Meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine is basically produced by chemical combination,and the most commonly used method is amide condensation reaction.Because of the covalent bonds between polysaccharide and protein,the prepared conjugate vaccine has high stability and good technical advantages,which plays an important role in the prevention of meningococcal related diseases.The vaccine can be applied to the immunization of young children under 2years old,and has more lasting protective effect.In this paper,the factors influencing the preparation of meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine,the binding mode of polysaccharide and carrier protein,the present situation at home and abroad and the existing problems in the preparation process were reviewed.

Objective:To analyse the clinical significance of selective single embryo transfer by time-lapse mo-nitoring(TLM)or conventional morphology assessment(CMA)in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm in-jection and embryo transfer(IVF/ICSI-ET),and to initially explore the predictive value of Raman spectral analy-sis of embryo culture medium for clinical pregnancy rate.Methods:The study is a prospective randomized con-trolled clinical trial.We assigned 139 patients treated with IVF/ICSI-ET in Reproductive and Genetics Center of Suzhou Municipal Hospital from April 2019 to July 2020,which were randomly assigned to either the CMA or the TLM group.We performed selective single-embryo transfer(fresh cycle and FET)after selecting the optimal em-bryos with TLM or CMA respectively.If the patient's first embryo transfer was unsuccessful,a second one would be performed to compare the differences in the cumulative live birth rate of embryo transfer and other pregnancy outcomes between the two groups.Meanwhile,we collected 15 μl of embryo culture medium at day 3 after IVF/ISCI fertilization for Raman spectroscopy analysis.Results:There were no differences in cumulative live birth,cu-mulative clinical pregnancy,cumulative premature birth,cumulative early spontaneous abortion,cumulative ectopic pregnancy and LGA or SGA between TLM and CMA groups(P＞0.05).The Neonatal sex ratio in the TLM group was lower than that in the CMA group,but the difference was not significant(P＞0.05).Raman spectros-copy analysis of embryo culture medium predicted the clinical pregnancy rate with 67.21％accuracy.Conclu-sions:In young women with a good ovarian reserve,the advantage of using TLM to evaluate embryos is not obvi-ous,so we should remain vigilant that embryo selection based on morphokinetic parameters may affect the sex ratio.Raman spectroscopic analysis of embryo culture medium is not yet able to effectively predict the planting ability of embryos.

Meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine is basically produced by chemical combination,and the most commonly used method is amide condensation reaction.Because of the covalent bonds between polysaccharide and protein,the prepared conjugate vaccine has high stability and good technical advantages,which plays an important role in the prevention of meningococcal related diseases.The vaccine can be applied to the immunization of young children under 2years old,and has more lasting protective effect.In this paper,the factors influencing the preparation of meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine,the binding mode of polysaccharide and carrier protein,the present situation at home and abroad and the existing problems in the preparation process were reviewed.

Monoclonal antibody drugs that inhibit programmed death 1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been widely used in esophageal cancer (EC) and yielded significant therapeutic responses. However, only a few patients obtain lasting clinical benefits due to primary or acquired drug resistance, and new treatment schemes are urgently needed. The tumor immune microenvironment is the main factor that affects patients' response to immunosuppressive agents. This article will discuss the role of immunosuppressive cells and non-cellular components in the immune process to provide ideas for the next research direction of EC.

Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Glutaminase

Objective:Clinicopathological features, treatment and prognosis of urinary and male reproductive system soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and sarcomatoid carcinoma in adults were compared.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 73 patients with STS and 15 patients with sarcomatoid carcinoma in adult urinary and male reproductive system in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. There were 59 males and 14 females in STS group, with a median age of 41 (18-78)years old. The maximum tumor diameter ranged from 0.5 to 19.0 cm. The primary tumors were located in testis and peritesticular (23 cases), kidney (23 cases), prostate (15 cases), bladder (8 cases), ureter(3 cases), other parts(1 case). There were 18 cases of lymph node metastasis and 8 cases of distant metastasis. Among 73 patients with STS, 66 patients underwent surgical resection, of which 31 patients underwent radical resection. Among the 66 patients who underwent surgery, 3 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy; 22 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy; 5 patients were treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. Among 7 patients with STS did not receive surgical treatment, 2 patients received radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy, 2 patients received chemotherapy alone, and 3 patients received symptomatic support treatment.There were 11 males and 4 females in sarcomatoid carcinoma group, with a median age of 65 (23 - 84)years old. The measurable tumor diameter ranged from 0.4 to 16.9 cm. The primary tumors were located in kidney (6 cases), bladder (5 cases), ureter(2 cases) and prostate(2 cases). There were 2 patients of lymph node metastasis and 4 patients of distant metastasis. Of the 15 patients with sarcomatoid carcinoma, 12 patients underwent surgical resection, of which 5 patients underwent radical resection. 2 patients were treated with adjuvant therapy after operation. Among the 12 patients who received surgical treatment, 2 patients had distant metastasis before operation, all of which originated from the kidney. Among the 3 patients without surgical treatment, 1 patients received systemic chemotherapy and 2 patients received symptomatic supportive treatment. There was no significant difference in gender, tumor maximum diameter, distant metastasis and operation, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and operation combined with chemotherapy ( P>0.05) and there were significant differences in age, tumor primary location and lymph node metastasis ( P<0.05) between STS and sarcomatoid carcinoma patients.The categorical variables of the two groups were compared by χ2.With Kaplan-Meier method for univariate survival analysis, the Cox was used for multivariate analysis. Results:The median follow-up time was 18.3(0.3-90.4) months.In STS group, there were 14 patients of synovial sarcoma, 11 patients of liposarcoma, 15 patients of rhabdomyosarcoma, 16 patients of leiomyosarcoma, 10 patients of other types, and 7 patients of spindle cell sarcoma without specific classification. Among 66 patients with STS, 8 patients recurred, 14 patients metastasized after operation, 4 patients recurred and metastasized after operation. The 7 patients without surgical treatment all progressed. Among the 10 patients of sarcomatoid carcinoma without distant metastasis before operation, 3 patients recurred and 3 patients metastasized after operation. Two patients of renal sarcomatoid carcinoma with distant metastasis were treated with nephrectomy and chemotherapy. One of them had overall survival (OS) up to 2 years, and one recurred 2 months after operation. The 3 patients without surgical treatment all progressed without remission. The median OS of STS patients were 59.3 (95% CI 24.1-94.5) months and that of sarcomatoid carcinoma patients were 8.7 (95% CI 6.1-11.2) months. The OS of STS patients were better than those of sarcomatoid carcinoma patients ( HR=2.874, 95% CI 1.118-7.386, P=0.022). Conclusions:The onset age of STS in adult urinary and male reproductive system was lower than that in sarcomatoid carcinoma. The primary lesions of STS were mainly in testis, peritesticular and kidney. The primary lesions of sarcomatoid carcinoma were mainly in kidney. Among STS, leiomyosarcoma was the most common type.STS and sarcomatoid carcinoma should be diagnosed and treated with surgery quickly, and systemic therapy should be performed for patients who cannot be treated with surgery.

Objective:To find the biomarkers that accurately predict the survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).Methods:The immune related genes that were significantly related to the overall survival (OS) of patients with ESCC were screened from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to construct a prognostic risk score model. The prognoses of the high-risk and low-risk groups were compared by Kaplan-Meier method. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Tumor tissue samples of 83 patients with pathological diagnosis of ESCC were collected from Anyang Cancer Hospital for external verification. Cox regression analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the effects of prognostic risk score and various clinical characteristics on OS of patients with ESCC.Results:Seven immune-related genes that were significantly related to survival prognosis were selected from the TCGA database and included in the prognostic risk score model, which were S100A12, SLC40A1, FABP9, TNFSF10, IGHA2, IL1F10, and STC2. The 1- and 2-year survival rates of the low-risk group (40 cases) were 94.3% and 82.5%, respectively, while those of the high-risk group (40 cases) were 75.9% and 32.9%, respectively.The prognosis of the high-risk group was worse than that of the low-risk group ( P<0.001). The 83 external validation samples obtained consistent results by using the prognostic risk score model. The prognostic risk score was positively correlated with the content of CD4 + T lymphocytes in ESCC ( rs=0.259, P=0.020), but not correlated with the content of B lymphocytes, CD8 + T lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages or dendritic cells ( P>0.05). Conclusions:S100A12, SLC40A1, FABP9, TNFSF10, IGHA2, IL1F10, and STC2 were risk genes significantly associated with OS of patients with ESCC. The prognostic risk score was an independent prognostic factor for the OS of patients with ESCC, and it was correlated with the content of CD4 + T lymphocytes in ESCC tissue.

Objective:To find the biomarkers that accurately predict the survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).Methods:The immune related genes that were significantly related to the overall survival (OS) of patients with ESCC were screened from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to construct a prognostic risk score model. The prognoses of the high-risk and low-risk groups were compared by Kaplan-Meier method. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Tumor tissue samples of 83 patients with pathological diagnosis of ESCC were collected from Anyang Cancer Hospital for external verification. Cox regression analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the effects of prognostic risk score and various clinical characteristics on OS of patients with ESCC.Results:Seven immune-related genes that were significantly related to survival prognosis were selected from the TCGA database and included in the prognostic risk score model, which were S100A12, SLC40A1, FABP9, TNFSF10, IGHA2, IL1F10, and STC2. The 1- and 2-year survival rates of the low-risk group (40 cases) were 94.3% and 82.5%, respectively, while those of the high-risk group (40 cases) were 75.9% and 32.9%, respectively.The prognosis of the high-risk group was worse than that of the low-risk group ( P<0.001). The 83 external validation samples obtained consistent results by using the prognostic risk score model. The prognostic risk score was positively correlated with the content of CD4 + T lymphocytes in ESCC ( rs=0.259, P=0.020), but not correlated with the content of B lymphocytes, CD8 + T lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages or dendritic cells ( P>0.05). Conclusions:S100A12, SLC40A1, FABP9, TNFSF10, IGHA2, IL1F10, and STC2 were risk genes significantly associated with OS of patients with ESCC. The prognostic risk score was an independent prognostic factor for the OS of patients with ESCC, and it was correlated with the content of CD4 + T lymphocytes in ESCC tissue.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a representative disease of children's neurodevelopmental disorders, brings huge pressure and financial burden to families and society. It is of great significance to explore its etiology and pathogenesis. Therefore, we established an ASD Cohort based on the existing China National Birth Cohort (CNBC), which applied parallel design to recruit and follow up families who achieved pregnancy after receiving assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and families with spontaneous conception. The main aims of this study are to compare the incidence of ASD among children born after ART with those born under spontaneous pregnancy, and to evaluate the impact of ART on the neurobehavioral development of offspring. Additionally, with a variety of clinical and behavioral related information collected during pregnancy and at early life of offspring, we are able to investigate the risk factors associated with ASD comprehensively. This article briefly introduces the objectives, contents, preliminary progress, strength and limitations, as well as further prospects of the ASD cohort study, mainly focusing on the overall design and current progress.

The importance of gut microbes to human health has gradually attracted attention. With the use of animal models, it has been revealed that maternal microbes during pregnancy could influence their children's health outcomes through shaping their microbial composition and regulating the development of their metabolic and immune system. However, the physiological mechanism of the human body is more complex and is affected by the interaction of multiple factors. The research results obtained from animal models are often inconsistent with human studies. At present, the influence of maternal intestinal microbes during pregnancy on the microbial colonization in their offspring and on a series of children's health outcomes is still unclear. Establishing a sub-cohort to detect the microbiome of the women across pregnancy and of their offspring, and further to integrate with variety of environmental and behavioral exposures can better provide reliable support for the research on the mechanism of children's health and diseases. This paper briefly introduces the research objectives, content, progress, strength and limitations of the sub-cohort study.