Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment option for end-stage renal disease. Although early prognosis has significantly improved, the long-term survival rate has not increased substantially. There are still significant challenges in addressing organ shortage, maintaining the quality of donor kidneys, and preventing and managing postoperative complications. Nanotechnology, with its unique physicochemical and biological advantages, shows broad application prospects in maintaining graft function while achieving precise immune regulation and complication management, providing new opportunities for the diagnosis, treatment and management of kidney transplantation. The applications of nanotechnology include donor kidney protection, human leukocyte antigen typing of donors and recipients, early diagnosis of postoperative complications such as rejection and infection, and targeted treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury and rejection. This article systematically reviews and discusses the relevant research progress, evaluates the advantages and potential risks of nanotechnology in kidney transplantation, and explores the challenges and development directions for its clinical translation, aiming to provide references for promoting the precise and individualized management of kidney transplantation.

Objective To explore the action mechanism of dehydrocostus lactone(DHL)on renal interstitial fibrosis(RIF)in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO).Methods Forty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:the sham surgery group(Sham group),the pure drug intervention group(Sham+DHL group),the experimental group(UUO+Vehicle group)and the DHL treatment group(UUO+DHL group),with 11 rats in each group.The rats underwent sham surgery,sham surgery+DHL[10 mg/(kg·d)],UUO modeling+the same volume of solvent and UUO modeling+DHL[10 mg/(kg·d)],respectively.After surgery,DHL or the same volume of solvent was administered by gavage for 14 days starting from day 2 post-surgery.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes in renal tissue.Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression levels of collagen I,collagen III and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of the transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1/Smad2/3 pathway.Results Compared with the UUO+Vehicle group,DHL treatment alleviated renal interstitial pathological damage,reduced collagen fiber deposition,and decreased the expression of collagen I,collagen III and α-SMA.It also inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 proteins.Conclusions DHL mitigates RIF in rats by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway,providing a new strategy for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.

Objective To explore the action mechanism of dehydrocostus lactone(DHL)on renal interstitial fibrosis(RIF)in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO).Methods Forty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:the sham surgery group(Sham group),the pure drug intervention group(Sham+DHL group),the experimental group(UUO+Vehicle group)and the DHL treatment group(UUO+DHL group),with 11 rats in each group.The rats underwent sham surgery,sham surgery+DHL[10 mg/(kg·d)],UUO modeling+the same volume of solvent and UUO modeling+DHL[10 mg/(kg·d)],respectively.After surgery,DHL or the same volume of solvent was administered by gavage for 14 days starting from day 2 post-surgery.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes in renal tissue.Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression levels of collagen I,collagen III and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of the transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1/Smad2/3 pathway.Results Compared with the UUO+Vehicle group,DHL treatment alleviated renal interstitial pathological damage,reduced collagen fiber deposition,and decreased the expression of collagen I,collagen III and α-SMA.It also inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 proteins.Conclusions DHL mitigates RIF in rats by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway,providing a new strategy for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.

In recent years,the infection of nontuberculous mycobacterium(NTM)has been increasing rapidly,which captivates widespread attention.The infection rate of NTM in kidney transplant recipients is more significantly elevated due to the impact of immunosuppressive drugs and other factors.However,due to the lack of sufficient research evidence,relevant guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of NTM after kidney transplantation are still lacking.To further standardize the diagnosis and treatment of NTM disease in kidney transplant recipients,and deepen medical practitioners'understanding and diagnosis and treatment of NTM disease in organ transplantation in China,Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to formulate this guideline by referring to the latest edition of"An official ATS/IDSA statement:diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease",and"Technical Specification for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Organ Transplant Recipients(2019 Edition)",and considering the characteristics of kidney transplant recipients.

Objective The reliability and validity of the SGGC-Net-based motion capture system(SGGC-Net system)and SIMI system for parsing walking gait were compared using a three-dimensional(3D)motion capture system(Vicon)with marker points as a reference standard.Methods Thirty healthy college students were recruited,and their gait characteristics while walking on a treadmill were analyzed.Kinematic data were collected using the Vicon system,and video data were collected synchronously using four cameras to obtain the right shoulder,elbow,hip,knee,and ankle joint angles.Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs)with 95％confidence intervals and standard error of measurement(SEM).Validity was assessed using multiple correlation coefficients(MCCs)and root mean square errors(RMSEs).Results The ICCs of the maximum and minimum 3D coordinate angles of the upper and lower limb joints of the SGGC-Net system ranged from 0.798-0.990 with an SEM of 0.04°-0.95°,and the ICCs of the SIMI system ranged from 0.650-0.967,with an SEM of 0.31°-1.24°.The ICCs of the SGGC-Net system were higher than those of the SIMI system for all joint angles except for the minimum hip and maximum knee angles.Compared to the joint angle curves derived from the SIMI system,the MCCs of the curves derived from the SGGC-Net system ranged from 0.945-0.996,with RMSEs of 1.44°-4.65°,and the multiple correlation coefficients of the SIMI system ranged from 0.815-0.986,with RMSEs of 2.56°-9.99°.The MCCs of the SGGC-Net system were greater than those of the SIMI system at all angles except for the ankle joint.The RMSEs of the SGGC-Net system were smaller than those of the SIMI system at all angles except for the ankle joints.Conclusions The SGGC-Net system has better reliability and validity than the SIMI system in most of the variables,and it has better repeatability and accuracy in analyzing walking gait.It can be applied to motion capture environments without marker points,such as technical analysis of athletes'movements and clinical gait analysis of special populations.

