Objective:To study the subacute oral toxic effect of p-chloro-m-xylphenol on rats and provide a basis for its safety evaluation.Methods:SPF-grade Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups according to body weight stratification randomization, with 20 rats in each group, half male and half female. The set concentrations of the p-chloro-m-xylphenol dose groups were 11.25, 22.50, and 45.00 mg/kg·BW respectively, with an intragastric volume of 10 ml/kg·BW. The blank control group was given the same amount of distilled water. The rats were treated with intragastric administration for 30 days. After intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg·BW pentobarbital sodium for anesthesia, bloodletting and death, the organs were separated and weighed. Blood was collected from the abdominal aorta to determine the hematological and serum biochemical indicators of the whole blood of rats. Multiple groups comparison was performed by one-way analysis of variance, and pairwise comparison between groups was performed by the least significant difference test or Dunnett-t3 test.Results:The kidney weight in the 45.00 mg/kg·BW dose group of female rats [ (1.59±0.11) g] was lower than that in the blank control group [ (1.71±0.12) g], and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . The percentage of monocytes in the 11.25 mg/kg·BW dose group of male rats [ (4.81±0.74) %] was lower than that in the blank control group [ (5.86±0.58) %], the red blood cell count [ (6.93±0.26) ×10 12/L] and hemoglobin [ (134.30±4.95) g/L] in the 22.50 mg/kg·BW dose group of female rats were both lower than those in the blank control group[ (7.48±0.26) ×10 12/L, (146.20±4.42) g/L], the percentage of eosinophils in the 11.25 mg/kg·BW dose group of female rats [ (2.46±0.86) %] was higher than that in the blank control group [ (1.66±0.41) %], and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:P-chloro-m-xylphenol may have toxic effects on the blood system of rats, and the kidneys may be the potential target organs for its toxicity.

Microbial communities such as those residing in the human gut are highly diverse and complex, and many with important implications for health and diseases. The effects and functions of these microbial communities are determined not only by their species compositions and diversities but also by the dynamic intra- and inter-cellular states at the transcriptional level. Powerful and scalable technologies capable of acquiring single-microbe-resolution RNA sequencing information in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of complex microbial communities together with their hosts are therefore utterly needed. Here we report the development and utilization of a droplet-based smRNA-seq (single-microbe RNA sequencing) method capable of identifying large species varieties in human samples, which we name smRandom-seq2. Together with a triple-module computational pipeline designed for the bacteria and bacteriophage sequencing data by smRandom-seq2 in four human gut samples, we established a single-cell level bacterial transcriptional landscape of human gut microbiome, which included 29,742 single microbes and 329 unique species. Distinct adaptive response states among species in Prevotella and Roseburia genera and intrinsic adaptive strategy heterogeneity in Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens were uncovered. Additionally, we identified hundreds of novel host-phage transcriptional activity associations in the human gut microbiome. Our results indicated that smRandom-seq2 is a high-throughput and high-resolution smRNA-seq technique that is highly adaptable to complex microbial communities in real-world situations and promises new perspectives in the understanding of human microbiomes.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics* ; Bacteriophages/physiology* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods* ; Bacteria/virology*

