Objective:To explore the alterations in gray matter morphology and contributing factors in patients with post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM), thereby providing scientific insights into the neuropathological mechanisms underlying PIOD.Methods:A total of 46 PIOD patients (PIOD group) and 46 normosmic volunteers (control group) were recruited from the Smell and Taste Disorders Clinic of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, between January 2020 and December 2024. All participants underwent olfactory psychophysical tests (Sniffin′ Sticks) and olfactory event-related potential (oERP) examination. High-resolution T1-weighted 3D MRI structural images were obtained for both groups. VBM was employed to analyze inter-group differences in gray matter volume, while SBM was used to assess cortical thickness and folding index. Correlations between gray matter volume in significant difference brain regions and disease duration, Sniffin′ Sticks scores, oERP parameters were analyzed. A two-tailed P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:No significant differences were observed in age, sex, education level, or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores ( t=1.80, χ2=0.41, t=0.17, t=1.77, all P>0.05). Compared with controls, the PIOD group showed significantly lower Sniffin′ Sticks scores ( t=28.70, P<0.001), prolonged oERP latencies and reduced amplitudes (all P<0.001). VBM revealed significantly reduced gray matter volume in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the PIOD group ( t=5.38, P<0.001). SBM demonstrated decreased cortical thickness in the right OFC ( t=5.27, P<0.001), with no significant differences in folding index. The gray matter volume in the right OFC was negatively correlated with disease duration ( r=-0.61, P<0.001), but no significant correlations were found with Sniffin′ Sticks scores or oERP parameters. Conclusion:Patients with PIOD show atrophy in the right OFC, which correlates with disease duration, suggesting that persistent olfactory dysfunction may be associated with neurodegenerative changes.

To evaluate the therapeutic effect of baicalein topical preparation on atopic dermatitis, we first constructed two atopic dermatitis-like mouse models induced by calcipotriol and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to assess their therapeutic effect with skin tissue staining and other experiments. It was found that topical preparation of baicalein could alleviate epidermal thickening of diseased skin tissues, repair damaged skin barrier proteins, and inhibit T helper 2 cells (Th2) infiltration and mast cell infiltration and activation in lesional sites. Cyberpharmacology was utilized to analyze whether baicalein could treat atopic dermatitis by interfering with multiple pathogenesis-associated pathways. Results indicated that baicalein reduced the mRNA levels of inflammatory factors and inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and STAT1 proteins in keratinocyte cells. Together, the topical preparation of baicalein may be effective in alleviating atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice by down-regulating the phosphorylation level of NF-κB in keratinocytes, thereby decreasing the expression of inflammatory factors in keratinocytes, which provides an idea and a theoretical basis for the topical preparation of baicalein for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis.

To investigate the effects of Wogonin (WO) on learning and memory impairment, Aβ1-42 was injected intracerebroventricularly to induced a mouse learning and memory impairment model, and D-galactose was injected intraperitoneally to induced a mouse acute aging model. Mice were administered WO (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 28 consecutive days. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM), novel object recognition (NOR), and open field tests (OFT). In the Aβ1-42 model, WO treatment (150 and 300 mg/kg) significantly improved the recognition index in the NOR test, while the 150 mg/kg group showed increased target quadrant preference in the MWM test. No changes in the total distance traveled in OFT. In the D-galactose aging model, the 150 mg/kg WO group exhibited increased platform crossings in the MWM test, and all WO doses (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg) enhanced target quadrant preference, with no alterations in spontaneous movement. Western blot analysis revealed that WO significantly attenuated hippocampal apoptosis in both models. These findings suggest that WO ameliorates learning and memory impairment associated with Alzheimer’s disease and aging.