Objective:To analyze identification of copper death gene related subtypes,construction of prognosis model and influence of immune infiltration in osteosarcoma(OS)on basis of copper death gene.Methods:Survival and prognosis of OS associated copper death gene were analyzed combining by TARGET and GEO database.OS was divided into different subtypes of copper death by consistent clustering method.SSGSEA was used to analyze difference of immune cells in classification of copper death.Setting P value= 0.05 and q value=0.05,GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on differential genes of copper death typing.Prognosis model was constructed according to results of Lasso regression analysis and cross validation,risk assessment analysis and ROC curve were used to evaluate accuracy of model prediction.Combined with clinical characteristics,nomograms were constructed to predict survival time of patients,and risk differences were analyzed.Immune cell infiltration and tumor microenvironment analysis were performed on OS samples."pRRophetic"package in R software was used to analyze drug sensitivity of OS samples.Results:FDX1,GLS,DLAT and PDHB as high-risk genes for OS prognosis were identified.According to copper death classification of OS samples,OS could be divided into two types:CRGclusterA and CRGclusterB.CRGclusterA was associated with Th2 cells,and CRGclusterB was associated with Th1 cells.Most OS copper death genes were highly expressed in CRGclusterA.Immune cell infiltration analysis results showed that γδ T cells,resting mast cells and resting dendritic cells were positively correlated with risk score,while CD8 T cells were negatively correlated with risk score.Drug sensitivity analysis showed that OS showed higher sensitivity to Elesclomol and GW.441756.Conclusion:Two subtypes of CRGclusterA and CRGclusterB are identified in this study.Four high-risk prognostic genes FDX1,GLS,DLAT and PDHB are identified,providing new insights into prognostic evaluation and immunotherapy target candidates for OS.

Objective:To study the common pathogenesis of gout and rheumatoid arthritis(RA)by bioinformatics analysis.Methods:Microarray expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in gout and RA were obtained from the GEO public da-tabase.R language and other tools were used to re-annotates the chip,and then the differential genes(DEGs)of the two were screened and the intersection was taken.The protein-protein interaction(PPI)network and topology analysis of common differential genes(CO-DEGs)were constructed by STRING database and Cytoscape software(including CytoNCA plug-in).The HubGene was screened and validated by ROC curve.Finally,the DAVID online analysis tool was used to perform GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis of HubGene.Results:There were 9 HubGene screened,they were TNF,RGS1,CD69,IL7R,DDX3X,SOCS3,IFIT1,IFIT3,CCL3.GO enrichment showed that HubGene was mainly involves the regulation of virus,STAT receptor signaling pathway and positive regu-lation of neuroinflammatory response.KEGG enrichment showed that HubGene was mainly involved in Toll like receptor signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,JAK-STAT signaling pathway,adipocytokine signaling pathway,RIG-Ⅰ-like receptor signaling pathway and osteoclast differentiation.Conclusion:Using bioinformatics analysis,nine HubGene and related signaling pathways in-volved in the pathogenesis of gout and RA have been identified,which may serve as novel biomarkers and potential targets.

Objective To explore the impacts of proprioception, cutaneous sensitivity and strength on dynamic and static postural stability.Methods From June to November, 2020, a total of 164 elderly participated in this study. Independent parameters included proprioception of knee flexion/extension and ankle dorsi/plantar flexion with proprioception measurement; the cutaneous sensitivity of great toe, first and fifth metatarsals, arch, and heel with monofilament; and strength of ankle dorsi/plantar flexion and hip abduction with isokinetic test. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and center of pressure (COP)-based postural stability tests were conducted to represent dynamic and static postural stability. Exploratory factor and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to explore the relationship of each generated factor to postural stability outcomes.Results Proprioception was significantly correlated to the score of BBS (r=-0.449, P<0.001) and the root mean square (RMS) of COP in mediolateral direction (r=0.254, P=0.004). Cutaneous sensitivity was significantly correlated to the RMS of COP in the anteroposterior direction (r=0.281, P=0.002). Strength was significantly correlated to the score of BBS (r=0.493, P<0.001).Conclusion Proprioception and strength are related to dynamic postural stability, while proprioception and cutaneous sensitivity are associated with static postural stability.

Methyltransferases (MTs) constitute a large group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a methyl moiety, most frequently from S-adenosyl-L-methionine, to their substrates. It plays an essential role in regulation of gene expression and synthesis of many natural compounds. Owing to its broad substrate spectrum, MTs make important contributions to diversify the spectrum of products through methylation modifications. Recently, great progress has been made in application of MTs for the biosynthesis of various natural products including phenylpropane compounds, fragrances, hormones and antibiotics, which is summarized in this review. Moreover, we highlighted the strategies of using MTs for efficient production and for expanding the diversity of these methylated natural products, and discussed the current challenges and future prospects in this area.
Biological Products ; Methylation ; Methyltransferases/metabolism*

Environmental protection and energy supply are our two major concerns. Greenhouse gases released from energy consumption have serious impact on the environment. CO₂ fixation can be used to convert CO₂ into fuels or chemicals. However, natural carbon-fixing organisms usually have some disadvantages such as slow growth and low carbon fixation efficiency. Enhancing or remodeling CO₂ fixation pathways in model microorganisms can realize CO₂ recycling, which can further increase fuel or chemical production and reduce greenhouse gas emission. This review describes in detail metabolic engineering of CO₂ fixation pathways to improve chemical production and sugar synthesis, elaborates the role of relevant metabolic pathways and key enzymes in CO₂ fixation, introduces the application of electro-biochemical synthesis system, shows the great potential of CO₂ fixation, and prospects the future research direction of CO₂ fixation.
Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Metabolic Engineering ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways