Objective To investigate the role of high-temperature requirement factor A2(HTRA2)in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response(mtUPR)model induced by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPP+)and the compensatory effects of other proteases.Methods The mtUPR cell model was established by treating SH-SY5Y cells with MPP+.Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay,and mitochondrial morphological changes and intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were examined under transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscope,respectively.Western blot(WB)was used to detect the expression levels of C/EBP Homologous Protein(CHOP),Heat shock protein family E member 1(HSPE1),YME1-like 1 ATPase(YME1L1),Caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase proteolytic subunit(CLPP),and Lon peptidase 1,mitochondrial(LONP1).Lentivirus-mediated knockdown(KD)of the HTRA2 gene in SH-SY5Y cells was performed.The mRNA and protein expression levels of HTRA2 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and WB,respectively.After induction of mtUPR in HTRA2-KD SH-SY5Y cells with 400 μmol/L MPP?,cell viability and protein expression levels of HTRA2,YME1L1,CLPP,and LONP were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay and WB,respectively.Results mtUPR cell model was successfully established following treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 400 μmol/L MPP+for 24 hours.Compared to the control group,there was no significant change in cell viability.Under electron microscopy,there were no remarkable alterations in the mitochondrial cristae and size in the mtUPR group.The average fluorescence intensity of ROS in the mtUPR group was 1.25±0.08 fold that of the PBS group,and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.001).The expression levels of CHOP,HSPE1,HTRA2,CLPP,and LONP were significantly higher in the mtUPR group than in the control group,which were 2.68±0.94、2.83±0.89、1.67±0.20,1.65±0.28,and 1.66±0.13 times that of control group,respectively(all P<0.05).The expression level of YME1L1 in the mtUPR group was 1.28±0.27 times that of the control group,with no statistical significance(P>0.05).After knockdown of the HTRA2 gene in SH-SY5Y cells,the expression levels of CLPP,YME1L1,and LONP1 increased to 1.46±0.79,1.41±0.12,and 1.32±0.25 times that of the empty virus group,respectively(all P<0.05).Following treatment with 400 μmol/L MPP+for 24 hours in HTRA2-KD SH-SY5Y cells,cell viability in HTRA2-KD group decreased to 88.4%±6.1%of the empty virus group(P<0.05).In the HTRA2 group,there were no significant changes in the expression levels of YME1L1 and LONP1 compared to the empty virus group(all P>0.05),while the expression level of CLPP increased to(1.88±0.62)times that of the empty virus group(P=0.033).Conclusion HTRA2 is an important mitochondrial protease in the MPP+-induced mtUPR response,and other mitochondrial proteases partially compensate for the function of HTRA2.

Objective To investigate the role of high-temperature requirement factor A2(HTRA2)in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response(mtUPR)model induced by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPP+)and the compensatory effects of other proteases.Methods The mtUPR cell model was established by treating SH-SY5Y cells with MPP+.Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay,and mitochondrial morphological changes and intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were examined under transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscope,respectively.Western blot(WB)was used to detect the expression levels of C/EBP Homologous Protein(CHOP),Heat shock protein family E member 1(HSPE1),YME1-like 1 ATPase(YME1L1),Caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase proteolytic subunit(CLPP),and Lon peptidase 1,mitochondrial(LONP1).Lentivirus-mediated knockdown(KD)of the HTRA2 gene in SH-SY5Y cells was performed.The mRNA and protein expression levels of HTRA2 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and WB,respectively.After induction of mtUPR in HTRA2-KD SH-SY5Y cells with 400 μmol/L MPP?,cell viability and protein expression levels of HTRA2,YME1L1,CLPP,and LONP were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay and WB,respectively.Results mtUPR cell model was successfully established following treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 400 