Objective To compare six existing Chinese standards related to visual disability,including Disability Assessment and Code for Life Insurance(Insurance Standard),Specification for Ability Assessment of Older Adults(Elderly Stan-dard),Grading of Disability due to Human Body Injury(Judicial Standard),Standard for Identify Work Ability—Gradation of Disability Caused by Work-related Injuries and Occupational Diseases(Work Injury Standard),Standard for Assessment of Disability Grades of Military Personnel(Military Standard),and Classification and Grading Criteria of Disability(Disability Classification Standard).Methods Based on the theoretical framework of International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)and International Classification of Diseases,the 11th Revision(ICD-11),and with reference to World Report on Vision(WRV),this study analyzed and compared five key dimensions of visual disability across the six stan-dards:definition,classification,grading,assessment methods and coding systems.Results In terms of definition,the insurance,work injury,military,and disability classification standards emphasized vi-sual structure and function,focusing on visual acuity and visual field;the insurance and elderly standards incor-porated activities and participation,reflecting the concept of functional vision;the judicial standard lacked a dedi-cated definition of visual disability.In terms of grading,each standard graded visual disability into different lev-els acoording to different functional indicators.In terms of coding,only the insurance standard adopted the ICF framework,while others used non-ICF numeric codes or lacked standardized coding.In terms of assessment tools,the elderly standard employed a customized perceptual and participation scoring system,while others re-lied primarily on vision charts.Conclusion Most current Chinese standards focus on impairments in visual function,with limited attention to activity limitations and participation restrictions.It is needed for incorporating the concept of functional vision,aligned with ICF and WRV,to establish a unified conceptual framework,terminology,coding system for visual disability,and comprehensive assessments that reflect not only impairments but also the impact on daily functioning and en-vironmental interaction.

Objective To investigate the expression of myelin transcription factor 1-like(MYT1L)during amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)progression and its association with neuronal degeneration through bioinformatics analysis combined with in vivo and in vitro experiments.Methods Bioinformatics analysis of the GSE106803 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)database revealed significant down-regulation of MYT1L in spinal cords of ALS transgenic mice carrying the human superoxide dismutase 1 mutant gene(hSOD1G93A)compared to the wild-type(WT)mice.hSOD1G93A transgenic mice and their WT littermates were selected to analyze MYT1L mRNA and protein changes in spinal cord tissues at different disease stages using Real-time PCR and Western blotting.Double immunofluorescent staining was used to determine the distribution and cellular localization of MYT1L in the spinal cord of mice at the middle stage of the disease.An ALS cellular model was established using hSOD1G93A mutant NSC34 cells,with hSOD1WT NSC34 cells as controls.MYT1L expression and distribution were assessed in these cells via Real-time PCR,Western blotting,and immunofluorescent staining.Based on the GSE76220 dataset from the GEO database,differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between MYT1L high-and low-expression groups in lumbar spinal motor neurons of ALS patients were identified,followed by Gene Ontology(GO)functional enrichment analysis.MYT1L overexpression was induced in the ALS cellular model to evaluate alterations in cell viability and neurite outgrowth.Results In the GSE106803 dataset,MYT1L expression was significantly down-regulated in the spinal cord of ALS mice.Animal experiments confirmed progressive reductions in MYT1L mRNA and protein levels in spinal cord tissues of ALS mice during mid-and late-disease stages.Compared to the WT group,MYT1L expression decreased in motor neurons of the lumbar spinal cord gray matter anterior horn in ALS mice,while it increased in astrocytes.In vitro,hSOD1G93Amutant NSC34 cells exhibited significantly reduced MYT1L expression than controls,with MYT1L localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus.DEGs between MYT1L high-and low-expression groups in lumbar spinal cord motor neurons of ALS patients(GSE76220 dataset)were enriched in synaptic-related functions through GO analysis.Overexpression of MYT1L in hSOD1G93A mutant NSC34 cells enhanced cell viability and promoted neurite outgrowth.Conclusion Aberrantly low expression of MYT1L is closely associated with ALS pathogenesis.Overexpression of MYT1L promotes neurite growth and exerts protective effects on ALS motor neurons,suggesting its therapeutic potential.

