AIM: To investigate the associations of aqueous humor miR-21 and miR-29b levels with the severity of optic nerve damage and GMPE in patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).METHODS:POAG patients who presented to the hospital from May 2023 to May 2025 were prospectively enrolled as the disease group, and patients with cataract treated during the same period were included as the control group. Baseline characteristics and aqueous humor levels of miR-21 and miR-29b were compared between the two groups. POAG patients were categorized into mild and moderate-to-severe groups according to the mean deviation(MD)of visual field. Clinical characteristics and the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-29b in aqueous humor were compared between the two groups. Correlations and nonlinear associations between miR-21/miR-29b levels and RNFL thickness, visual field MD, and BMO-MRW were evaluated. Furthermore, factors influencing the progression of optic nerve damage were analyzed. Based on prognostic outcomes, patients were divided into good prognosis and poor prognosis groups, and the aqueous humor levels of miR-21 and miR-29b were compared. ROC curve analysis was performed to assess the predictive value of combined GMPE with miR-21 and miR-29b for prognosis in POAG patients.Internal validation and decision curve analysis(DCA)were also conducted.RESULTS:This study included 151 patients in the disease group(age 56.07±7.59 y, 84 males and 67 females)and 138 patients in the control group(age 56.84±8.25 y, 68 males and 70 females). There were 45 cases in the mild group(age 54.63±7.34 y, 27 males and 18 females)and 106 cases in the moderate-severe group(age 56.68±8.39 y, 57 males and 49 females). There were 118 cases in the good prognosis group(age 55.83±8.07 y, 67 males and 51 females)and 33 cases in the poor prognosis group(age 56.94±8.23 y, 17 males and 16 females). Compared with the control group, the disease group exhibited significantly higher miR-21 levels and lower miR-29b levels(all P<0.001). Compared with the mild group, intraocular pressure and miR-21 levels were significantly higher in the moderate-to-severe group, while RNFL thickness, visual field MD, BMO-MRW, and miR-29b levels were significantly lower(all P<0.01). The miR-21/miR-29b ratio was negatively correlated with RNFL thickness, visual field MD, and BMO-MRW(all P<0.05). Elevated intraocular pressure and miR-21 levels, reduced RNFL thickness, lower visual field MD, and decreased BMO-MRW and miR-29b levels were identified as risk factors for aggravated optic nerve damage in POAG patients(all P<0.05). Compared with the good prognosis group, the poor prognosis group showed significantly higher miR-21 levels and lower miR-29b, RNFL, and BMO-MRW levels(all P<0.001). The combined prediction model incorporating aqueous humor miR-21, miR-29b, RNFL, and BMO-MRW yielded significantly higher AUC and specificity for predicting POAG prognosis than individual parameters alone(both P<0.05). The ROC prediction model demonstrated good consistency, and the combined prediction model exhibited high clinical utility.CONCLUSION: Aqueous humor levels of miR-21 are significantly elevated while miR-29b levels are significantly decreased in POAG patients, and these alterations are closely correlated with the severity of optic nerve damage and GMPE parameters.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanisms of Qingchang Wenzhong Decoction （清肠温中方， QWD） in treating ulcerative colitis （UC）. MethodsA total of 100 male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to a pseudo-germ-free group （n=45） and a conventional group （n=55） using a random number table. Pseudo-germ-free model was established by giving antibiotic treatment and subsequently subjected to acute UC induction. After the model was successfully established， the 45 pseudo-germ-free acute UC mice were randomly allocated to a pseudo-germ-free model group， a pseudo-germ-free QWD group， and a pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group， with 15 mice in each group. The 55 conventional mice were randomly divided into a normal control group （n=10）， as well as a conventional model group， a conventional QWD group， and a conventional mesalazine group， with 15 mice in each group. Except for the normal control group， acute UC models were established in all other groups. Mice in the control group received no intervention. From day 32 of the experiment， mice in the pseudo-germ-free QWD group and the conventional QWD group were administered with QWD granules at a dose of 9.71 g/（kg·d） by gavage with deionized water， while those in the pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group and the conventional mesalazine group were given mesalazine enteric-coated tablets at a dose of 151.67 mg/（kg·d） by gavage. Mice in the remaining groups received an equal volume of deionized water once daily for 7 consecutive days. On day 25 of the experiment， six mice were randomly selected from both the pseudo-germ-free group and the conventional group to measure body weight， and fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing to compare differences in gut microbiota， including operational taxonomic units （OTUs）， Shannon index， Observed_species index， and phylogenetic diversity （PD whole tree）. On day 39， body weight was measured in all groups， and the disease activity index （DAI） was evaluated. Colon length