This paper has summarized the practical results of the mixed teaching model of Medical Microbiology in Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The model sets learning objectives under the concept of outcome-based education (OBE), and designs the curriculum under the guidance of objectives. In the reform practice of 120 students, the courses were implemented by using high-quality online resources to design four teaching links of "offline preview-online learning-offline participation-learning expansion" from three aspects of "pre-class-in-class-after-class", and the learning objectives were assessed by the teaching evaluation. Results showed that, compared with the traditional class, the performance of the students from reform class were significantly improved, the scores of more difficult questions were significantly higher than those of the traditional class, and the teaching quality was significantly improved. The mixed teaching model of Medical Microbiology has exploratory significance for solving the current situation of insufficient student participation and low learning efficiency in medical basic courses.

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disease. The diagnosis of schizophrenia so far relies heavily on subjective evidence, including self-reported experiences by patients, manifestations described by relatives, and abnormal behaviors assessed by psychiatrists. The diagnosis, monitoring of the disease progression and therapy efficacy assessment are challenging due to the lack of established laboratory biomarkers. Based on the current literature, clinical consensus, guidelines, and expert recommendations, this review highlighted evidence-based potential laboratory biomarkers for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, including genetic biomarkers, neurotransmitters, neurodevelopmental-related proteins, and intestinal flora, and discussed the potential future directions for the application of these biomarkers in this field, aiming to provide an objective basis for the use of these biomarkers in the early and accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis and rehabilitation assessment of schizophrenia.

Objective: To investigate the early clinical effects of tantalum augment assisted with 3D technology in treating acetabular bone defects of Paprosky type III in revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods: From May 2013 to July 2017, a total of 16 patients (18 hips) undergoing revision THA were retrospectively analyzed, including 11 males and 5 females aged 58.06±8.29 years (range 44-69 years). There were 3 cases with infective loosening and 15 cases with aseptic loosening, 13 cases with Paprosky IIIA type bone defects and 5 cases with IIIB type bone defects. 3D technology was used for precise planning before operation. The tantalum augment and cup were used to repair acetabular bone defects during operation. Cup anteversion, abduction angle, ratio of the lateral and contralateral vertical distance of the center of rotation, ratio of the lateral and contralateral horizontal distance of the center of rotation and femoral offset were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. The percentages of hips located in Lewinnek safe zone were calculated preoperatively and postoperatively. Postoperative radiographic evidence of loosening and Harris score were collected at the end of the follow-up. Results: The percentage of the hips located in Lewinnek safe zone increased from 22% (4/18) preoperatively to 61% (11/18) postoperatively. The mean anteversion of the operative side was 11.99°±6.91° (range 1.71°-26.36°) postoperatively. The mean abduction angle of the operative side was 44.91°±5.93° (range 35.6°-56.0°). The mean ratio of the lateral and contralateral vertical distance of the center of rotation was 1.10±0.20 (range 0.87-1.62). The mean ratio of the lateral and contralateral horizontal distance of the center of rotation was 1.00±0.18 (range 0.69-1.46) and the mean ratio of the lateral and contralateral femoral offset was 1.01±0.66 (range 0.51-3.56). All the patients were followed-up for an average of 27.72±12.18 months (range 14-53 months). No complications, such as periprosthetic joint infection, dislocation or aseptic loosening, were observed in all patients. The mean Harris score was 77.28±4.80 (range 65-85) at 6 months postoperatively and 80.9±5.2 (range 69-89) at the end of the follow-up. Conclusion Using tantalum augmentassisted with 3D technology to re construct Paprosky type III severe bone defects of the hip can increase the accuracy of the acetabular cup positioning. The short-term outcomes are satisfying and no early prosthetic loosening was observed.

Objective To delay the atrophy of denervated skeletal muscle by baby-sitting in reverse end-to-side fashion and explore the feasibility of this operation to improve the recovery of denervated muscle in rats.Methods From July,2015 to March,2016,32 female SD rats were divided into 4 groups randomly and the tibial nerve of each rats was transected.In immediate repair group,the transected tibial nerve was sutured in situ.In unprotected group,the tibial nerve stump was putting-aside.The sural nerve was transected in other 2 groups.The proximal sural nerve was connected to the distal tibial nerve stump directly in end-to-end (ETE) protected group and to the side of the distal tibial nerve stump in end-to-side (ETS) protected group.After 3 months,connected the two ends of tibial nerve except immediate repair group.After another 3 months,the tibial nerve functional index,electrophysiological testing,histology and morphology were examined.Results The gastrocnemius muscle was atrophy obviously in unprotected group,while in other groups the muscle structure was well protected.The tibial nerve functional index (-39.54±24.32),motor nerve conduction velocity[(30.25±12.65)m/s],and muscle contraction [(0.98 ± 0.38)N)] indicated that the gastrocnemius muscle function in ETS protected group was statistically better recovery than in unprotected group [-75.65±32.13,(24.93±8.69)m/s and (0.64±0.20)N,respectively] and ETE protected group [-62.34± 21.65,(16.90±7.92)m/s and (0.75-±0.15)N,respectively](P＜0.05).The contractility of muscle were poor recovery in ETE protected group,which was similar to unprotected group(P＞0.05).Conclusion Sensory nerve baby-sitting in reverse end-to-side fashion is a effective method to improve the recovery of denervated muscle in rats.

Objective To explore the inhibition of fusing antimicrobial peptides humanβ-defensin 3 and carbohydrate binding do-main on Staphylococcus aureus N315 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 35984.Methods The direct bactericidal test and other molec-ular biology methods were adopted to detect the inhibition role on Staphylococcus aureus strain N315 and Staphylococcus epidermi-dis strain 35984 and the influence on the key genes expression.Results The direct bactericidal test demonstrated that antimicrobial peptides hBD3 and hBD3-CBD had significantly inhibitory effects on staphylococcus aureus N315 and staphylococcus epidermidis 35984;the inhibitory effects of hBD3-CBD was stronger than that of hBD3;the stability of the inhibitory effects of hBD3-CBD also stronger than that of hBD3.In the key gene expression test,there were significant inhibitions on the agr and mecA gene expressions in Staphylococcus aureus N315 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 35984 by hBD3-CBD.At the same time,hBD3-CBD could inhibit the icaA gene expression and promote icaR gene expression in Staphylococcus epidermidis 35984,which indicated that hBD3-CBD could inhibit the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis.Conclusion The fusion strategy of antimicrobial peptide has very important significance for improving the antibacterial efficacy of antimicrobial peptides and brings more hope in their future applications.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the possible differences in antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from different samples in children.

METHODSSix hundred and twenty-nine samples from urine, sputum, blood and secretion were collected from June 2004 to May 2009 for bacterial identification by VITEK-32 automatic system and antimicrobial susceptibility tests by Kirby-Bauer method. The drug resistance rate of Escherichia coli isolated from different samples was compared.

RESULTSTwo hundred and sixty strains of Escherichia coli were isolated , and 108 of which were from urine , 64 from sputum, 54 from secretion and 23 from blood. ESBLs were detected in 96 (36.9%) of the 260 isolates, AmpC enzymes in 32 (12.3%), and ESBLs+AmpC in 8 (3.1%). The ESBLs positive rate of Escherichia coli isolates from sputum was significantly higher than that from other samples (P<0.05). The antimicrobial resistance rate of Escherichia coli strains from different samples to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, cefepime, gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, and nitrofurantoin was different. The resistance rate of the strains from sputum samples was higher than that from the other samples (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSEscherichia coli isolated from different samples have different antimicrobial resistance rates in children, so the selection of antibiotics for infections confirmed by bacterial cultures from different samples should based on drug sensitivity results.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; enzymology ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; beta-Lactamases ; analysis

Objective To investigate the regenerating effect of muscle satellite cells autografted onto mus-cles injured by chronic compartment syndrome (CCS). Methods Twenty-four adult rabbits were randomly divided into an experimental group (model-transplantation), a non-graft group (model) and a control group (transplanta-tion). The CCS model was established in the experimental and non-graft groups. Transplantation was done in the ex-perimental and control groups. Satellite cells from the experimental and control group rabbits were isolated and then proliferated in vitro. The specific protein was identified by immnochemistry before engrafting. Then the 4',6-diamidi-no-2-phenylindole-tagged satellite cells were transplanted back to the original soleus muscles. After transplantation,the proliferation and differentiation of the satellite cells in vivo was observed and morphological changes at the site of the injury were compared by HE staining. Results At the 28th day after grafting, the satellite cells from the com-pressed soleus muscles in the experimental group had increased significantly, whereas those in the control group had remained the same. In both the graft group and the non-graft group, HE staining showed a large cluster of myofibers and interstitial fibers necrosed in the compressed muscle, while the skeletal muscle fibers and interstitial fibers were in-tact in the control group. At the 28th day after engrafting, the engrafted muscle showed much repair; but the non-en-grafted muscle demonstrated dominant fibrosis. The morphology of the skeletal muscle in the control group was normal.Conclusions Autografting of muscle satellite cells after a small amount of expansion in vitro could improve their regen-eration efficiency for repairing a large cluster of damaged myofibers caused by chronic compartment syndrome.

Two highly conserved and with abundant quantity of lipoproteins in outer membrane of pathogenic species,but not in saprophytic species of leptospira ,LipL32 and LipL21,were selected to construct the fusion gene DNA vaccine pVAX1/LipL21-LipL32,and its ability to induce immune responses in BALB/c mice inoculated with this recombinant DNA vaccine was investigated in the present study.Expression of the fusion-protein LiPL21-LiPL32 was demonstrated in HEK293 cells following transfection with the fusion gene DNA vaccine and the immune responses induced after intramuscular inoculation with this DNA vaccine in BALB/c mice was then evaluated by microscopic agglutination test (MAT),meanwhile the ELISA assay was used to detect the cytokines induced.It was demonstrated that significant level of specific antibodies agglutinating antigens of Leptospira interrogans could be detected by MAT after DNA vaccine inoculation.The production of cytokines IL-10 and TNF-β in mice inoculated with DNA vaccine pVAX1/LipL21-LipL32 was significantly increased in comparison with that of the group inoculated with pVAX1 alone.These results indicate that the recombinant DNA vaccine pVAX1/LipL21-LipL32 may be of potential value to design and develop new generation of vaccines against leptospirosis.

Since the emergence in 1980s,community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aurues (CA-MRSA) has caught great attention of the researchers and clinical practitioners all over the world. In recent scientific papers,people found that CA-MRSA's capability to adapt itself to the hostile environment and to colonize is a kind of important virulence factor. A newly unveiled gene,designated arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME),in USA300 stains contributes much to this sort of ability. The arginine deiminase encoded by ACME plays an important role in colonization.

Objective　To investigate the nutrition value of w heat flour fortified with lysine，vitamin B1，vitamin B2，vitamin A. Methods　White rat cut off milk were allocated into four gro ups ( Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)at random. Control group (Ⅰ) was raised with ordinary wheat flou r non-fortified and experiment group (Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ) were raised with nutriment wh eat flour with different prescription. The observer watched each group of animal periodically in weight, nitrogen balance, food raised efficiency , thermal energy efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and swimming persisting ti me under burdon, and so on. Results　After raised for 28 days amo ng each group, the targets mentioned above in experiment group was found significently higher than that of control. Conclusions 　The wheat flour possessed higher nutrition evaluation of protein which benefit s the development of white rat when fortified with lysine and some kinds of th e vitamins.