To examine the evolution of surgical techniques and trends in overall inpatient burden for pediatric adenoidectomy in Beijing tertiary hospitals from 2013 to 2022. A retrospective observational study was conducted using the regional health information platform of Beijing. Data from children aged ≤14 years who underwent adenoidectomy between 2013 and 2022 were extracted, including total hospitalization cost, length of stay(LOS), surgical material cost, surgical fee, operative technique, perioperative antimicrobial drugs cost, coagulation factor cost, and blood transfusion cost. The Mann-Kendall trend test was used to assess temporal changes in total hospitalization expenses and the structure of cost components. The results showed that over the 10-year period from 2013 to 2022, a total of 25 989 children underwent adenoidectomy in tertiary hospitals. The proportion of children aged ≤6 years increased from 59.83% to 76.11%, showing a significant upward trend ( Z=2.15, P=0.032). Only one case required surgical hemostasis due to postoperative bleeding. During the ten-year period, the median hospitalization cost for adenoidectomy in tertiary hospitals was ￥12 425.82 (￥11 307.43, ￥14 955.42).Overall hospitalization cost demonstrated a fluctuating downward pattern, decreasing from ￥15 229.73 in 2013 to ￥13 927.52 in 2022, this declining trend was not statistically significant( Z=-0.54, P=0.592). In contrast, the surgical costs showed an upward trend over the decade increasing from ￥1 856.22 in 2013 to ￥3 726.45 in 2022, which was statistically significant ( Z=3.22, P=0.001), while the cost of surgical materials showed no significant increase ( Z=1.79, P=0.074).Concurrently, the average LOS decreased remarkably from 10.56 days in 2013 to 3.26 days in 2022 ( Z=-3.94, P<0.001). The cost of perioperative antimicrobial drugs decreased ( Z=-3.94, P<0.001), while the cost of coagulation factors and blood transfusion remained unchanged ( Z=0.54, P=0.592; Z=0.56, P=0.578). Comparison between 2013-2017 and 2018-2022 showed a significant increase in the use of coblation from 28.9% to 42.5% ( χ2=638.7, P<0.001).Furthermore, in the coblation group, total hospitalization cost decreased by 27.73%, surgical cost increased by 94.98%, surgical material cost decreased by 10.33%, LOS shortened by 56.24%, and antimicrobial drug cost increased by 43.03%. In contrast, the non-coblation group showed a 23.94% increase in total hospitalization cost, a 57.08% increase in surgical procedure cost, a 33.88% increase in material cost, and a 30.14% reduction in LOS and a 26.0% decrease in antimicrobial drugs cost. In conclusion,from 2013 to 2022, total hospitalization cost for pediatric adenoidectomy in Beijing tertiary hospitals remained stable. Compared to non-coblation techniques, coblation was associated with a shorter LOS, lower total costs, a higher proportion of surgical fees, and a decreased proportion of material costs, without a significant increase in overall healthcare costs.

Objective:To explore the alterations in gray matter morphology and contributing factors in patients with post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM), thereby providing scientific insights into the neuropathological mechanisms underlying PIOD.Methods:A total of 46 PIOD patients (PIOD group) and 46 normosmic volunteers (control group) were recruited from the Smell and Taste Disorders Clinic of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, between January 2020 and December 2024. All participants underwent olfactory psychophysical tests (Sniffin′ Sticks) and olfactory event-related potential (oERP) examination. High-resolution T1-weighted 3D MRI structural images were obtained for both groups. VBM was employed to analyze inter-group differences in gray matter volume, while SBM was used to assess cortical thickness and folding index. Correlations between gray matter volume in significant difference brain regions and disease duration, Sniffin′ Sticks scores, oERP parameters were analyzed. A two-tailed P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:No significant differences were observed in age, sex, education level, or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores ( t=1.80, χ2=0.41, t=0.17, t=1.77, all P>0.05). Compared with controls, the PIOD group showed significantly lower Sniffin′ Sticks scores ( t=28.70, P<0.001), prolonged oERP latencies and reduced amplitudes (all P<0.001). VBM revealed significantly reduced gray matter volume in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the PIOD group ( t=5.38, P<0.001). SBM demonstrated decreased cortical thickness in the right OFC ( t=5.27, P<0.001), with no significant differences in folding index. The gray matter volume in the right OFC was negatively correlated with disease duration ( r=-0.61, P<0.001), but no significant correlations were found with Sniffin′ Sticks scores or oERP parameters. Conclusion:Patients with PIOD show atrophy in the right OFC, which correlates with disease duration, suggesting that persistent olfactory dysfunction may be associated with neurodegenerative changes.

To examine the evolution of surgical techniques and trends in overall inpatient burden for pediatric adenoidectomy in Beijing tertiary hospitals from 2013 to 2022. A retrospective observational study was conducted using the regional health information platform of Beijing. Data from children aged ≤14 years who underwent adenoidectomy between 2013 and 2022 were extracted, including total hospitalization cost, length of stay(LOS), surgical material cost, surgical fee, operative technique, perioperative antimicrobial drugs cost, coagulation factor cost, and blood transfusion cost. The Mann-Kendall trend test was used to assess temporal changes in total hospitalization expenses and the structure of cost components. The results showed that over the 10-year period from 2013 to 2022, a total of 25 989 children underwent adenoidectomy in tertiary hospitals. The proportion of children aged ≤6 years increased from 59.83% to 76.11%, showing a significant upward trend ( Z=2.15, P=0.032). Only one case required surgical hemostasis due to postoperative bleeding. During the ten-year period, the median hospitalization cost for adenoidectomy in tertiary hospitals was ￥12 425.82 (￥11 307.43, ￥14 955.42).Overall hospitalization cost demonstrated a fluctuating downward pattern, decreasing from ￥15 229.73 in 2013 to ￥13 927.52 in 2022, this declining trend was not statistically significant( Z=-0.54, P=0.592). In contrast, the surgical costs showed an upward trend over the decade increasing from ￥1 856.22 in 2013 to ￥3 726.45 in 2022, which was statistically significant ( Z=3.22, P=0.001), while the cost of surgical materials showed no significant increase ( Z=1.79, P=0.074).Concurrently, the average LOS decreased remarkably from 10.56 days in 2013 to 3.26 days in 2022 ( Z=-3.94, P<0.001). The cost of perioperative antimicrobial drugs decreased ( Z=-3.94, P<0.001), while the cost of coagulation factors and blood transfusion remained unchanged ( Z=0.54, P=0.592; Z=0.56, P=0.578). Comparison between 2013-2017 and 2018-2022 showed a significant increase in the use of coblation from 28.9% to 42.5% ( χ2=638.7, P<0.001).Furthermore, in the coblation group, total hospitalization cost decreased by 27.73%, surgical cost increased by 94.98%, surgical material cost decreased by 10.33%, LOS shortened by 56.24%, and antimicrobial drug cost increased by 43.03%. In contrast, the non-coblation group showed a 23.94% increase in total hospitalization cost, a 57.08% increase in surgical procedure cost, a 33.88% increase in material cost, and a 30.14% reduction in LOS and a 26.0% decrease in antimicrobial drugs cost. In conclusion,from 2013 to 2022, total hospitalization cost for pediatric adenoidectomy in Beijing tertiary hospitals remained stable. Compared to non-coblation techniques, coblation was associated with a shorter LOS, lower total costs, a higher proportion of surgical fees, and a decreased proportion of material costs, without a significant increase in overall healthcare costs.

Given its state of stable proliferative inhibition, cellular senescence is primarily depicted as a critical mechanism by which organisms delay the progression of carcinogenesis. Cells undergoing senescence are often associated with the alteration of a series of specific features and functions, such as metabolic shifts, stemness induction, and microenvironment remodeling. However, recent research has revealed more complexity associated with senescence, including adverse effects on both physiological and pathological processes. How organisms evade these harmful consequences and survive has become an urgent research issue. Several therapeutic strategies targeting senescence, including senolytics, senomorphics, immunotherapy, and function restoration, have achieved initial success in certain scenarios. In this review, we describe in detail the characteristic changes associated with cellular senescence and summarize currently available countermeasures.
Humans ; Cellular Senescence ; Carcinogenesis ; Immunotherapy ; Aging ; Tumor Microenvironment

The integrity of lysosomes is of vital importance to survival of tumor cells. We demonstrated that LW-218, a synthetic flavonoid, induced rapid lysosomal enlargement accompanied with lysosomal membrane permeabilization in hematological malignancy. LW-218-induced lysosomal damage and lysosome-dependent cell death were mediated by cathepsin D, as the lysosomal damage and cell apoptosis could be suppressed by depletion of cathepsin D or lysosome alkalization agents, which can alter the activity of cathepsins. Lysophagy, was initiated for cell self-rescue after LW-218 treatment and correlated with calcium release and nuclei translocation of transcription factor EB. LW-218 treatment enhanced the expression of autophagy-related genes which could be inhibited by intracellular calcium chelator. Sustained exposure to LW-218 exhausted the lysosomal capacity so as to repress the normal autophagy. LW-218-induced enlargement and damage of lysosomes were triggered by abnormal cholesterol deposition on lysosome membrane which caused by interaction between LW-218 and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1. Moreover, LW-218 inhibited the leukemia cell growth