μmol/L MPP+for 24 hours.Compared to the control group,there was no significant change in cell viability.Under electron microscopy,there were no remarkable alterations in the mitochondrial cristae and size in the mtUPR group.The average fluorescence intensity of ROS in the mtUPR group was 1.25±0.08 fold that of the PBS group,and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.001).The expression levels of CHOP,HSPE1,HTRA2,CLPP,and LONP were significantly higher in the mtUPR group than in the control group,which were 2.68±0.94、2.83±0.89、1.67±0.20,1.65±0.28,and 1.66±0.13 times that of control group,respectively(all P<0.05).The expression level of YME1L1 in the mtUPR group was 1.28±0.27 times that of the control group,with no statistical significance(P>0.05).After knockdown of the HTRA2 gene in SH-SY5Y cells,the expression levels of CLPP,YME1L1,and LONP1 increased to 1.46±0.79,1.41±0.12,and 1.32±0.25 times that of the empty virus group,respectively(all P<0.05).Following treatment with 400 μmol/L MPP+for 24 hours in HTRA2-KD SH-SY5Y cells,cell viability in HTRA2-KD group decreased to 88.4%±6.1%of the empty virus group(P<0.05).In the HTRA2 group,there were no significant changes in the expression levels of YME1L1 and LONP1 compared to the empty virus group(all P>0.05),while the expression level of CLPP increased to(1.88±0.62)times that of the empty virus group(P=0.033).Conclusion HTRA2 is an important mitochondrial protease in the MPP+-induced mtUPR response,and other mitochondrial proteases partially compensate for the function of HTRA2.

Objective:To assess the diagnostic efficiency of long-read sequencing (LRS) for the determination of CYP21A1P/ CYP21A2 and TNXA/ TNXB fusion genotypes among children with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) and explore their clinical characteristics. Methods:LRS sequencing was carried out on 30 children diagnosed with 21-OHD at the Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Children′s Hospital between November 2022 and September 2023 by clinical symptoms or conventional Sanger sequencing combined with multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). The results of the two methods were compared. Clinical data of the children were collected and analyzed. This study has been approved by the Medical Ethic Committee of the Fujian Children Hospital(Ethic No. 2022ETKLR10024).Results:Of the 30 children with 21-OHD, 11 (36.7%) were found to carry CYP21A1P/ CYP21A2 and TNXA/ TNXB fusion genes by LRS. The most common type of fused CYP21A1P/ CYP21A2 gene was CH-1 (61.5%), and 1 (3.3%) was found to harbor TNXA/ TNXB CH-1. 11 cases (36.7%) were found to carry large deletions by Sanger sequencing combined with MLPA, with the most common one being CYP21A2 exons 1-3 del (61.5%), which was followed by CYP21A2 exons 1-7 del (23.1%). Follow up of 11 patients carrying a fusion gene revealed that 6 were sale wasting (SW) types, 5 were simple virilizing (SV) types, whilst no non-classical (NC) type was found. Four girls had presented with central precocious puberty (CPP). One child carrying TNXA/ TNXB CH-1 had presented with CAH-X syndrome. Conclusion:Compared with Sanger sequencing combined with MLPA detection method, LRS sequencing was able to differentiate the subtypes of CYP21A1P/ CYP21A2 and TNXA/ TNXB fusion genes, pinpoint the breakpoints of the deletions, and directly determine the cis-trans position without the need to analyze the genotype of the pedigree members, which has provided a reliable method for the typing of 21-OHD. As some fusion genes may retain 21-hydroxylase activity, female carriers may have a higher incidence of CPP.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic efficiency of long-read sequencing (LRS) for the determination of CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 and TNXA/TNXB fusion genotypes among children with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) and explore their clinical characteristics. METHODS: LRS sequencing was carried out on 30 children diagnosed with 21-OHD at the Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Children's Hospital between November 2022 and September 2023 by clinical symptoms or conventional Sanger sequencing combined with multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). The results of the two methods were compared. Clinical data of the children were collected and analyzed. This study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Fujian