Objective:To understand the prevalence and related factors of three common chronic diseases, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes in HIV-infected persons.Methods:As of December 2023, HIV-infected persons >15 years old who are receiving antiviral therapy (ART) and follow-up in Henan Province were selected as the study objects. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and blood samples were collected to collect demographic information, ART, body weight, blood lipids, blood pressure, and blood sugar of HIV-infected persons. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes.Results:Among 4 023 HIV-infected patients, the prevalence rates of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes were 64.47% (2 594/4 023), 16.80% (676/4 023), and 10.54% (424/4 023), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that hyperlipidemia was positively associated with ≥40 years of age, overweight and obesity, two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + proteasome inhibitors (PIs) regimen and two NRTIs+ integrase inhibitor regimen, and negatively associated with low body weight. Hypertension was positively correlated with the age group ≥40 years old, family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, overweight and obesity, ART time ≥0.5 years, and negatively correlated with low body weight. Diabetes was positively associated with age group ≥40 years, family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, overweight and obesity, and negatively associated with the use of two NRTIs+PIs treatment regimens.Conclusions:In 2023, the prevalence of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes among HIV-infected people in Henan Province was relatively high, and the risk of common chronic diseases among those ≥40 years old, overweight and obese, and those with a family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was also relatively high. It is recommended to strengthen the prevention and management of common chronic diseases among HIV-infected people.

As a mercury-containing elixir， Hongshengdan has been known as a sacred medicine for surgery by ancient medical practitioners because of its precise curative effects. It originated from Yizong Shuoyue in the Qing dynasty， Qing dynasty and modern medical practitioners have adapted and modified its formula for clinical application. Employing bibliometric methods， the authors systematically organized relevant ancient literature of the Qing dynasty and modern literature， and analyzed the composition and dosage， preparation method， and clinical application. Among the 25 ancient books concerning Hongshengdan， a total of 12 medicinal formulas， 15 refining methods and 9 clinical applications were obtained. Research confirms that Hongshengdan consisted of mercury， saltpeter， alum， soap alum， cinnabar and realgar. Using measurement conversion standards of Qing dynasty， the modern single-batch formulation comprised 37.30 g of mercury， 149.20 g of saltpeter， 37.30 g of alum， 22.38 g of soap alum， 18.65 g of cinnabar， and 18.65 g of realgar. In modern refining of Hongshengdan， most medical practitioners take the core medicines， with dosages approximately 30 g of mercury， 30 g of saltpeter， and 30 g of alum. Refining method involves pretreatment stewing the materials during preparation， and alum， soap alum， and saltpeter are first ground together， then combined with mercury， cinnabar， and realgar for grinding until mercury and other drugs grind to the degree of no star points. The mixture is then placed in a pot or vessel by cold-forming method. After covering， the opening is sealed using either raw gypsum salt mud or honey-dipped cotton paper strips. Sand is packed around the vessel and then pressurized. During the calcination process， begin with a low flame（30 min）， then increase to a medium flame（30 min）， followed by a high flame（30 min）， after removing fire toxins， collect the final product. Hongshengdan has the efficacy of lifting the poison， removing the corrosion， producing muscle and dispersing， and is often used in the treatment of surgical sore and carbuncle type of diseases. Modern research indicates that Hongshengdan is commonly used to treat skin system diseases such as ulcers and herpes. The aforementioned findings provide a reference basis for the subsequent refining method and clinical application of Hongshengdan.

Objective To analyze the prognosis of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and its correlation with serum angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2), activated protein C (APC) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels. Methods A total of 508 elderly patients with CAP in the hospital from March 2021 to March 2024 were divided into death group (n=104) and survival group (n=404) according to the survival status at 28 days after admission. Another 110 healthy subjects with physical examination were included in the control group. The levels of serum Ang-2, APC and PTX3 were compared, and their correlation with prognosis was explored by Pearson correlation analysis. Results In this study, 404 cases survived after 28 days and 104 cases died. The levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and interleukin-8 and the proportion of severe condition in the survival group were lower than those in the death group (P<0.05). The level of serum APC in the case group and the death group was lower than that in the control group and the survival group (P<0.05), while the levels of Ang-2 and PTX3 were higher than those in the control group and the survival group (P<0.05), respectively. Serum APC level was negatively correlated with community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly CAP (r=-0.476, P<0.05), while Ang-2 and PTX3 were positively correlated with prognosis (r=0.489, 0.502, P<0.05). Conclusion Serum levels of Ang-2 and APC in elderly patients with CAP are decreased and the level of PTX3 is increased. Serum Ang-2 and APC levels are negatively correlated with elderly CAP, and PTX3 is positively correlated with prognosis.