and colon wet weight were recorded. Histopathological changes in colonic tissues were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining， and histological injury scores were determined. In addition， the expression levels of mucopolysaccharides and mucin 2 （MUC2） in colonic tissues were measured. ResultsOn day 25， there was no significant difference in body weight between the pseudo-germ-free group and the conventional microbiota group （P＞0.05）. Compared to the conventional microbiota group， the pseudo-germ-free group showed significantly reduced OTUs， Shannon index， Observed_species index， and PD whole tree （P＜0.01）. On day 39， compared to the normal control group， mice in the conventional model group showed a significant decrease in the body weight and an increase in DAI， along with increased colon wet weight， shortened colon length， markedly elevated histopathological scores， and reduced expression of mucopolysaccharides and MUC2 （P＜0.01）. In contrast， no significant differences were observed in these parameters in the pseudo-germ-free model group （P＞0.05）. Compared to the conventional model group， the conventional QWD group showed significant improvement in all measured parameters， whereas the conventional mesalazine group showed reductions only in DAI scores and colon wet weight （P＜0.01）. No statistically significant differences were observed among the pseudo-germ-free model group， the pseudo-germ-free QWD group， and the pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group （P＞0.05）. ConclusionQWD may promote the reconstruction of the intestinal mucus barrier by regulating the intestinal flora， thereby exerting a therapeutic effect on acute UC.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanisms of Qingchang Wenzhong Decoction （清肠温中方， QWD） in treating ulcerative colitis （UC）. MethodsA total of 100 male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to a pseudo-germ-free group （n=45） and a conventional group （n=55） using a random number table. Pseudo-germ-free model was established by giving antibiotic treatment and subsequently subjected to acute UC induction. After the model was successfully established， the 45 pseudo-germ-free acute UC mice were randomly allocated to a pseudo-germ-free model group， a pseudo-germ-free QWD group， and a pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group， with 15 mice in each group. The 55 conventional mice were randomly divided into a normal control group （n=10）， as well as a conventional model group， a conventional QWD group， and a conventional mesalazine group， with 15 mice in each group. Except for the normal control group， acute UC models were established in all other groups. Mice in the control group received no intervention. From day 32 of the experiment， mice in the pseudo-germ-free QWD group and the conventional QWD group were administered with QWD granules at a dose of 9.71 g/（kg·d） by gavage with deionized water， while those in the pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group and the conventional mesalazine group were given mesalazine enteric-coated tablets at a dose of 151.67 mg/（kg·d） by gavage. Mice in the remaining groups received an equal volume of deionized water once daily for 7 consecutive days. On day 25 of the experiment， six mice were randomly selected from both the pseudo-germ-free group and the conventional group to measure body weight， and fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing to compare differences in gut microbiota， including operational taxonomic units （OTUs）， Shannon index， Observed_species index， and phylogenetic diversity （PD whole tree）. On day 39， body weight was measured in all groups， and the disease activity index （DAI） was evaluated. Colon length and colon wet weight were recorded. Histopathological changes in colonic tissues were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining， and histological injury scores were determined. In addition， the expression levels of mucopolysaccharides and mucin 2 （MUC2） in colonic tissues were measured. ResultsOn day 25， there was no significant difference in body weight between the pseudo-germ-free group and the conventional microbiota group （P＞0.05）. Compared to the conventional microbiota group， the pseudo-germ-free group showed significantly reduced OTUs， Shannon index， Observed_species index， and PD whole tree （P＜0.01）. On day 39， compared to the normal control group， mice in the conventional model group showed a significant decrease in the body weight and an increase in DAI， along with increased colon wet weight， shortened colon length， markedly elevated histopathological scores， and reduced expression of mucopolysaccharides and MUC2 （P＜0.01）. In contrast， no significant differences were observed in these parameters in the pseudo-germ-free model group （P＞0.05）. Compared to the conventional model group， the conventional QWD group showed significant improvement in all measured parameters， whereas the conventional mesalazine group showed reductions only in DAI scores and colon wet weight （P＜0.01）. No statistically significant differences were observed among the pseudo-germ-free model group， the pseudo-germ-free QWD group， and the pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group （P＞0.05）. ConclusionQWD may promote the reconstruction of the intestinal mucus barrier by regulating the intestinal flora， thereby exerting a therapeutic effect on acute UC.