Objective Based on the theoretical framework of International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF),this paper compared the classification and grading methods of disability standards in four areas in China,focusing on definition,classification,grading,coding systems and assessment tools.Methods Four disability standards including Disability Assessment and Code for Life Insurance(insurance standard),Classification of Disability Degrees for Human Body Injury(judicial standard),Grading of Disability for Work-Related Injuries and Occupational Diseases(work-related injury standard),and Classification and Grading of Dis-abilities for Persons with Disabilities(disability eligibility standard)were systematically analyzed.Each standard was reviewed to identify core elements of disability definitions,classification,and grading methods.Content analysis was used to extract and compare the definitions,classification,grading,coding systems,and assessment tools.The strengths,weaknesses,and practical limitations of each standard were analyzed using the ICF frame-work.Results There were different in disability definitions,classification and grading,coding systems,and assessment tools across the standards.In terms of definitions,the insurance standard emphasized ICF's body structure and function impairments;the judicial standard defined disability as limitations in life and work capacity due to bodily injury,covering ICF's body structure and function,activity and participation;the work-related injury standard focused on loss of labor capacity due to work-related injuries,involving body structure and function,activity and partici-pation;the disability eligibility standard refered to the ICF model,defining disability as impairments in body function and structure,and activity limitations and participation restriction.Regarding classification and grading,the insurance standard divided disabilities into eight categories based on body structure and function,with ten grades of disability severity;the judicial standard first graded disabilities into ten levels and then classified as in-jury site;the work-related injury standard divided disabilities into five categories based on clinical disciplines,grading from one to ten;the disability eligibility standard divided disabilities into seven categories,each with four grades.For coding systems and assessment tools,the insurance standard used ICF coding system,while the disability standard for persons with disabilities used a numerical coding system other from ICF,and the other standards did not use coding systems.Assessment tools varied significantly.The use of World Health Organiza-tion Disability Assessment Schedule(WHODAS 2.0)was proposed but not applying it in grading.Conclusion This study has systematically compared and analyzed four typical disability-related standards in China using the ICF framework.Personal Insurance Disability Assessment and Coding,Grading of Disability Caused by Bodily Injury,and Classification and Grading of Disabilities for Persons with Disabilities are all promulgated af-ter 2011,and adopt ICF concepts and methods to define and classify disabilities,considering body function and structure,activity and participation,and environmental factors.However,due to different purposes,their grading methods and levels vary:except for Classification and Grading of Disabilities for Persons with Disabilities,which uses a four-level grading system,the other standards use a ten-level system,primarily based on body func-tion and structure.In disability assessment,the recommended methods differ by category,showing significant variability.Due to differing classification and grading methods,disability data from various standards are lack in comparability.The international trend advocates for a unified disability standard framework based on ICF and ICD-11 to enhance the comparability and exchangeability of disability data.

