BACKGROUND:At present,traditional drug delivery routes(oral or intravenous injection)in clinical practice face the problem of difficulty in penetrating the blood-brain barrier,and the clinical treatment of open severe traumatic brain injury is often lower than expected.Hydrogels are a class of extremely hydrophilic three-dimensional network structure gels,which swell rapidly in water and can be maintained in the swelling state.Hydrogels swell rapidly in water and can remain in this swollen state.At present,some experimental studies have applied injectable functional hydrogel injection into the injured site to achieve the purpose of repairing damaged brain tissue,but this treatment strategy has not been applied in clinic.OBJECTIVE:To analyze the role of functional hydrogels in tissue repair after traumatic brain injury,discuss the promotion of nerve tissue regeneration after traumatic brain injury through different action modes,so as to propose new ideas for clinical treatment and basic research of traumatic brain injury.METHODS:English key words"hydrogels,functional hydrogel,composite hydrogels,traumatic brain injury,tissue repair,neural regeneration"and Chinese key words"functional hydrogels,traumatic brain injury,tissue repair,nerve regeneration"were used to search the relevant articles published from August 2000 to March 2024 in PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and WanFang databases.The inclusion and exclusion criteria were formulated,and 60 relevant articles were finally included after being screened by reading the title,abstract,and full text of articles.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The hydrogel based on molecular design can simulate the neural microstructure,promote regeneration and repair,and simulate the neurovascular unit to promote vascular regeneration.(2)Hydrogels based on the principle of combined drug therapy can deliver endogenous neuroregulatory factors,coating drugs to promote nerve regeneration.(3)Hydrogels based on stem cell recovery strategies can be used as molecular scaffolds to deliver cell therapy.(4)Future researchers need to further explore functional hydrogels related to nerve tissue repair to provide effective strategies for therapeutic function reconstruction in traumatic brain injury patients.

BACKGROUND:At present,traditional drug delivery routes(oral or intravenous injection)in clinical practice face the problem of difficulty in penetrating the blood-brain barrier,and the clinical treatment of open severe traumatic brain injury is often lower than expected.Hydrogels are a class of extremely hydrophilic three-dimensional network structure gels,which swell rapidly in water and can be maintained in the swelling state.Hydrogels swell rapidly in water and can remain in this swollen state.At present,some experimental studies have applied injectable functional hydrogel injection into the injured site to achieve the purpose of repairing damaged brain tissue,but this treatment strategy has not been applied in clinic.OBJECTIVE:To analyze the role of functional hydrogels in tissue repair after traumatic brain injury,discuss the promotion of nerve tissue regeneration after traumatic brain injury through different action modes,so as to propose new ideas for clinical treatment and basic research of traumatic brain injury.METHODS:English key words"hydrogels,functional hydrogel,composite hydrogels,traumatic brain injury,tissue repair,neural regeneration"and Chinese key words"functional hydrogels,traumatic brain injury,tissue repair,nerve regeneration"were used to search the relevant articles published from August 2000 to March 2024 in PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and WanFang databases.The inclusion and exclusion criteria were formulated,and 60 relevant articles were finally included after being screened by reading the title,abstract,and full text of articles.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The hydrogel based on molecular design can simulate the neural microstructure,promote regeneration and repair,and simulate the neurovascular unit to promote vascular regeneration.(2)Hydrogels based on the principle of combined drug therapy can deliver endogenous neuroregulatory factors,coating drugs to promote nerve regeneration.(3)Hydrogels based on stem cell recovery strategies can be used as molecular scaffolds to deliver cell therapy.(4)Future researchers need to further explore functional hydrogels related to nerve tissue repair to provide effective strategies for therapeutic function reconstruction in traumatic brain injury patients.

Objective:To investigate the effects of Houttuynize Herba decoction on aspirin-induced gastric ulcer (GU) in mice; To discuss its mechanism.Methods:A total of 64 SPF male mice were selected, and 48 mice were randomly selected to establish the model by gavage of 20 mg/ml aspirin solution. The remaining 16 rats were treated as normal group by gavage with the same amount of normalsaline once a day for 7 consecutive days. After successful modeling, the remaining mice in the model group were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 8 mice in each group, namely normal saline group (given normal saline), omeprazole group (given omeprazole 0.5 mg/ml), Houttuynize Herba high-, medium- and low-dosage groups (given 1.08 g/ml, 0.54 g/ml, 0.27 g/ml), and the remaining 8 mice in the normal group were given the same amount of normal saline by gavage. The mice were treated by gavage once a day for 7 days. The number of Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium in mouse feces was counted by bacterial culture method, and the ratio of Bifidobacterium to Escherichia coli (B/E value) was used to judge the imbalance of bacterial flora. The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum was detected by magnetic particle chemiluminescence. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) in the serum of mice to determine the level of inflammation. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to determine the ulcer and healing. ImageJ 1.8.0 was used to calculate the ulcer inhibition rate. The protein expression levels of IκBα, NF-κB-p65 subunit and phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα) and p65 (p-NF-κB-p65) subunits in gastric tissue of mice were evaluated by Western blot. Results:Compared with the normal group, the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa were missing, the glands were irregularly arranged, and the tissue structure was severely damaged in the modeling group; the number of Escherichia coli in the intestine increased ( P<0.01), the number of Bifidobacterium decreased ( P<0.01), and the B/E value was less than 1 ( P<0.01); Serum PGE2 levels were decreased ( P<0.01), IL-6 levels were increased ( P<0.01); The expression of p-IκBα and p-NF-κB-p65 proteins in gastric tissues was elevated ( P<0.05). After 7 days of drug treatment, compared with the saline group, gastric mucosal cells and structures were improved, and weight gained in the Houttuynize Herba groups ( P<0.05); the rate of inhibition of ulcers in mice in the Houttuynize Herba high-dosage group was significantly improved ( P<0.01); the number of Bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract significantly increased ( P<0.01), that of Escherichia coli was diminished ( P<0.05), B/E value was greater than 1 ( P<0.05), IL-6 content in peripheral blood was reduced ( P<0.05), PGE 2 levels significantly increased ( P<0.01); the level of p-IκBα/IκBα and p-NF-κB-p65/NF-κB-p65 in the gastric tissues of mice decreased ( P<0.01). Conclusion:Houttuynize Herba decoction can effectively improve gastric mucosal injury in mice, and its mechanism may be related to regulating intestinal microorganisms, inhibiting the opening of IκBα/NF-κB pathway, and reducing inflammatory response.

The role of arginine vasopressin ( AVP) played in proliferation and differentiation of mouse primary osteoblast and its mechanism was investigated. 100 nmol/ L AVP was added into the medium containing primary mouse osteoblast: (1) After being cultured for 72 h, the proliferation of the cells was counted with a cell counter. (2) The media of cultured cells on 2,4,6,8,10 days were harvested and tested for the secreted ALP concentration by osteoblasts, and the cells were lysed in order to test the ALP concentration in cytosol. (3) The alizarin red staining was employed to detect the effect of AVP on calcium nodules formation on 8 th and 20 th days. (4) The osteoblast cells were incubated with AVP for 20 min, and then were lysed. Radioimmune assay was applied to test the change of cAMP in cytosol. These results showed that, compared to negative group, 100 nmol/ L AVP significantly promoted the proliferation of primary mouse osteoblast ( P<0. 01). ALP secretion was increased remarkably ( P <0. 01), and the number and area of calcium nodules were increased considerably(P<0. 01). The intracellular cAMP was increased after incubating cells with AVP for 20min ( P<0. 01). These results suggest that AVP may promote proliferation and differentiation of mouse primary osteoblasts by cAMP signal pathway.