As the first defense of respiratory system,airway epi-thelial cells(AECs)play an important role in separating the re-spiratory internal and external environment.They are essential for the natural immune function.Small airway lesions are an im-portant early pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),when AECs are exposed to harmful particles or gases for a long time,the epithelial barrier is damaged,and the signa-ling pathways which involved in differentiation,repair,and in-flammatory are disordered,resulting in epithelial cell cycle stag-nation and accelerated aging.A number of studies have sugges-ted that AECs of COPD patients express high levels of aging markers,suggesting that senescence of AECs is closely related to COPD.This review discusses the potential mechanisms of AECs senescence in COPD,the impact of AECs senescence on the de-velopment and severity of the disease,and highlights potential targets for modulating cellular senescence in airway epithelium as a therapeutic approach in COPD.

As the first defense of respiratory system,airway epi-thelial cells(AECs)play an important role in separating the re-spiratory internal and external environment.They are essential for the natural immune function.Small airway lesions are an im-portant early pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),when AECs are exposed to harmful particles or gases for a long time,the epithelial barrier is damaged,and the signa-ling pathways which involved in differentiation,repair,and in-flammatory are disordered,resulting in epithelial cell cycle stag-nation and accelerated aging.A number of studies have sugges-ted that AECs of COPD patients express high levels of aging markers,suggesting that senescence of AECs is closely related to COPD.This review discusses the potential mechanisms of AECs senescence in COPD,the impact of AECs senescence on the de-velopment and severity of the disease,and highlights potential targets for modulating cellular senescence in airway epithelium as a therapeutic approach in COPD.

OBJECTIVE To observe the etiological characteristics,serum C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-10(IL-10),procalcitonin(PCT)and treatment outcomes of the children with pneumonia.METHODS A total of 350 children with pneumonia who were treated in Jinhua People's Hospital from Sep.2021 to Sep.2023 and 30 healthy children matched with age and gender who received physical examination were recruited as the research subjects.The etiological characteristics,serum CRP,IL-6,PCT and treatment outcomes of the children with pneumonia were observed.RESULTS The etiological isolation rate was 74.00％(259/350)among the 350 children,the chil-dren who had viral infection accounted for 39.38％,the children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)infection 32.82％,the children with bacterial infection 20.08％,the children with mixed infections 7.72％.The viral infec-tion was prevalent in winter and was more common among the children aged between 1 and 3 years old;Myco-plasma pneumoniae infection was more common among the children aged between 3 and 6 years old.The CRP levels of the viral infection group,the bacterial infection group,the M.pneumoniae infcection group and the mixed infection group were(10.53±1.54),(38.11±9.32),(21.07±6.55)and(33.33±8.11)mg/L,respectively,higher than those of the healthy children and the children negative for etiological test.The PCT levels of the viral infection group,the bacterial infection group,the M.pneumoniae infcection group and the mixed infection group were(0.61±0.17),(2.84±0.51),(1.35±0.31)and(2.41±0.46)ng/ml,respectively,higher than those of the healthy children and the children negative for etiological test.The IL-10 levels of the viral infection group,the bacterial infection group,the M.pneumoniae infcection group and the mixed infection group were(23.47±5.12),(26.45±7.15),(25.45±5.03)and(25.29±6.05)pg/ml,respectively,higher than those of the healthy children and the children negative for etiological test(P＜0.05).The levels of CRP and PCT of the bacterial infection group and the mixed infection group were higher than those of the M.pneumoniae infcection group,and the level of above indexes of the M.pneumoniae infcection group were higher than those of the viral infection group(P＜0.05).Among 259 children who were confirmed positive for etiological test,237 had favorable treatment out-comes,and 22 had poor treatment outcomes.The rate of poor treatment outcomes of the children with viral infec-tion was higher than that of the children with M.pneumoniae infcection(x2=5.930,P=0.015);the rate of poor treatment outcomes of the children with mixed infection was higher than that of the children with M.pneumoniae infcection(x2=9.954,P＜0.001).CONCLUSIONS The children with viral infection are dominant among the children with pneumonia,followed by the children with M.pneumoniae infcection.The rate of poor treatment outcomes of the children with viral infection or mixed infection is relatively high,the children with M.pneumoniae infcection generally have favorable treatment outcomes.The children with viral infection have slight increases of peripheral blood CRP and PCT,while the children with bacterial infection and mixed infection have a remarkable rise.