Objective:To analyze the drug resistance characteristics and influencing factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 treated patients in Henan Province.Methods:HIV-1 treated patients who had received anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for more than six months and had a viral load >200 copies/mL in the Zhengzhou Sixth People′s Hospital from January to December 2024 were enrolled. Plasma samples were collected. Partial pol region gene sequences and integrase gene sequences of HIV-1 were amplified by reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction. The REGA HIV-1 subtype analysis tool was used to determine the subtypes of HIV-1 isolates, and the HIV drug resistance database of Stanford University in the United States was used to analyze the genetic drug resistance mutations and antiviral drug susceptibility. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors related to drug resistance. Results:Among 933 HIV-1 treated patients with ART failure, 825 samples were successfully amplified, with the amplification success rate of 88.42%. The overall drug resistance rate was 70.06%(578/825), among which the drug resistance rates of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), protease inhibitor (PI), and integrase inhibitor (INSTI) were 55.15%(455/825), 64.36%(531/825), 5.70%(47/825), and 2.31%(19/821), respectively. The most common drug resistance mutations included M184I/V (47.88%(395/825)), K103N/S (38.18%(315/825)), and K70E/G/N/Q/R/S/T/del (16.61%(137/825)). Multivariate analysis showed that the baseline CD4 + T cell count <200 cells/μL (adjusted odds ratio ( OR)=2.239, 95% confidence interval ( CI)1.011 to 4.960), an initial 2NRTI+ NNRTI-based treatment regimen (adjusted OR=44.332, 95% CI 5.191 to 378.593), initial 2NRTI+ PI/r (r means ritonavir)-based regimen (adjusted OR=14.391, 95% CI 1.304 to 158.805) and a change in the ART regimen (adjusted OR=5.941, 95% CI 2.373 to 14.878) were independent risk factors for drug resistance (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The drug resistance rate after virological failure in HIV-1 treated patients in Henan Province is relatively high, which is mainly characterized by NNRTI resistance. The baseline immune status and the choice of the initial treatment regimen are important factors affecting the occurrence of drug resistance. The treatment monitoring and drug resistance monitoring should be strengthened.

Objective:To analyze the drug resistance characteristics and influencing factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 treated patients in Henan Province.Methods:HIV-1 treated patients who had received anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for more than six months and had a viral load >200 copies/mL in the Zhengzhou Sixth People′s Hospital from January to December 2024 were enrolled. Plasma samples were collected. Partial pol region gene sequences and integrase gene sequences of HIV-1 were amplified by reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction. The REGA HIV-1 subtype analysis tool was used to determine the subtypes of HIV-1 isolates, and the HIV drug resistance database of Stanford University in the United States was used to analyze the genetic drug resistance mutations and antiviral drug susceptibility. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors related to drug resistance. Results:Among 933 HIV-1 treated patients with ART failure, 825 samples were successfully amplified, with the amplification success rate of 88.42%. The overall drug resistance rate was 70.06%(578/825), among which the drug resistance rates of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), protease inhibitor (PI), and integrase inhibitor (INSTI) were 55.15%(455/825), 64.36%(531/825), 5.70%(47/825), and 2.31%(19/821), respectively. The most common drug resistance mutations included M184I/V (47.88%(395/825)), K103N/S (38.18%(315/825)), and K70E/G/N/Q/R/S/T/del (16.61%(137/825)). Multivariate analysis showed that the baseline CD4 + T cell count <200 cells/μL (adjusted odds ratio ( OR)=2.239, 95% confidence interval ( CI)1.011 to 4.960), an initial 2NRTI+ NNRTI-based treatment regimen (adjusted OR=44.332, 95% CI 5.191 to 378.593), initial 2NRTI+ PI/r (r means ritonavir)-based regimen (adjusted OR=14.391, 95% CI 1.304 to 158.805) and a change in the ART regimen (adjusted OR=5.941, 95% CI 2.373 to 14.878) were independent risk factors for drug resistance (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The drug resistance rate after virological failure in HIV-1 treated patients in Henan Province is relatively high, which is mainly characterized by NNRTI resistance. The baseline immune status and the choice of the initial treatment regimen are important factors affecting the occurrence of drug resistance. The treatment monitoring and drug resistance monitoring should be strengthened.

Objective:To understand the prevalence and related factors of three common chronic diseases, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes in HIV-infected persons.Methods:As of December 2023, HIV-infected persons >15 years old who are receiving antiviral therapy (ART) and follow-up in Henan Province were selected as the study objects. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and blood samples were collected to collect demographic information, ART, body weight, blood lipids, blood pressure, and blood sugar of HIV-infected persons. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes.Results:Among 4 023 HIV-infected patients, the prevalence rates of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes were 64.47% (2 594/4 023), 16.80% (676/4 023), and 10.54% (424/4 023), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that hyperlipidemia was positively associated with ≥40 years of age, overweight and obesity, two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + proteasome inhibitors (PIs) regimen and two NRTIs+ integrase inhibitor regimen, and negatively associated with low body weight. Hypertension was positively correlated with the age group ≥40 years old, family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, overweight and obesity, ART time ≥0.5 years, and negatively correlated with low body weight. Diabetes was positively associated with age group ≥40 years, family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, overweight and obesity, and negatively associated with the use of two NRTIs+PIs treatment regimens.Conclusions:In 2023, the prevalence of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes among HIV-infected people in Henan Province was relatively high, and the risk of common chronic diseases among those ≥40 years old, overweight and obese, and those with a family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was also relatively high. It is recommended to strengthen the prevention and management of common chronic diseases among HIV-infected people.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.