Children's Hospital (Ethic No. 2022ETKLR10024). RESULTS: Of the 30 children with 21-OHD, 11 (36.7%) were found to carry CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 and TNXA/TNXB fusion genes by LRS. The most common type of fused CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 gene was CH-1 (72.7%), and 1 (3.3%) was found to harbor TNXA/TNXB CH-1. Eleven cases (36.7%) were found to carry large deletions by Sanger sequencing combined with MLPA, with the most common one being CYP21A2 exons 1-3 del (72.7%), which was followed by CYP21A2 exons 1-7 del (18.2%). Follow up of 11 patients carrying a fusion gene revealed that 6 were sale wasting (SW) types, 5 were simple virilizing (SV) types, whilst no non-classical (NC) type was found. Four girls had presented with central precocious puberty (CPP). One child carrying TNXA/TNXB CH-1 had presented with CAH-X syndrome. CONCLUSION Compared with Sanger sequencing combined with MLPA detection method, LRS sequencing was able to differentiate the subtypes of CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 and TNXA/TNXB fusion genes, pinpoint the breakpoints of the deletions, and directly determine the cis-trans position without the need to analyze the genotype of the pedigree members, which has provided a reliable method for the typing of 21-OHD. As some fusion genes may retain 21-hydroxylase activity, female carriers may have a higher incidence of CPP.
Humans ; Steroid 21-Hydroxylase/genetics* ; Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/genetics* ; Child ; Female ; Male ; Child, Preschool ; Tenascin/genetics* ; Infant ; Genotype ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods* ; Pseudogenes

Objective:To assess the diagnostic efficiency of long-read sequencing (LRS) for the determination of CYP21A1P/ CYP21A2 and TNXA/ TNXB fusion genotypes among children with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) and explore their clinical characteristics. Methods:LRS sequencing was carried out on 30 children diagnosed with 21-OHD at the Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Children′s Hospital between November 2022 and September 2023 by clinical symptoms or conventional Sanger sequencing combined with multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). The results of the two methods were compared. Clinical data of the children were collected and analyzed. This study has been approved by the Medical Ethic Committee of the Fujian Children Hospital(Ethic No. 2022ETKLR10024).Results:Of the 30 children with 21-OHD, 11 (36.7%) were found to carry CYP21A1P/ CYP21A2 and TNXA/ TNXB fusion genes by LRS. The most common type of fused CYP21A1P/ CYP21A2 gene was CH-1 (61.5%), and 1 (3.3%) was found to harbor TNXA/ TNXB CH-1. 11 cases (36.7%) were found to carry large deletions by Sanger sequencing combined with MLPA, with the most common one being CYP21A2 exons 1-3 del (61.5%), which was followed by CYP21A2 exons 1-7 del (23.1%). Follow up of 11 patients carrying a fusion gene revealed that 6 were sale wasting (SW) types, 5 were simple virilizing (SV) types, whilst no non-classical (NC) type was found. Four girls had presented with central precocious puberty (CPP). One child carrying TNXA/ TNXB CH-1 had presented with CAH-X syndrome. Conclusion:Compared with Sanger sequencing combined with MLPA detection method, LRS sequencing was able to differentiate the subtypes of CYP21A1P/ CYP21A2 and TNXA/ TNXB fusion genes, pinpoint the breakpoints of the deletions, and directly determine the cis-trans position without the need to analyze the genotype of the pedigree members, which has provided a reliable method for the typing of 21-OHD. As some fusion genes may retain 21-hydroxylase activity, female carriers may have a higher incidence of CPP.