B lymphocytes (B cells) play a complex and paradoxical role in tumorigenesis. They can recognize tumor-associated antigens, present these antigens to T cells, and produce antibodies that directly target and eliminate tumor cells. This makes B cells a potentially powerful ally in combating cancer. However, B cells also exhibit immunosuppressive functions, secreting cytokines like IL-10 or generating tumor-promoting antibodies that dampen the anti-tumor immune response, and some tumor cells have even been shown to exploit B cells to promote their growth and metastasis. This dual nature of B cells presents both opportunities and challenges for tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the multifaceted functions of B cells and their current applications in cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, we also explore the key issues and future directions in this field, emphasizing the need for further research to fully harness the anti-tumor potential of B cells in the fight against cancer.
Humans ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology* ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Carcinogenesis/immunology* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Animals

Objective: To explore the treatment options for congenitally missing teeth in patients with ectodermal dysplasia and provide a clinical reference. Methods: A patient with ectodermal dysplasia with a concave midface, anterior protrusion of the chin, and underdevelopment of the lower third of the face presented with congenital loss of multiple maxillary teeth, malocclusion of the remaining teeth, congenital loss of mandibular dentition, small dental arches, and upper and lower alveolar bone hypoplasia. The patient was treated by means of a removable partial maxillary prosthesis, implants in the anterior region of the lower mandible designed with the assistance of digital guides, and bar-clamped implant-overlay prostheses. A literature review of the protocol for the treatment of this condition was also conducted. Results: In addition to good retention and stability after denture wear, an excellent occlusal relationship, improvement of the patient's facial appearance, including upper and lower lip fullness, more equal balancing of the lower and middle 1/3 of the face, and improved masticatory function were achieved. The results of the literature review showed that patients with ectodermal dysplasia who are congenitally edentulous usually have a complex intraoral situation that makes restoration difficult, and common restorative modalities for these patients include fixed bridges, removable partial dentures, complete dentures, overdentures, and implant prostheses, which need to be selected according to the actual intraoral situation of each patient. Currently, there is no consensus on the treatment of congenitally missing teeth in patients with ectodermal dysplasia, and some scholars have suggested that fixed restorations be recommended for patients with fewer missing teeth, while the option of removable or implant-covered denture restorations should be given to patients with more missing teeth, with removeable prostheses for underage patients that are replaced with permanent fixed prostheses when the jaws have stabilized. Conclusion In patients with ectodermal dysplasia with congenital tooth loss, all factors should be taken into account, and an individualized restorative plan should be developed.

BACKGROUND:Osteoporosis is often accompanied by sarcopenia and an increased risk of fractures from falls.Recent studies have indicated a close relationship between lipid metabolism and sarcopenia.Abnormal lipid metabolism may directly impact muscle physiological function and metabolism. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between lipid metabolism and sarcopenia and evaluate their causal relationship using Mendelian randomization. METHODS:Mendelian randomization was used to explore the causal relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,triglycerides,and muscle mass.Research data from genome-wide association studies were used and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to verify the reliability of the results.Approximate indicators of muscle mass,including trunk lean mass and appendicular lean mass,were used as outcome measures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The study found a negative correlation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides with muscle mass,while no correlation was observed between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and muscle mass.The results of the sensitivity analysis indicated a robust causal relationship.Using Mendelian randomization,this study provides evidence of a causal relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and muscle mass.This finding deepens our understanding of the effects of lipids on sarcopenia and has important clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia and osteoporosis.