ObjectiveTo explore the molecular mechanism of Buzhong Yiqitang in attenuating cisplatin resistance of non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） cells （A549/DDP） by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress （ERS） via the nuclear factor E₂-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/reactive oxygen species （ROS）/double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R （PKR）-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase （PERK）/CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein （CHOP） signaling pathway. MethodsSprague Dawley （SD） rats were used to prepare blank serum and Buzhong Yiqitang-containing serum samples， and A549/DDP cells were sub-cultured and randomly allocated into 9 groups： Blank （10% blank rat serum medium）， model （10% blank rat serum medium+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）， traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） （10% Buzhong Yiqitang-containing rat serum medium+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）， TBHQ （10% blank rat serum medium+5 μmol·L^-1 TBHQ+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）， TBHQ+TCM （10% Buzhong Yiqitang-containing rat serum medium+5 μmol·L^-1 TBHQ+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）， NAC （10% blank rat serum medium+600 μmol·L^-1 NAC+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）， NAC+TCM （10% Buzhong Yiqitang-containing rat serum medium+600 μmol·L^-1 NAC+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）， Salubrinal （10% blank rat serum medium+20 μmol·L^-1 Salubrinal+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）， and Salubrinal+TCM （10% Buzhong Yiqitang-containing rat serum medium+20 μmol·L^-1 Salubrinal+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）. The median inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） of cisplatin in each group was determined by the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） method. The ROS level was detected by flow cytometry. The ultrastructure of endoplasmic reticulum （ER） was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of Nrf2， phosphorylated （p）-Nrf2， CHOP， PERK， p-PERK， eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α （eIF2α）， p-eIF2α， and activated transcription factor 4 （ATF4）. The fluorescence intensity of CHOP and p-PERK was detected by confocal fluorescence localization. ResultsCompared with the model group， the TCM group showed a decrease in IC₅₀ of cisplatin in A549/DDP cells （P<0.01）. TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal groups showed increases in IC₅₀ of cisplatin in A549/DDP cells （P<0.01）. TCM combined with TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal reduced the IC₅₀ （P<0.01）. Compared with that in the blank group， the ROS level in the model group elevated （P<0.01）. Compared with that in the model group， the ROS level in the TCM group elevated （P<0.01）. The ROS levels in the TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal groups were lower than that in the model group （P<0.01）. The combinations of TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal with TCM raised the ROS levels of A549/DDP cells （P<0.01）. A flat saclike and neatly arranged ER structure was observed in the blank group， and slight expansion of ER was observed in the model group. Significant expansion of ER was observed in the TCM group. The expansion of ER was not obvious in the TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal groups but significant after TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal were combined with TCM. CHOP and p-PERK showed higher fluorescence intensity in the model group than in the blank group （P<0.01）， and the fluorescence signal intensity in the TCM group was higher than that in the model group （P<0.01）. The fluorescence intensity in the TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal groups was lower than that in the model group （P<0.01）. The fluorescence intensity in the groups of TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal combined with TCM was higher than that in corresponding groups without TCM （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the blank group， the expression levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 were up-regulated in the model group （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the TCM group showed down-regulated expression levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 （P<0.05）. TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal increased the expression levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 （P<0.05）， while their combinations with TCM decreased the expression levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 compared with the corresponding groups without TCM （P<0.01）. There were no significant differences in the expression levels of PERK and eIF2α between groups. The expression levels of CHOP， p-PERK/PERK， p-eIF2α/eIF2α， and ATF4 were up-regulated in the model group compared with those in the blank group （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the TCM group showed up-regulated expression levels of CHOP， p-PERK/PERK， p-eIF2α/eIF2α， and ATF4 （P<0.05）， while the TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal groups showed down-regulated expression levels （P<0.05）. The groups of TBHQ， NAC， and Salubrinal combined with TCM had higher expression levels than the groups without TCM （P<0.01）. ConclusionBuzhong Yiqitang regulates ERS via the Nrf2/ROS/PERK/CHOP signaling pathway to attenuate cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.

ObjectiveTo explore the molecular mechanism of Buzhong Yiqitang in attenuating cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） by inducing ferroptosis via poly（rC）-binding protein 1 （PCBP1）. MethodsThe serum containing Buzhong Yiqitang was prepared and cisplatin-resistant human non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） cells （A549/DDP） were cultured and randomly grouped as follows： Blank （10% blank serum）， model （10% blank serum+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）， Buzhong Yiqitang （10% serum containing Buzhong Yiqitang+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin）， Fe-1 （10% blank serum+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin+5 μmol·L^-1 Fe-1）， and Buzhong Yiqitang+Fe-1 （10% serum containing Buzhong Yiqitang+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin+5 μmol·L^-1 Fe-1）. Firstly， PCR Array was used to screen ferroptosis-related genes regulated by Buzhong Yiqitang， and PCBP1 was identified as the target for studying the attenuation of cisplatin resistance by Buzhong Yiqitang. Subsequently， the median inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） of cisplatin in each group was determined by the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） method and the resistance index （RI） was calculated. The ultrastructure of A549/DDP cells in each group was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The protein levels of PCBP1 and glutathione peroxidase 4 （GPX4） were determined by Western blot. The lipid reactive oxygen species （ROS） content in each group was determined by the C11-BODIRY 581/591 fluorescence probe. The ferrous ion assay kit was used to measure the ferrous ion content in each group. The malondialdehyde （MDA） assay kit was used to determine the MDA content in each group. ResultsCompared with model group， the IC₅₀ of cisplatin and the RI of A549/DDP cells decreased in the Buzhong Yiqitang group （P<0.05） but increased in the Fe-1 group （P<0.05）. The IC₅₀ of cisplatin and the RI of A549/DDP cells in the Buzhong Yiqitang+Fe-1 group were lower than those in the Fe-1 group （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the Buzhong Yiqitang group showed obvious mitochondrial ferroptosis， while the mitochondrial damage became less obvious after Fe-1 treatment. Compared with that in the Fe-1 group， the mitochondrial ferroptosis was aggravated after the intervention with Buzhong Yiqitang. Compared with blank group， the model group showed down-regulated expression levels of PCBP1 and GPX4 （P<0.05） and increased content of lipid ROS， ferrous ions， and MDA （P<0.05） in A549/DDP cells. Compared with model group， the Buzhong Yiqitang group showed down-regulated expression levels of PCBP1 and GPX4 （P<0.05） and increased content of lipid ROS， ferrous ions， and MDA （P<0.05）， while the Fe-1 group showed up-regulated expression levels of PCBP1 and GPX4 （P<0.05） and reduced content of lipid ROS， ferrous ions， and MDA （P<0.05）. Compared with the Fe-1 group， the Buzhong Yiqitang+Fe-1 group showed down-regulated expression levels of PCBP1 and GPX4 and increased content of lipid ROS， ferrous ions， and MDA （P<0.05）. ConclusionBuzhong Yiqitang attenuated cisplatin resistance in NSCLC by regulating PCBP1 to induce ferroptosis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Buzhong Yiqitang in attenuating cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by observing the effects of Buzhong Yiqitang on endoplasmic reticulum stress-related molecules in human lung adenocarcinoma cells （A549） and cisplatin-resistant cells in human lung adenocarcinoma cells （A549/DDP） via the nuclear factor E₂-related factor 2（Nrf2）/reactive oxygen species（ROS） pathway. MethodsThe serum containing Buzhong Yiqitang was prepared and A549 cells and A549/DDP cells were cultured. The cells were randomized into groups A （A549 cells+blank serum）， B （A549 cells+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin+blank serum）， C （A549 cells+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin+10% Buzhong Yiqitang-containing serum）， D （A549/DDP cells+blank serum）， E （A549/DDP cells+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin+blank serum）， and F （A549/DDP cells+20 mg·L^-1 cisplatin+10% Buzhong Yiqitang-containing serum）. The cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） method was used to detect the half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） of cisplatin. The protein levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 were determined by Western blotting. The DCFH-DA fluorescent probe was used to measure the content of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in each group. The protein levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78）， activated transcription factor 6 （ATF6）， and C/EBP-homologous protein （CHOP） were determined by Western blot. ResultsCompared with group B， group C showed a reduction in IC₅₀ of cisplatin （P<0.05）， which held true in group E compared with group F （P<0.05）. Moreover， the IC₅₀ of cisplatin to A549/DDP cells was higher than that to A549 cells before and after Buzhong Yiqitang intervention （P<0.05）. Compared with group A， group B showed up-regulated protein levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 （P<0.05）. Compared with group B， group C showed down-regulated protein levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 （P<0.05）. Compared with group D， group E showed up-regulated protein levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 （P<0.05）， which， however， were significantly down-regulated in group F （P<0.05）. The ROS content and the protein levels of GRP78， ATF6， and CHOP followed a descending trend of group C > group B > group A in A549 cells and group F > group E > group D in A549/DDP cells （P<0.05）. Moreover， the ROS content and the protein levels of GRP78， ATF6， and CHOP in A549 cells were higher than those in A549/DDP cells before and after Buzhong Yiqitang intervention （P<0.05）. ConclusionBuzhong Yiqitang may regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress via the Nrf2/ROS pathway to attenuate cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer.

In the process of tumor chemotherapy， the emergence of multi-drug resistance （MDR） has always been a thorny problem， which is a result of the joint action of the host， tumor cells， and the immune microenvironment. Tumor cells can escape the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs through multiple pathways， being easy to produce drug resistance. MDR greatly restricts the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on tumor cells and affects their therapeutic effects. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has the unique advantages of multi-target， multi-pathway and individualized treatment. The TCM treatment of tumors emphasizes regulating Yin and Yang， as well as reinforcing healthy Qi and dispelling pathogen. In recent years， TCM has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in the treatment of tumors and the amelioration of multi-drug resistance. TCM not only can target the phenomenon of MDR but also greatly weakens the side effects of the patients after the chemotherapy， thus improving the survival quality and rate of the patients. Accordingly， many patients adopt TCM as an adjuvant therapy during or after chemotherapy. The binding of TCM to targets can reverse the drug resistance of various tumors， which has become an emerging research highlight. From the regulatory mechanism of TCM on MDR of tumors， this paper introduces the mechanisms by which tumor cells continue to grow， proliferate， and metastasize by adjusting the intracellular drug concentration， altering or utilizing the tumor microenvironment， and affecting the cell death mode to achieve the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In this regard， the active ingredients and compound prescriptions of TCM can increase the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs by down-regulating drug transporters， improving the tumor microenvironment， and modulating the drug resistance pathways associated with apoptosis， autophagy， ferroptosis， or pyroptosis. The aim of this paper is to explore more clinical practical value of TCM in the treatment of tumors and provide exploratory ideas and a theoretical basis for the future research on tumors and MDR.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy， safety and cost-effectiveness of toripalimab （Tor） combined with chemotherapy （CT） in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. METHODS PubMed， the Cochrane Library， Embase， Web of Science， CBM， CNKI， Wanfang Data， and Health Technology Assessment （HTA） related websites were searched to collect the HTA reports， systematic reviews/meta-analyses and pharmacoeconomic studies of Tor+CT in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC from database/website inception to March 31， 2025. After data extraction and quality evaluation， the results of the included studies were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS A total of eleven studies were included， involving five systematic reviews/meta-analyses， and six pharmacoeconomic studies. Among the five systematic reviews/ meta-analyses， two were of high quality， while there was one each of moderate， low， and very low quality. All six pharmacoeconomic studies were of good quality. In terms of efficacy， compared with CT， Tor+CT significantly improved patients’ progression-free survival （PFS） and overall survival （P＜0.05）. In addition， compared with ipilimumab+CT， durvalumab， durvalumab+tremelimumab and sugemalimab+CT， Tor+CT could also improve the PFS （P＜0.05）. In terms of safety， there was no significant difference in the incidence of grade≥3 adverse events between patients receiving Tor+CT and CT （P＞0.05）； while Tor+CT had a lower incidence of grade≥3 adverse E-mail： events， compared with camrelizumab+CT， pembrolizumab+ 3233255290@qq.com ipilimumab， nivolumab+CT and atezolizumab+CT （P＜0.05）.In terms of cost-effectiveness， Tor+CT treatment had certain cost-effectiveness advantages， compared with CT. CONCLUSIONS Compared with CT， other programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors alone， or their combination with CT， Tor+CT for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC has good efficacy， safety and cost-effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulatory effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Neiguan" (PC6) on mitochondrial autophagy in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) at different phases (ischemia and reperfusion phases), and to explore the bidirectional regulatory effects of EA at "Neiguan" (PC6) and its potential mechanism. METHODS: Forty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups according to the random number table method, namely, sham-operation group (n=9), model-A group (n=6), model-B group (n=9), EA-A1 group (n=6), EA-B1 group (n=6), and EA-B2 group (n=9). Except the rats in the sham-operation group, the MIRI model was established in the other groups with the physical ligation and tube pushing method. In the model-A group, the samples were collected directly after ligation, and in the model-B group, the samples were collected after ligation and reperfusion. In