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and antimicrobial susceptibility of neonatal Listeria septicemia.Methods Eleven cases of neonatal Listeria septicemia that were treated in the Huzhou Maternity and Children Health Hospital from March 2013 to March 2017 were enrolled in this study.Clinical data including the results of bacterial culture,antimicrobial susceptibility test and antibiotic treatment were collected and retrospectively analyzed.Moreover,maternal history of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection before delivery was retrieved.Results All of the 11 mothers had fever before delivery and nine of them showed different grades of amniotic fluid contamination during delivery.Clinical symptoms of the 11 neonates included dyspnea (11 cases),fever (ten cases),apnea (nine cases),slow response and feeding difficulty (nine cases),convulsion (six cases),vomiting and abdominal distension (two cases),pulmonary hemorrhage (one case),progressive jaundice (one case) and systemic skin bleeding point (one case).All cases showed abnormal results of blood routine test and increased calcitonin and C-reactive protein.Ten cases received cercbrospinal fluid examination,seven of which were abnormal.Altogether 17 strains of LM were isolated from various specimens.These strains were all sensitive to piperacillin-tazobactam,ampicillin-sulbactam,meropenem,vancomycin,cotrimoxazole,ciprofloxacin and gentamycin,but resistant to oxacillin.Strains those were sensitive to penicillin,ampicillin,erythromycin and clindamycin accounted for 10/17,11/17,9/17 and 8/17,respectively.The 11 neonates were treated with piperacillin-tazobactam,meropenem or vancomycin.All of them improved (11/11)and ten were cured (10/11).All cases were followed up through phone calls at one week and one month after discharge.Two were lost to follow-up,while thc others were all in good condition.Conclusions Neonatal Listeria septicemia is usually a severe disease characterized by rapid progression and mainly presented with dyspnea and fever,besides there is a high possibility of purulent meningitis.Some LM strains are resistant to single-agent penicillin antibiotics.However,antibiotics such as piperacillin-tazobactam,meropenem and vancomycin are effective in the treatment of neonatal Listeria septicemia.

Objectives To understand the effects of different doses of vitamin D supplementation on serum calcium,phosphorus,alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) and to provide guidance for early prevention of metabolic bone disease in VLBWI.Methods A total of 90 VLBWI hospitalized in the Department of Neonatology,Huzhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital between January 2014 and January 2016 were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups:highdose group and low dose group.High-dose group was given vitamin D 900 U/d orally and low-dose group was given 400 U/d since the eighth day after birth.Serum calcium,phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels were detected at 1,7,21 and 42 days of age and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were detected at 7,21and 42 days of age.Two-sample t-test,Chi-square test,one-way analysis of variance and LSD or Dunnett's T3 test were used for statistical analysis.Results No significant differences in serum calcium,phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels were found between the two groups at 1 and 7 days of age,nor were found in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level at 7 days of age (all P＞0.05).At 21 days of age,high dose group had higher serum calcium,phosphorus and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels than low-dose group [(2.38 ± 0.09) vs (2.04 ± 0.15) mmol/L,t=2.421;(1.80±0.50) vs (1.71 ±0.60) mmol/L,t-0.637;(45.58± 18.43) vs (42.53± 16.33) nmol/L,t=0.421],but lower alkaline phosphatase level [(505.12± 185.61) vs (588.32± 168.72) U/L,t=5.314] (all P＜0.05).The same trends were found at 42 days of age.In high-dose group,serum calcium level increased at 7,21 and 42 days of age as compared with that at 1 day of age [(2.43±0.13),(2.38±0.09),(2.39±0.08) vs (2.06±0.57) mmol/L];serum phosphorus level at 7 days of age was lower than that at 1,21 and 42 days of age [(1.31 ±0.26) vs (1.89±0.39),(1.80±0.50),(1.98±0.30) mmol/L];serum alkaline phosphatase level at 7,21 and 42 days of age was higher than that at 1 day of age [(475.18± 133.73),(505.12± 185.61),(538.43 ± 168.16) vs (296.15 ± 99.41) U/L] and a significant increase was observed at 42 days of age as compared with that at 7 days of age;serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D level at 21 days of age was higher than that at 7 days of age,and that at 42 days of age was higher than that at 7 and 21 days of age [(73.55±23.65) vs (30.63± 12.66) and (45.58 ± 18.43) nmol/L];the differences were all statistically significant (LSD or Dunnett's T3 test,all P＜0.05).Conclusions Vitamin D supplementation from the eighth day after birth can improve calcium and phosphorus metabolism in VLBWI and the dose of 900 U/d is more effective than 400 U/d.