In order to understand the difference and expression of genes in CEK cells before and af-ter baicalin interferes with IBV,further reveal and analyze the mechanism of baicalin interfering IBV replication in CEK cells in vitro.After IBV infected CEK cells for 2 h,9.75 mg/L baicalin liq-uid was added to interfere with CEK cells,which was recorded as the baicalin(H-IBV)group,and three replicate wells were set in the control group and the IBV(IBV)infection group.After 36 h culture,cell samples were collected and subject to transcriptome for sequencing.The results showed that there were 102 differentially expressed genes in H-IBV group compared with IBV in-fection group,among which 48 genes weresignificantly up-regulated and 54 genes were significantly down-regulated.Through functional annotation in GO and KEGG databases,it was found that dif-ferentially expressed genes were mainly annotated in biological processes such as cellular proces-ses,biological regulation,metabolism,and secondary pathways such as viral infectious diseases,signal transduction and interaction.Retinol metabolism pathway,phospholipid transfer to mem-brane,IL-27 mediated signaling pathway,MDA5/RIG-I and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway were significantly enriched in CEK cells,and the production of type Ⅰ interferon and interferon al-pha and the process of antiviral infection were also positively regulated.There were more differen-tial genes enriched in nucleic acid catalysis,immune system,and reaction,and interbiological reac-tion.Through the STRING network interaction map,it was found that most immune-related genes could form a 36-node interaction network centered on IRF7,TLR3 and STAT1.Therefore,com-pared with IBV group,the differentially expressed genes after baicalin treatment were mainly an-notated and enriched in the biological process,and the immune system and response were en-hanced,mainly through the positive regulation of IRF7 in the MDA5/RIG-I receptor signaling pathway and the inhibition of TLR3 signal transduction in the Toll-like receptor signaling path-way.Positive regulation of IL-27 mediated pathway and regulation of JAK-STAT signaling path-way were supplemented by activation of the expression of IRF7,TLR3,STAT1 and other related genes,and interaction with corresponding downstream proteins to promote the expression of IFN-α and regulatory cytokines,coupled with negative regulation of viral(defense)response and viral processes.Thus,baicalin interferes with IBV replication in CEK cells.

Online teaching become the major teaching method for international students,how to adjust and optimize the online teaching mode,and explore a new teaching method suitable for international students has become an urgent problem for international students'education.According to the characteristics of the strong independent learning ability of international students,also paying attention to the impact of the time difference on the teaching quality,we adjusts and transforms the course content and teaching mode in this teaching reform,and the mode of teacher-lecturing+students'self-study+teacher-student discussion and feedback is adopted to study and practice the online teaching of Medical Immunology course.This teaching reform has fully activated the drive of international students'learning,and made international students get the ability of lifelong learning.At the same time,through the reasonable arrangement of teaching content and learning mode,the time difference existing in the teaching process of international students is well resolved,makes up for the poor effect of online lectures,and achieves good teaching effect.

Objective : To evaluate the effect of anatomical healing abutments for mandibular first molars on the morphological changes of gingival soft tissue after implant restoration, as well as on peri-implant gingival molding, food ingrowth and patient satisfaction, to provide a basis for clinical selection. Methods : Twenty-six patients who received implant restoration for a single missing mandibular first molar between September 2020 and September 2021 at the Oral Implant Center of Changsha Stomatological Hospital were randomly divided into a control group (13 cases with 14 implants) and a trial group (13 cases with 14 implants), of which 12 were male and 14 were female; the trial group had anatomical healing abutments applied for 4 weeks and then underwent crown restoration, while the control group finished five time points (before the second stage surgery, 4 weeks after the second stage surgery, immediately after the crown restoration, 4 weeks after the crown restoration, and 12 weeks after the crown restoration). A 3Shape intraoral scanner was used to scan the jaw before and 4 weeks after the second stage surgery to quantify the soft tissue changes and compare the effect of the healing abutment on gingival molding between the two groups. The incidence of food impaction was recorded and compared between the two groups at 4 weeks and 12 weeks after crown restoration. Patient satisfaction was recorded and compared between the two groups immediately after crown restoration, 4 weeks after crown restoration and 12 weeks after crown restoration Results : Four weeks after implant surgery, it was observed that the gingival proximal and distal gingival papillae increased on the coronal side in the test group compared to the control group, 0.50 (0.26, 0.72) mm in the near-medium test group and 0.27 (0.24, 0.38) mm in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.029), and 0.48 (0.26, 0.62) mm in the far-medium test group and 0.23 (0.13, 0.39) mm in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the buccolingual to gingival margin apex to coronal molding or in the buccolingual to lingual soft tissue at 0, 1, or 2 mm of the root of the middle 1/3 apex of the buccal and lingual gingival margins between the two groups. Compared to the control group, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of food impaction observed 4 weeks and 12 weeks after crown restoration in the test group (P>0.05). The satisfaction scores were higher in the trial group than in the control group immediately, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after crown restoration, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The anatomical healing abutment for the implant mandibular first molar was superior to the finished healing abutment in terms of soft tissue contouring with an increase in the coronal aspect of the proximal and distal gingival papillae, resulting in high patient satisfaction.