the EA-A1 group, EA was delivered while the ligation was performed, and afterwards, the samples were collected. In the EA-B1 group, while the ligation was performed, EA was operated at the same time, and after reperfusion, the samples were collected. In the EA-B2 group, during ligation and the opening of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery, EA was delivered, and after reperfusion, the samples were collected. EA was performed at bilateral "Neiguan" (PC6), with a disperse-dense wave, a frequency of 2 Hz/100 Hz, a current of 1 mA, and a duration of 30 min. HE staining was employed to observe the morphology of cardiomyocytes, TUNEL was adopted to detect the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, transcriptome sequencing was to detect the differentially expressed genes in the left ventricle, JC-1 flow cytometry was to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of cardiomyocytes, Western blot was to detect the protein expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1 (Pink1), Parkin and p62 in the left ventricle of rats, and ELISA was to detect the levels of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) in the rats. RESULTS: Compared with the sham-operation group, the cardiomyocytes of rats in the model-B group were severely damaged, with disordered arrangement, unclear boundaries, broken muscle fibers, edema and loose distribution; and the cardiomyocytes in the EA-B2 group were slightly damaged, the cell structure was partially unclear, the cells were arranged more regularly, and the intact cardiomyocytes were visible. Compared with the sham-operation group, the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes increased in the model-B group (P<0.001); and when compared with the model-B group, the apoptosis alleviated in the EA-B2 group (P<0.001). The differentially expressed genes among the EA-B2 group, the sham-operation group and the model-B group were closely related to cell autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy. Compared with the sham-operation group, MMP of cardiomyocytes was reduced (P<0.001), the protein expression of Pink1, Parkin, and p62 of the left ventricle and the levels of serum CK-MB and cTn-I were elevated in the model B group (P<0.001). In comparison with model-A group, the MMP of cardiomyocytes and the levels of serum CK-MB and cTn-I were reduced (P<0.001, P<0.05), and the protein expression of Pink1 in the left ventricle rose in the EA-A1 group (P<0.01). Compared with the model-B group, MMP of cardiomyocytes increased (P<0.001), the protein expression of Pink1, Parkin, and p62 of the left ventricle, and the levels of serum CK-MB and cTn-I decreased (P<0.001) in the EA-B1 group and the EA-B2 group. When compared with the EA-A1 group, MMP of cardiomyocytes increased (P<0.001), and the protein expression of Pink1, Parkin, and p62 of the left ventricle, and the levels of serum CK-MB and cTn-I decreased in the EA-B1 group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION EA at "Neiguan" (PC6) can ameliorate MIRI in rats, which may be achieved through the Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy pathway. EA can alleviate myocardial injury by enhancing mitochondrial autophagy at the ischemia phase, and it can reduce reperfusion injury by weakening mitochondrial autophagy at the reperfusion phase.
Animals ; Electroacupuncture ; Male ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats ; Acupuncture Points ; Autophagy ; Humans ; Mitochondria/genetics*

The quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions (TCMPs) is critical to clinical efficacy; however, evaluating their consistency and identifying sources of variability remain challenging. This study proposes an integrated strategy to assess the quality of 100 widely sold TCMPs. A "one-for-all" chromatographic method was employed to analyze 645 sample batches. This large-scale data collection enabled statistical evaluations, such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and similarity heatmap, to identify quality inconsistencies. The introduction of a TCM-specific mass spectrometry (MS) database allowed for rapid, automated annotation of chemicals across 100 prescriptions and facilitated the tracing of raw material sources. Results indicate that 19% of prescriptions exhibited chemical inconsistencies, which are associated with high market value, low pricing, and substantial price disparities. The MS database allowed rapid annotation of 761 and 673 compounds in positive and negative modes, respectively, in 100 TCMPs, with 73 prescriptions reported for the first time. The tracing efforts succeeded in identifying >40% of the raw material sources for 51 prescriptions. P93 (Yinianjin (YNJ)) is a case in which the chromatographic profiles from three manufacturers displayed inconsistencies. Analysis using the database traced divergent peaks to Rhei Radix et R hizoma (RRER). Verification with self-prepared samples confirmed that manufacturers utilized three distinct botanical sources. This integrated strategy provides a scalable framework for quality control in TCMPs.