Objective Utilizing the International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)framework and Interna-tional Classification of Diseases,the 11th Revision(ICD-11)system,alongside evidence from World Health Or-ganization(WHO)global reports and technical reports from relevant countries,this study systematically exam-ines the definitions,classifications,grading,and assessment methods for visual,hearing,speech,physical,intel-lectual,and mental(psychiatric)disabilities.Methods Employing the ICF's biopsychosocial model,classification,and coding system and ICD-11,and referencing WHO global reports and national technical reports,this study systematically investigated the definitions,classifi-cations,grading and assessment approaches for six prevalent disabilities:visual,hearing,speech,physical,intel-lectual and mental.Results The ICF and ICD-11model and classification system offered a robust framework for defining,classifying,grad-ing and assessing disabilities.Disability definitions should address body function impairments,activity limita-tions,participation restrictions and environmental factors.The definitions,classifications and grading of visual,hearing,speech,physical,intellectual and mental disabilities aligned with ICF categories for body functions and structures,activities and participation and categories of ICD-11.Standardized tools like the WHO Disability As-sessment Schedule(WHODAS 2.0)effectively measured overall activity and participation levels.Conclusion Anchored in the ICF and ICD-11 framework,disabilities are defined,classified,graded and assessed across body functions and structure,activities and participation,and environmental factors.WHODAS 2.0 serves as a universal tool for assessing activities and participation,enabling both comprehensive functional evaluations and the conversion of results from other assessment tools.By analyzing WHO global reports and technical documents in some countries within the ICF and ICD-11 classifications framework,this study highlights global advance-ments in disability definitions,classifications,grading and assessments.Variations in disability statistics stem from differing definitions,diagnostic criteria and assessments.Disability service eligibility criteria should be tai-lored to the needs of recipients and the capacity of providers.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of the combined tumor burden score (TBS) and platelet-albumin-bilirubin (PALBI) score model for postoperative tumor recurrence in liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The general information of 158 recipients diagnosed with HCC and underwent liver transplantation at the 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army from 2008 to 2021 was collected. Lasso regression analysis combined with multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to identify independent risk factors for postoperative tumor recurrence after liver transplantation with HCC. A nomogram prediction model was constructed based on variables selected by Lasso regression analysis, and the predictive performance of the model was verified by calibration curve and clinical decision curve. The optimal cut-off values for postoperative tumor recurrence in liver transplant recipients with HCC were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare survival differences among different groups. Results Among the 158 liver transplant recipients with HCC, 82 experienced tumor recurrence, with a recurrence rate of 51.9% and a median tumor-free survival time of 10 (4, 25) months. Results of Lasso regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ≥400 ng/mL, TBS and PALBI score were all independent risk factors for postoperative tumor recurrence in liver transplant recipients with HCC (all P<0.05). The combined high TBS-high PALBI score showed the highest predictive value (hazard ratio 6.909, 95% confidence interval 3.067-15.563, P<0.001). A nomogram prediction model was constructed based on six variables selected by Lasso regression analysis. Calibration curve showed good consistency between the model's predicted results and the ideal curve. Decision curve analysis indicated that the nomogram prediction model provided the highest clinical benefit for predicting 1-year tumor-free survival after liver transplantation with HCC. Time-dependent ROC curves at 1, 3 and 5 years after surgery showed that TBS-PALBI model had good predictive performance, with no significant difference in area under the curve (AUC) compared with TBS-PALBI-AFP model. The optimal cut-off values for predicting postoperative tumor recurrence were determined by ROC curve, with a PALBI score cut-off of −2.334 and a TBS cut-off of 5.305. Recipients were divided into a low TBS-low PALBI score group (n=47) and a low/high TBS-low/high PALBI score group (at least one score was high) (n=111). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the low TBS-low PALBI score group had a higher tumor-free survival rate than the low/high TBS-low/high PALBI score group, with a significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusions TBS-PALBI model provides a novel, simple and effective tool for assessing the prognosis of liver transplant recipients with HCC. The nomogram model constructed based on this has significant advantages in predictive performance and may serve as a reference for guiding individualized treatment plans and improving clinical outcomes.

Objective To compare six existing Chinese standards related to visual disability,including Disability Assessment and Code for Life Insurance(Insurance Standard),Specification for Ability Assessment of Older Adults(Elderly Stan-dard),Grading of Disability due to Human Body Injury(Judicial Standard),Standard for Identify Work Ability—Gradation of Disability Caused by Work-related Injuries and Occupational Diseases(Work Injury Standard),Standard for Assessment of Disability Grades of Military Personnel(Military Standard),and Classification and Grading Criteria of Disability(Disability Classification Standard).Methods Based on the theoretical framework of International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)and International Classification of Diseases,the 11th Revision(ICD-11),and with reference to World Report on Vision(WRV),this study analyzed and compared five key dimensions of visual disability across the six stan-dards:definition,classification,grading,assessment methods and coding systems.Results In terms of definition,the insurance,work injury,military,and disability classification standards emphasized vi-sual structure and function,focusing on visual acuity and visual field;the insurance and elderly standards incor-porated activities and participation,reflecting the concept of functional vision;the judicial standard lacked a dedi-cated definition of visual disability.In terms of grading,each standard graded visual disability into different lev-els acoording to different functional indicators.In terms of coding,only the insurance standard adopted the ICF framework,while others used non-ICF numeric codes or lacked standardized coding.In terms of assessment tools,the elderly standard employed a customized perceptual and participation scoring system,while others re-lied primarily on vision charts.Conclusion Most current Chinese standards focus on impairments in visual function,with limited attention to activity limitations and participation restrictions.It is needed for incorporating the concept of functional vision,aligned with ICF and WRV,to establish a unified conceptual framework,terminology,coding system for visual disability,and comprehensive assessments that reflect not only impairments but also the impact on daily functioning and en-vironmental interaction.

Objective Based on the theoretical framework of International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF),this paper compared the classification and grading methods of disability standards in four areas in China,focusing on definition,classification,grading,coding systems and assessment tools.Methods Four disability standards including Disability Assessment and Code for Life Insurance(insurance standard),Classification of Disability Degrees for Human Body Injury(judicial standard),Grading of Disability for Work-Related Injuries and Occupational Diseases(work-related injury standard),and Classification and Grading of Dis-abilities for Persons with Disabilities(disability eligibility standard)were systematically analyzed.Each standard was reviewed to identify core elements of disability definitions,classification,and grading methods.Content analysis was used to extract and compare the definitions,classification,grading,coding systems,and assessment tools.The strengths,weaknesses,and practical limitations of each standard were analyzed using the ICF frame-work.Results There were different in disability definitions,classification and grading,coding systems,and assessment tools across the standards.In terms of definitions,the insurance standard emphasized ICF's body structure and function impairments;the judicial standard defined disability as limitations in life and work capacity due to bodily injury,covering ICF's body structure and function,activity and participation;the work-related injury standard focused on loss of labor capacity due to work-related injuries,involving body structure and function,activity and partici-pation;the disability eligibility standard refered to the ICF model,defining disability as impairments in body function and structure,and activity limitations and participation restriction.Regarding classification and grading,the insurance standard divided disabilities into eight categories based on body structure and function,with ten grades of disability severity;the judicial standard first graded disabilities into ten levels and then classified as in-jury site;the work-related injury standard divided disabilities into five categories based on clinical disciplines,grading from one to ten;the disability eligibility standard divided disabilities into seven categories,each with four grades.For coding systems and assessment tools,the insurance standard used ICF coding system,while the disability standard for persons with disabilities used a numerical coding system other from ICF,and the other standards did not use coding systems.Assessment tools varied significantly.The use of World Health Organiza-tion Disability Assessment Schedule(WHODAS 2.0)was proposed but not applying it in grading.Conclusion This study has systematically compared and analyzed four typical disability-related standards in China using the ICF framework.Personal Insurance Disability Assessment and Coding,Grading of Disability Caused by Bodily Injury,and Classification and Grading of Disabilities for Persons with Disabilities are all promulgated af-ter 2011,and adopt ICF concepts and methods to define and classify disabilities,considering body function and structure,activity and participation,and environmental factors.However,due to different purposes,their grading methods and levels vary:except for Classification and Grading of Disabilities for Persons with Disabilities,which uses a four-level grading system,the other standards use a ten-level system,primarily based on body func-tion and structure.In disability assessment,the recommended methods differ by category,showing significant variability.Due to differing classification and grading methods,disability data from various standards are lack in comparability.The international trend advocates for a unified disability standard framework based on ICF and ICD-11 to enhance the comparability and exchangeability of disability data.