Objective:To explore the ethical issues arising from stem cell research in China and propose countermeasures to regulate stem cell research.Methods:This article analyzed the ethical issues arising from stem cells in terms of regulatory systems, source channels, production processes, storage industries, and translational applications.Results:Combining the current ethical situation of stem cell research and the practical exploration of the authors' unit, we proposed countermeasures to address the ethical issues of stem cell research in five aspects, including forming a scientific and effective stem cell ethical regulatory system, building an open and transparent stem cell traceability mechanism, creating a GMP-compliant stem cell production platform, selecting a legal and compliant stem cell storage institution, and conducting ethical stem cell clinical research.Conclusions:It is of great practical significance to strengthen the ethical construction of stem cell research and regulate stem cell transformation research to promote the healthy development of the stem cell industry.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Qingre Lidan granules in preventing the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopy through a retrospective cohort study. MethodsA total of 337 inpatients with choledocholithiasis （including those with cholecystolithiasis at the same time） who underwent laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopic lithotomy in The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from January 1， 2010 to December 31， 2020 were enrolled， and related clinical data were collected. According to the follow－up results， the patients were divided into exposure group （conventional treatment+Qingre Lidan granules） with 225 patients and non－exposure group （conventional treatment） with 112 patients. The recurrence of choledocholithiasis and the administration of Qingre Lidan granules were recorded in detail for both groups. The recurrence rate of choledocholithiasis and the time to recurrence were observed for both groups， and the risk factors for the recurrence of choledocholithiasis were analyzed. The independent－samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups， and the Mann－Whitney U test was used for comparison of non－normally distributed continuous data between two groups； the chi－square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The Kaplan－Meier curve was used to estimate the cumulative probability of choledocholithiasis recurrence in the two groups， and the Log－rank test was used for comparison between two groups. ResultsA total of 26 patients experienced the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopy， with 12 patients （5.33%） in the exposure group and 14 （12.5%） in the non－exposure group， and the exposure group had a significantly lower recurrence rate than the non－exposure group （χ²=5.394， P=0.020）. The exposure group had a significantly longer mean time to the recurrence of choledocholithiasis than the non－exposure group （40.1±26.7 months vs 19.2±13.5 months， t=2.383， P=0.017）. The Kaplan－Meier curve analysis showed that the non－exposure group had a significantly higher cumulative recurrence rate than the exposure group in different periods of time （P<0.05）. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that common bile duct diameter ≥14 mm （odds ratio 〔OR〕=2.935， P=0.031） and multiple calculi （OR=2.911， P=0.029） were independent risk factors for the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopic lithotomy. ConclusionQingre Lidan granules can effectively reduce the recurrence rate of choledocholithiasis and prolong the time to the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopy and has a certain clinical effect in preventing the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after surgery.

The mechanisms underlying autophagic defects in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remain largely unknown. We aimed to elucidate the roles of hepatic cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) in autophagy and the pathogenesis of diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. Human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) liver samples were used to examine the protein expression of COX1 and the level of autophagy. Cox1^Δhepa mice and their wildtype littermates were generated and fed with 3 different NASH models. We found that hepatic COX1 expression was increased in patients with NASH and diet-induced NASH mice models accompanied by impaired autophagy. COX1 was required for basal autophagy in hepatocytes and liver specific COX1 deletion exacerbated steatohepatitis by inhibiting autophagy. Mechanistically, COX1 directly interacted with WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2 (WIPI2), which was crucial for autophagosome maturation. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated rescue of WIPI2 reversed the impaired autophagic flux and improved NASH phenotypes in Cox1^Δhepa mice, indicating that COX1 deletion-mediated steatohepatitis was partially dependent on WIPI2-mediated autophagy. In conclusion, we demonstrated a novel role of COX1 in hepatic autophagy that protected against NASH by interacting with WIPI2. Targeting the COX1-WIPI2 axis may be a novel therapeutic strategy for NASH.

Objective To retrieve,evaluate and integrate evidence related to prevention and management of lifestyle-related dry eye patients.Methods The clinical decisions,recommended practices,evidence summaries,technical reports,guidelines,expert consensuses and systematic evaluations on the prevention and management of lifestyle-related dry eye patients in domestic and foreign databases were retrieved by the computer.The evidence was extracted and summarized according to the subject after the independent literature quality evaluation by 2 researchers.The literature retrieval time limit was from the establishment of the databases to September 2022.Results According to the inclusion criteria,13 pieces of the literature were screened,including 1 guideline,5 systematic reviews,3 expert consensuses,2 technical reports and 2 evidence summaries.Through literature reading,evidence extraction and classification,a total of 25 pieces of evidence were summarized,including assessment,symptom identification,identification of risk factors,artificial tear management,eye care,diet management,health guidance,follow-up education.Conclusion This study summarized the best evidence of prevention and management of lifestyle-related dry eye patients,so as to provide references for nurses to carry out clinical practice.In the process of evidence transformation,the actual situation should be combined to improve the quality of nursing.