Objective To study the expressions of cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 ( Caspase 3 ) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA ) in intestinal tissue of neonatal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) , and the protective effect of glutamine ( Gln ) on NEC. MethodsThirty-six neonatal Sprague-Dawley ( SD) rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups at 48 h after birth (12 in each group). The control group were fed with milk replacer. The NEC group were fed with milk replacer and experiencing cold exposure after hypoxic-reoxygenation twice a day for 3 days, The Gln+NEC group were fed with milk replacer plus Gln and experiencing cold exposure after hypoxic-reoxygenation twice a day for 3 days. All the rats were sacrificed and intestinal tissues obtained at day 3 of the establishment of model. The histological changes of ileal tissues were studied using hematoxy lin-eosin ( HE ) staining. The expressions of Caspase 3 and PCNA were detected using immunohistochemical(IHC)method.Results Caspase3expressioninNECgroup(77.3±8.6)℅was significantly higher than the control group (18. 9 ± 3. 4)℅ and Gln+NEC group (50. 3 ± 6. 2)℅ ( P<0. 05). Also, Caspase 3 in Gln+NEC group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0. 05). PCNA expression in the NEC group ( 15. 0 ± 1. 9 )℅ was significantly lower than the control group (34. 2 ± 5. 8)℅ and the Gln +NEC group ( 24. 0 ± 3. 9 )℅ ( P <0. 05 ) . PCNA expression in the Gln+NEC group was significantly lower than the control group ( P<0. 05). The pathological score of the intestinal tissues was significantly correlated with Caspase 3 expression ( r = 0. 769, P = 0. 005 ), Caspase3/PCNA ratio (r=0. 835,P=0. 002) and PCNA expression (r= -0. 698, P=0. 014) in the NECgroup.Conclusions Up regulation of Cas pase3 and down regulation of PCNA might be correlated with the process of NEC. Gln might be effective in prevention and healing of NEC by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Glutamine (Gln) on the expression of PCNA in intestinal tissue of neo-natal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and to explore the protective mechanism of Gln in intestinal mucosa.Methods Forty-eight neonatal rats at the age of 48 hours were selected, and divided into 4 groups, control group, Gln group, NEC group, NECGln group. Each group had 12 rats. Control group were fed mice milk substitutes; Gln group were fed mice milk substitutes mixed with Gln; NEC group were fed mice milk substitutes and had cold/ hypoxia exposure twice a day for 3 days; NECGln group were exposed to cold stress, hypoxia and treated with Gln mixed in the milk. The expression of PCNA was detected using immunohistochemical method.Results Compared with control group were and Gln group, the general condition was worse, and the weight was decreased in NEC and NECGln group. The inifltrated inlfammatory cells, congestion, edema, intrinsic layer separation were observed in intestinal mucosa in NEC and NECGln group. The intestinal villus was lost in severe in NEC and NECGln group. The PCNA index was 34.17±5.78, 34.42±5.38, 15.00±1.94, 30.67±3.14 in control, Gln, NEC and NECGln group respectively, with signiifcant difference between each groups (H=24.32,P=0.000). The expression of PCNA in NEC group was lower than that in normal, Gln, and NECGln group (P<0.008). The expression of PCNA had no signiifcant difference among normal, Gln, and NECGln group (P>0.008).Conclusions The expression of PCNA in intestinal mucosa was decreased in NEC rats. Gln supplement could raise the expression of PCNA in intestinal mucosa of NEC rats, and accelerate the speed of intestinal mucosa repair.