0.002) influenced clinical pregnancy rates. Compared with the normal BMI group, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical pregnancy rates of low BMI group, overweight group, and obese group (all P>0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that female age ( OR=1.051, 95% CI: 1.012-1.091, P=0.010), endometrial thickness ( OR=0.920 , 95% CI: 0.847-1.000, P=0.049) and polycystic ovary syndrome ( OR=1.927, 95% CI: 1.044-3.556, P=0.036) influenced spontaneous abortion rates. Compared with the normal BMI group, there were no statistically significant differences in spontaneous abortion rates of low BMI group, overweight group and obese group (all P>0.05). 4) Cox regression analysis indicated that female age ( HR=0.939, 95% CI: 0.928-0.950, P<0.001), endometrial thickness ( HR=1.039, 95% CI: 1.013-1.066, P=0.003) and natural cycles ( HR=1.957, 95% CI: 1.785-2.146, P<0.001) influenced cumulative pregnancy rates. Compared with the normal BMI group, there were no statistically significant differences in cumulative pregnancy rates of low BMI group, overweight group and obese group (all P>0.05). Conclusion:Female BMI does not significantly affect clinical pregnancy rates, spontaneous abortion rates and cumulative pregnancy rates in AID.

Objective:To investigate the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation(iTBS)on the static balance and walking function in patients with subacute stroke.Method:Twenty-eight patients with subacute stroke were randomly divided into 2 groups(14 cases in the ex-perimental group and 14 cases in the control group).Both groups received rehabilitation training.The experi-mental group received 10 times iTBS targeting the lateral cerebellar region of the hemiplegic side for 2 weeks,while the control group received sham iTBS.Patients in both groups were assessed for standing or walking tasks before and after treatment.Static balance data were collected using the Prokin balance testing instrument during standing tasks.For walking tasks,gait parameters were recorded using the Vicon motion capture system.Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare balance and gait data between the two groups before and af-ter the treatment.Result:No significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics,balance function,or walking func-tion between the two groups before treatment(P＞0.05).After treatment,the experimental group showed signifi-cant improvements in balance function,including reduced average sway velocity of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior direction(P＜0.001),decreased sway area of the center pressure(P＜0.001),and the shorter trajectory path length of the center pressure(P＜0.001).In contrast,the control group exhibited no sig-nificant changes(P＞0.05).Regarding walking function,the experimental group demonstrated a significant in-crease in step frequency(P＜0.001),while the control group showed no significant change(P＞0.05).Conclusion:Cerebellar iTBS can effectively enhance static balance and walking function in patients with sub-acute stroke.

Objective:To explore the correlation between visual spatial attention ability and static balance function in stroke patients with different hemiplegic sides based on different reference frames.Method:Thirty-eight patients with stroke were divided into left hemiplegia group and right hemiplegia group ac-cording to hemiplegic side.All patients completed the assessments in cognition,balance and visual spatial at-tention function.Visual spatial attention ability was assessed through response accuracy and reaction time in egocentric and allocentric reference frame,and the efficiency score is accuracy rate divided by reaction time.The differences of cognitive function,balance function and visual spatial attention ability between the two groups were analyzed.The correction between the results of cognitive function,visual spatial attention function and balance function were analyzed.Result:There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex,age,course of disease,Brunnstrom stage,stroke type,location of the lesion,MoCA and digit span task score(P＞0.05),but there were significant differences in the score of A section of trial making test(P＜0.05).Significant differences were found between the two groups in the average movement speed and length during closed-eye conditions(P＜0.05).There were significant differences in the accuracy rate in egocentric test,the reaction time and efficiency score in allocentirc test between the two groups(P＜0.05).The reaction time and the efficiency scores in ego-centric and allocentric tests were positively related to the static balance parameters in right hemiplegic stroke patients(P＜0.05).However,there was no significant correlation between cognitive function,visual spatial at-tention ability and static balance function in patients with left hemiplegia(P＞0.05).Conclusion:The balance function and visual spatial attention ability of patients with right hemiplegia patients were better than those with left hemiplegia.There is a positive correlation between static balance function and egocentric visual spatial attention ability in patients with right hemiplegia.All these findings provide an impor-tant theoretical basis for stroke patients in balance rehabilitation.

Objective:To investigate the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation(iTBS)on the static balance and walking function in patients with subacute stroke.Method:Twenty-eight patients with subacute stroke were randomly divided into 2 groups(14 cases in the ex-perimental group and 14 cases in the control group).Both groups received rehabilitation training.The experi-mental group received 10 times iTBS targeting the lateral cerebellar region of the hemiplegic side for 2 weeks,while the control group received sham iTBS.Patients in both groups were assessed for standing or walking tasks before and after treatment.Static balance data were collected using the Prokin balance testing instrument during standing tasks.For walking tasks,gait parameters were recorded using the Vicon motion capture system.Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare balance and gait data between the two groups before and af-ter the treatment.Result:No significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics,balance function,or walking func-tion between the two groups before treatment(P＞0.05).After treatment,the experimental group showed signifi-cant improvements in balance function,including reduced average sway velocity of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior direction(P＜0.001),decreased sway area of the center pressure(P＜0.001),and the shorter trajectory path length of the center pressure(P＜0.001).In contrast,the control group exhibited no sig-nificant changes(P＞0.05).Regarding walking function,the experimental group demonstrated a significant in-crease in step frequency(P＜0.001),while the control group showed no significant change(P＞0.05).Conclusion:Cerebellar iTBS can effectively enhance static balance and walking function in patients with sub-acute stroke.

The rising prevalence of allergic diseases imposes a significant burden on healthcare resources and socio-economic systems. Allergen testing plays a critical role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic diseases. However, its application in clinical practice still faces numerous challenges. This article reviews the current status of allergen testing in clinical settings and discusses the challenges in managing allergic diseases. Additionally, it provides recommendations for improving medical education on allergen testing and promoting standardized clinical management of allergic diseases.