Objective Utilizing the International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)framework and Interna-tional Classification of Diseases,the 11th Revision(ICD-11)system,alongside evidence from World Health Or-ganization(WHO)global reports and technical reports from relevant countries,this study systematically exam-ines the definitions,classifications,grading,and assessment methods for visual,hearing,speech,physical,intel-lectual,and mental(psychiatric)disabilities.Methods Employing the ICF's biopsychosocial model,classification,and coding system and ICD-11,and referencing WHO global reports and national technical reports,this study systematically investigated the definitions,classifi-cations,grading and assessment approaches for six prevalent disabilities:visual,hearing,speech,physical,intel-lectual and mental.Results The ICF and ICD-11model and classification system offered a robust framework for defining,classifying,grad-ing and assessing disabilities.Disability definitions should address body function impairments,activity limita-tions,participation restrictions and environmental factors.The definitions,classifications and grading of visual,hearing,speech,physical,intellectual and mental disabilities aligned with ICF categories for body functions and structures,activities and participation and categories of ICD-11.Standardized tools like the WHO Disability As-sessment Schedule(WHODAS 2.0)effectively measured overall activity and participation levels.Conclusion Anchored in the ICF and ICD-11 framework,disabilities are defined,classified,graded and assessed across body functions and structure,activities and participation,and environmental factors.WHODAS 2.0 serves as a universal tool for assessing activities and participation,enabling both comprehensive functional evaluations and the conversion of results from other assessment tools.By analyzing WHO global reports and technical documents in some countries within the ICF and ICD-11 classifications framework,this study highlights global advance-ments in disability definitions,classifications,grading and assessments.Variations in disability statistics stem from differing definitions,diagnostic criteria and assessments.Disability service eligibility criteria should be tai-lored to the needs of recipients and the capacity of providers.

ObjectiveTo systematically analyze international disability data policies and standards, as well as the application of disability data in policymaking, service optimization and inclusive social development, and to clarify the importance of international disability data policies, standard systems and disability data application for the development of disability-related services. MethodsThrough the analysis of policy content and research on the data standard system, this study explored the disability data policy framework, standard system and technical path of data interoperability and integration of international organizations including the United Nations (United Nations Statistics Division and United Nations Children's Fund), World Health Orgnization, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, and International Labour Organization. ResultsInternational organizations established disability data policy frameworks based on their respective mandates, involving data and service development, data standards, data governance, and data application. The international community established a disability data standard system for disability data collection, coding, exchange, interoperability, statistical analysis, data fusion and application. Building a standardized disability data standard system based on the framework of international health classification standards such as International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision would ensure the consistency of cross-national disability data policies, and the interoperability and comparability of disability data, promoting the development of data-driven disability-related services, accurately identifying the service needs of people with disabilities, and optimizing service provision, thereby improving the quality of life and social participation of people with disabilities. ConclusionThe construction and implementation of international disability data policies and data standards have promoted the standardization and interoperability of disability data. With the application of big data, artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies in disability data, international cooperation and cross-industry data fusion in the field of disability data have been promoted, further promoting the development of data-driven disability services, ensuring equal opportunities for people with disabilities to enjoy service resources, and improving the coverage and quality of disability services.

Objective:To analyze the factors for low libido in male patients with sexual dysfunction and provide some evidence for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the condition.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data on 111 cases of sex-ual dysfunction(including disorders in erection,ejaculation or libido)treated in the Zhengzhou University First Hospital from June to September 2023.According to the patients'complaints of low libido or accompanied symptoms,we divided them into a normal libido group(n=68)and a low libido(n=43),obtained their scores on IIEF-5,Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool(PEDT),13-1-tem Self-Rating Libido Scale for Males(SRLS-M),Patients'Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9)and General Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7),examined the levels of the sexual hormones FSH,LH,PRL,T,free testosterone(fT),E2,?insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1)and growth hormone(GH),compared the basic parameters between the two groups,and analyzed their correlation with the libido values.Results:The IIEF-5,PEDT and libido scores and IGF-1 level were significantly higher and the GAD-7 score remark-ably lower in the normal than in the low libido group(P＜0.05),but no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in the PHQ-9 score and the levels FSH,LH,PRL,T,fT,E2,T/E2 and GH(P＞0.05).The libido value was correla-ted positively with the I1EF-5(r=0.28,P＜0.01)and PEDT scores(r=0.29,P＜0.01)and IGF-1 level(r=0.23,P＜0.05),but negatively with the GAD-7 score(r=-0.21,P＜0.05).Conclusion:Low libido results from multiple factors,which cannot be fully explained by sexual hormone levels but is closely related to the decreased level of IGF-1 and severity of ED and anxiety.