Vision is the primary perceptual mode through which humans and higher animals acquire external information. Visual perception encompasses various aspects of visual processing and has been widely applied in ophthalmic clinical practice. Based on the principle of neural plasticity, visual perception training relies on the visual signal processing mechanism. After receiving external visual signals, the retina transmits them via the optic nerve to the brain, where the cerebral cortex decodes, extracts, and processes the information. By stimulating specific visual information, visual perception training activates visual processing pathways, strengthens synaptic connections among neurons within these pathways, and ultimately enhances the cerebral cortex's ability to integrate and process information, thereby improving patients' visual function and experience. This article explores the application of visual perception training in conditions such as amblyopia, myopia, presbyopia, strabismus, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and optic pathway lesions, discussing its value in improving visual function. It provides theoretical references for the intervention and treatment of related diseases. Visual perception training has been widely applied in various ophthalmic diseases with confirmed clinical efficacy, and it may play a broader role in neurologically related systemic diseases, demonstrating certain clinical application value.

Objective:To analyze the risk factors for the development of postoperative infective endophthalmitis in elderly cataract patients and to establish a nomogram model.Methods:Five hundred patients who underwent ultrasonic cataract aspiration in Hainan Provincial People′s Hospital from October 2020 to March 2021 were collected for the study. The patients were divided into infective endophthalmitis group (50 cases) and non-infection group (450 cases) according to whether infective endophthalmitis occurred. The clinical data of patients in both groups were recorded, and relevant factors affecting the occurrence of infective endophthalmitis were analyzed; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of indicators with statistically significant differences for the occurrence of infective endophthalmitis; Logistic regression was used to analyze independent risk factors for postoperative infective endophthalmitis; R language software 4.0 "rms" package to construct a nomogram model for predicting the occurrence of infective endophthalmitis, calibration and decision curves for internal validation and assessment of predictive efficacy.Results:Compared to the non-infected endophthalmitis group, patients in the infected endophthalmitis group were older: (70.44 ± 9.46) years vs. (64.54 ± 6.02) years, with longer hospital stay: (3.34 ± 0.92) d vs. (2.53 ± 0.78) d, longer surgical time: (62.58 ± 6.78) min vs. (56.69 ± 4.31) min; hypertension: 72.00% (36/50) vs. 48.89% (220/450), diabetes mellitus: 66.00% (33/50) vs. 33.33% (150/450), vitreous overflow: 78.00% (39/50) vs. 48.89% (220/450), and a higher percentage of posterior lens capsule rupture: 82.00% (41/50) vs. 53.33% (240/450), with a statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). The area under curve for age, length of hospital stay, and operative time were 0.709, 0.744 and 0.757, respectively; the best cutoff values were 69 years, 3.27 d and 62.75 min. The age (>69 years), diabetes mellitus (yes), surgical incision location (clear cornea), operative time (>62.75 min), vitreous overflow (yes), and posterior lens capsule rupture (yes) were independent risk factors for postoperative infective endophthalmitis in elderly cataract patients. the C-index of the nomogram model for predicting infective endophthalmitis was 0.675 (95% CI 0.653 to 0.724) with a threshold>0.18. The nomogram model provided a net clinical benefit and all of the nomogram model net clinical benefits were higher than the independent predictors. Conclusions:The nomogram model constructed based on age, diabetes, surgical incision location, time of surgery, vitreous overflow and posterior lens capsule rupture can be used for early identification of risk factors for postoperative infective endophthalmitis in clinical elderly cataract patients, with good clinical efficacy.