OBJECTIVE To observe the etiological characteristics,serum C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-10(IL-10),procalcitonin(PCT)and treatment outcomes of the children with pneumonia.METHODS A total of 350 children with pneumonia who were treated in Jinhua People's Hospital from Sep.2021 to Sep.2023 and 30 healthy children matched with age and gender who received physical examination were recruited as the research subjects.The etiological characteristics,serum CRP,IL-6,PCT and treatment outcomes of the children with pneumonia were observed.RESULTS The etiological isolation rate was 74.00％(259/350)among the 350 children,the chil-dren who had viral infection accounted for 39.38％,the children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)infection 32.82％,the children with bacterial infection 20.08％,the children with mixed infections 7.72％.The viral infec-tion was prevalent in winter and was more common among the children aged between 1 and 3 years old;Myco-plasma pneumoniae infection was more common among the children aged between 3 and 6 years old.The CRP levels of the viral infection group,the bacterial infection group,the M.pneumoniae infcection group and the mixed infection group were(10.53±1.54),(38.11±9.32),(21.07±6.55)and(33.33±8.11)mg/L,respectively,higher than those of the healthy children and the children negative for etiological test.The PCT levels of the viral infection group,the bacterial infection group,the M.pneumoniae infcection group and the mixed infection group were(0.61±0.17),(2.84±0.51),(1.35±0.31)and(2.41±0.46)ng/ml,respectively,higher than those of the healthy children and the children negative for etiological test.The IL-10 levels of the viral infection group,the bacterial infection group,the M.pneumoniae infcection group and the mixed infection group were(23.47±5.12),(26.45±7.15),(25.45±5.03)and(25.29±6.05)pg/ml,respectively,higher than those of the healthy children and the children negative for etiological test(P＜0.05).The levels of CRP and PCT of the bacterial infection group and the mixed infection group were higher than those of the M.pneumoniae infcection group,and the level of above indexes of the M.pneumoniae infcection group were higher than those of the viral infection group(P＜0.05).Among 259 children who were confirmed positive for etiological test,237 had favorable treatment out-comes,and 22 had poor treatment outcomes.The rate of poor treatment outcomes of the children with viral infec-tion was higher than that of the children with M.pneumoniae infcection(x2=5.930,P=0.015);the rate of poor treatment outcomes of the children with mixed infection was higher than that of the children with M.pneumoniae infcection(x2=9.954,P＜0.001).CONCLUSIONS The children with viral infection are dominant among the children with pneumonia,followed by the children with M.pneumoniae infcection.The rate of poor treatment outcomes of the children with viral infection or mixed infection is relatively high,the children with M.pneumoniae infcection generally have favorable treatment outcomes.The children with viral infection have slight increases of peripheral blood CRP and PCT,while the children with bacterial infection and mixed infection have a remarkable rise.

Aim To investigate the effect of ACSL4 on the malignant biological behavior of esophageal cancer cells and gefitinib resistance by regulating FASN,and to explore the related mechanism.Methods Thirty-five fresh esophageal cancer tissues and adjacent nor-mal tissues,and 30 esophageal cancer tissues with ge-fitinib resistance were collected.The expressions of ACSL4 and FASN were detected by qRT-PCR and im-munohistochemistry.The expression levels of ACSL4 and FASN in human normal esophageal cells HET-1 A,esophageal cancer cell lines ECA109,EC9706,TE-1 and TE-1/GR were detected by qRT-PCR.Cells in each group were constructed by liposome transfection technique,and the drug resistance and proliferation a-bility of cells were detected by cloning and CCK-8 as-say,cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry,cell invasion ability was detected by Transwell,and EMT pathway protein expression was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with adjacent normal tis-sues,the expression of ACSL4 and FASN genes in cancer tissues increased,and there was a positive corre-lation.The expression of ACSL4 significantly increased in ECA109,EC9706 and TE-1 cells compared with HET-1 A cells.With the increase of gefitinib concen-tration,the expression of ACSL4 in TE-1 cells gradually increased,and the expression of ACSL4 in TE-1/GR cells was higher than that of TE-1.Compared with the control group and the si-NC group,the cell proliferation and invasion ability of si-ACSL4 group decreased,the number of apoptosis increased,the expression of E-Cadherin increased,and the expression of N-Cadherin,Vimentin and β-catenin decreased.The response ex-periment showed that compared with the si-ACSL4 group and the si-ACSL4+oe-NC group,the cells in the si-ACSL4+oe-FASN group increased drug resistance,increased proliferation and invasion ability,decreased apoptosis number and decreased expression of E-Cad-herin.The expressions of N-Cadherin,Vimentin and β-catenin increased.Conclusions By down-regulating the expression of FASN,ACSL4 reverses the resistance of esophageal cancer TE-1/GR cells to gefitinib and in-hibits the proliferation,invasion and accelerates apopto-sis of TE-1/GR cells,which may be related to the regu-lation of EMT signaling pathway.

Traditionally, platelets, which are anucleate cell fragments derived from blood cells, have been primarily associated with their pivotal functions in hemostasis and thrombosis. However, recent research has elucidated their significant role in immune regulation, highlighting their expression of various immune receptors, involvement in numerous immune-related signaling pathways, and activation of diverse effector functions. This paper elaborates on the fundamental biological characteristics and immune functions of platelets, the involvement of activated platelets in immune regulation, and their prospective applications in clinical therapy. Furthermore, the paper discusses future directions in platelet immune research, as well as the prospects and developmental trends in immunotherapy, aiming to furnish a thorough reference for the investigation and clinical utilization of platelets within the domain of immune regulation.

Aim To investigate the effect of ACSL4 on the malignant biological behavior of esophageal cancer cells and gefitinib resistance by regulating FASN,and to explore the related mechanism.Methods Thirty-five fresh esophageal cancer tissues and adjacent nor-mal tissues,and 30 esophageal cancer tissues with ge-fitinib resistance were collected.The expressions of ACSL4 and FASN were detected by qRT-PCR and im-munohistochemistry.The expression levels of ACSL4 and FASN in human normal esophageal cells HET-1 A,esophageal cancer cell lines ECA109,EC9706,TE-1 and TE-1/GR were detected by qRT-PCR.Cells in each group were constructed by liposome transfection technique,and the drug resistance and proliferation a-bility of cells were detected by cloning and CCK-8 as-say,cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry,cell invasion ability was detected by Transwell,and EMT pathway protein expression was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with adjacent normal tis-sues,the expression of ACSL4 and FASN genes in cancer tissues increased,and there was a positive corre-lation.The expression of ACSL4 significantly increased in ECA109,EC9706 and TE-1 cells compared with HET-1 A cells.With the increase of gefitinib concen-tration,the expression of ACSL4 in TE-1 cells gradually increased,and the expression of ACSL4 in TE-1/GR cells was higher than that of TE-1.Compared with the control group and the si-NC group,the cell proliferation and invasion ability of si-ACSL4 group decreased,the number of apoptosis increased,the expression of E-Cadherin increased,and the expression of N-Cadherin,Vimentin and β-catenin decreased.The response ex-periment showed that compared with the si-ACSL4 group and the si-ACSL4+oe-NC group,the cells in the si-ACSL4+oe-FASN group increased drug resistance,increased proliferation and invasion ability,decreased apoptosis number and decreased expression of E-Cad-herin.The expressions of N-Cadherin,Vimentin and β-catenin increased.Conclusions By down-regulating the expression of FASN,ACSL4 reverses the resistance of esophageal cancer TE-1/GR cells to gefitinib and in-hibits the proliferation,invasion and accelerates apopto-sis of TE-1/GR cells,which may be related to the regu-lation of EMT signaling pathway.

Objective:To observe and evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of albumin-bound paclitaxel as first-line treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer in China, and to explore the prognosis-related molecules in pancreatic cancer based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) of tumor tissues.Methods:From December 2018 to December 2020, patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer were recruited to accept albumin-bound paclitaxel as first-line treatment in the oncology departments of 24 hospitals in East China. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and treatment related adverse events, and the secondary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Adverse effects were graded using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 5.0 (CTCAE 5.0). NGS sequencing on the primary or metastatic tissue samples of pancreatic cancer obtained through surgical resection or biopsy was performed.Results:This study recruited 229 patients, including 70 patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) and 159 patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPC). The disease control rate was 79.9% and the objective response rate is 36.3%.The common adverse effects during treatment were anaemia (159 cases), leucopenia (170 cases), neutropenia (169 cases), increased aminotransferases (110 cases), and thrombocytopenia (95 cases), and the incidence of grade 3-4 neutropenia is 12.2% (28/229). The median follow-up time was 21.2 months (95% CI: 18.5-23.1 months). The median PFS (mPFS) was 5.3 months (95% CI: 4.37-4.07 months) and the median OS (mOS) was 11.2 months (95% CI: 9.5-12.9 months). The mPFS of patients with LAPC was 7.4 months (95% CI: 6.6-11.2 months), and their mOS was 15.5 months (95% CI: 12.6-NA months). The mPFS of patients with mPC was 3.9 months (95% CI: 3.4-5.1 months), and their mOS was 9.3 months (95% CI: 8.0-10.8 months). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that clinical stage ( HR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.06-2.04), primary tumor site ( HR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.48-0.86), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) score ( HR=2.66, 95% CI: 1.53-4.65), and whether to combine radiotherapy ( HR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.42-1.00) were independent influencing factors for the PFS of these patients. The primary tumor site ( HR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.48-0.95), ECOG score ( HR=5.82, 95% CI: 3.14-10.82), and whether to combine radiotherapy ( HR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.35-0.96) were independent influencing factors of the OS of these patients. The most frequent gene mutations in these advanced stage pancreatic patients were KRAS (89.66%), TP53 (77.01%), CDKN2A (32.18%), and SMAD4 (21.84%) by NGS of tumor tissues from 87 pancreatic cancer patients with sufficient specimens. Further analysis revealed that mutations in CDKN2B, PTEN, FGF6, and RBBP8 genes were significantly associated with an increased risk of death ( P＜0.05). Conclusion:Albumin-bound paclitaxel as first-line treatment demonstrated feasible anti-tumor efficacy and manageable safety for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer in China.

Human brain banks use a standardized protocol to collect,process and store post-mortem human brains and related tissues,along with relevant clinical information,and to provide the tissue samples and data as a resource to foster neuroscience research according to a standardized operating protocols(SOP).Human brain bank serves as the foundation for neuroscience research and the diagnosis of neurological disorders,highlighting the crucial rule of ensuring the consistency of standardized quality for brain tissue samples.The first version of SOP in 2017 was published by the China Human Brain Bank Consortium.As members increases from different regions in China,a revised SOP was drafted by experts from the China Human Brain Bank Consortium to meet the growing demands for neuroscience research.The revised SOP places a strong emphasis on ethical standards,incorporates neuropathological evaluation of brain regions,and provides clarity on spinal cord sampling and pathological assessment.Notable enhancements in this updated version of the SOP include reinforced ethical guidelines,inclusion of matching controls in recruitment,and expansion of brain regions to be sampled for neuropathological evaluation.

Objective Studies on the relationship between iodine,vitamin A(VA),and vitamin D(VD)and thyroid function are limited.This study aimed to analyze iodine and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)status and their possible relationships with VA,VD,and other factors in postpartum women. Methods A total of 1,311 mothers(896 lactating and 415 non-lactating)from Hebei,Zhejiang,and Guangxi provinces were included in this study.The urinary iodine concentration(UIC),TSH,VA,and VD were measured. Results The median UIC of total and lactating participants were 142.00 μg/L and 139.95 μg/L,respectively.The median TSH,VA,and VD levels in all the participants were 1.89 mIU/L,0.44 μg/mL,and 24.04 ng/mL,respectively.No differences in the UIC were found between lactating and non-lactating mothers.UIC and TSH levels were significantly different among the three provinces.The rural UIC was higher than the urban UIC.Obese mothers had a higher UIC and a higher prevalence of excessive TSH.Higher UICs and TSHs levels were observed in both the VD deficiency and insufficiency groups than in the VD-sufficient group.After adjustment,no linear correlation was observed between UIC and VA/VD.No interaction was found between vitamins A/D and UIC on TSH levels. Conclusion The mothers in the present study had no iodine deficiency.Region,area type,BMI,and VD may be related to the iodine status or TSH levels.