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between nurse-to-patient ratios and hospital-acquired infec-tions(HAIs)in the intensive care units,and to assess the impact of both average and maximum nurse-to-patient ratios on the risk of HAIs.METHODS Data were obtained from the hospital information system(including Hospi-tal Information System,nursing sensitive quality indicator monitoring system and hospital infection management system).Inpatients aged 18 years and older in ten intensive care units from 1 Jan.2022 to 31 Dec.2023 were in-cluded;data on the nurse-to-patient ratios during day shifts,night shifts and the overall period and HAIs cases were collected.Univariate test was conducted to compare differences between the infection group and the non-infection group.Logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate the association between various nurse-to-patient ratio indicators and the risk of HAIs while controlling the covariates.RESULTS A total of 2 742 patients were included,with an HAIs incidence rate of 18.23％.The average patient-to-nurse ratio was significantly low-er in the infection group than in the non-infection group(2.76±0.82 vs.3.27±1.16,P＜0.001),whereas the maximum nurse-to-patient ratios for the overall period,day and night shifts were 3.57±1.09(infected)vs.3.91±1.31(uninfected),3.30±1.12 vs.3.48±1.16,and 4.62±1.85 vs.5.10±2.08,respectively(all P＜0.001).Regression analysis showed that no significant association between the average nurse-to-patient ratios for the overall period,day and night shifts and the risk of HAIs;whereas the odds ratios(ORs)for the maximum patient-to-nurse ratio greater than 4 were 2.122(1.355-3.324)for the overall period,2.061(1.333-3.186)for the day shift and 1.495(1.055-2.118)for the night shifts(all nurse-to-patient ratios≤3 in the reference group).CONCLUSIONS The maximum nurse-to-patient ratios are important risk factors for HAIs in the intensive care u-nits,whereas the average nurse-to-patient ratios are not significantly associated with HAIs.It is suggested that in-sufficient nursing resources during peak hours may increase the risk of infection,and optimizing the allocation of nursing care during peak hours will help to reduce the incidence of HAIs.

Objective:To study the subacute oral toxic effect of p-chloro-m-xylphenol on rats and provide a basis for its safety evaluation.Methods:SPF-grade Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups according to body weight stratification randomization, with 20 rats in each group, half male and half female. The set concentrations of the p-chloro-m-xylphenol dose groups were 11.25, 22.50, and 45.00 mg/kg·BW respectively, with an intragastric volume of 10 ml/kg·BW. The blank control group was given the same amount of distilled water. The rats were treated with intragastric administration for 30 days. After intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg·BW pentobarbital sodium for anesthesia, bloodletting and death, the organs were separated and weighed. Blood was collected from the abdominal aorta to determine the hematological and serum biochemical indicators of the whole blood of rats. Multiple groups comparison was performed by one-way analysis of variance, and pairwise comparison between groups was performed by the least significant difference test or Dunnett-t3 test.Results:The kidney weight in the 45.00 mg/kg·BW dose group of female rats [ (1.59±0.11) g] was lower than that in the blank control group [ (1.71±0.12) g], and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . The percentage of monocytes in the 11.25 mg/kg·BW dose group of male rats [ (4.81±0.74) %] was lower than that in the blank control group [ (5.86±0.58) %], the red blood cell count [ (6.93±0.26) ×10 12/L] and hemoglobin [ (134.30±4.95) g/L] in the 22.50 mg/kg·BW dose group of female rats were both lower than those in the blank control group[ (7.48±0.26) ×10 12/L, (146.20±4.42) g/L], the percentage of eosinophils in the 11.25 mg/kg·BW dose group of female rats [ (2.46±0.86) %] was higher than that in the blank control group [ (1.66±0.41) %], and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:P-chloro-m-xylphenol may have toxic effects on the blood system of rats, and the kidneys may be the potential target organs for its toxicity.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between nurse-to-patient ratios and hospital-acquired infec-tions(HAIs)in the intensive care units,and to assess the impact of both average and maximum nurse-to-patient ratios on the risk of HAIs.METHODS Data were obtained from the hospital information system(including Hospi-tal Information System,nursing sensitive quality indicator monitoring system and hospital infection management system).Inpatients aged 18 years and older in ten intensive care units from 1 Jan.2022 to 31 Dec.2023 were in-cluded;data on the nurse-to-patient ratios during day shifts,night shifts and the overall period and HAIs cases were collected.Univariate test was conducted to compare differences between the infection group and the non-infection group.Logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate the association between various nurse-to-patient ratio indicators and the risk of HAIs while controlling the covariates.RESULTS A total of 2 742 patients were included,with an HAIs incidence rate of 18.23％.The average patient-to-nurse ratio was significantly low-er in the infection group than in the non-infection group(2.76±0.82 vs.3.27±1.16,P＜0.001),whereas the maximum nurse-to-patient ratios for the overall period,day and night shifts were 3.57±1.09(infected)vs.3.91±1.31(uninfected),3.30±1.12 vs.3.48±1.16,and 4.62±1.85 vs.5.10±2.08,respectively(all P＜0.001).Regression analysis showed that no significant association between the average nurse-to-patient ratios for the overall period,day and night shifts and the risk of HAIs;whereas the odds ratios(ORs)for the maximum patient-to-nurse ratio greater than 4 were 2.122(1.355-3.324)for the overall period,2.061(1.333-3.186)for the day shift and 1.495(1.055-2.118)for the night shifts(all nurse-to-patient ratios≤3 in the reference group).CONCLUSIONS The maximum nurse-to-patient ratios are important risk factors for HAIs in the intensive care u-nits,whereas the average nurse-to-patient ratios are not significantly associated with HAIs.It is suggested that in-sufficient nursing resources during peak hours may increase the risk of infection,and optimizing the allocation of nursing care during peak hours will help to reduce the incidence of HAIs.

Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are the main therapy for epilepsy.There are many kinds of ASMs with complex mechanism of action, so it is difficult for pharmacists to examine prescriptions.This paper put forward some suggestions on the indications, dosage forms/routes of administration, appropriateness of usage and dosage, combined medication and drug interaction, long-term prescription review, individual differences in pathophysiology of children, and drug selection when complicated with common epilepsy, for the reference of doctors and pharmacists.

Objective:To investigate the reproductive toxicity of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (Nano-CdS) with different particle sizes on male mice.Methods:In January 2019, 30 SPF grade male mice were randomly divided into a control group, an experimental group[CdS Ⅰ group (particle size approximately 5 nm), and a CdS Ⅱ group (particle size approximately 50 nm) ], with 10 mice in each group. The experimental group was orally gavaged with 100 mg/kg, once a day, while the control group was gavaged with an equal volume of physiological saline for 45 consecutive days. After 45 days, levels of cadmium accumulation in testis were determined directly by AAS, deformity and testicular histopathological changes were also observed. Serum testosterone levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), expression levels of P450scc, 17β-HSD and P450c17 mRNA were determined by real-time PCR. P450c17 protein was determinated by Western Blot.Results:The histopathological results showed that the testes of the experimental group mice showed varying degrees of damage; Ultrastructural observation showed that the ultrastructure of mouse testicular cells in each experimental group showed varying degrees of mitochondrial expansion and disappearance of cristae, as well as irregular nuclear membranes. The degree of damage in CdS Ⅰ group was milder than that in CdS Ⅱ group. Compared with the control group, the cadmium content in the testes of the CdS Ⅰ and CdS Ⅱ groups significantly increased ( P=0.001, 0.001), and the CdS Ⅱ group was higher than the CdS Ⅰ group ( P=0.001). Compared with the control group, the levels of testosterone in the CdS Ⅰ and CdS Ⅱ groups decreased with statistical significance ( P=0.001, 0.001). Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group's P450scc, 17β-HSD. The expression levels of 17β-HSD and P450c17 mRNA were significantly reduced, with statistically significant differences ( P=0.001, 0.001, 0.001), and CdS Ⅱ group 17β-HSD. The expression levels of 17β-HSD and P450c17 mRNA were significantly lower than those of CdS Ⅰ group ( P=0.001, 0.036). The Western Blot assay results showed that the expression levels of P450c17 protein in the testes of CdS Ⅰ and CdS Ⅱ groups of mice were significantly reduced, with statistical significance ( P=0.001, 0.001) ; And the CdS Ⅱ group was significantly lower than the CdS Ⅰ group ( P=0.001). According to Spearman correlation analysis, testosterone levels are correlated with P450scc, P450c17, 17β-HSD mRNA. There is a highly positive correlation between 17β-HSD mRNA levels, with statistically significant differences ( rs=0.88, 0.80, 0.70, P=0.001, 0.001, 0.004) . Conclusion:Nano cadmium sulfide may induce reproductive toxicity by reducing the expression levels of key enzyme genes and enzyme protein activity in testosterone and its synthesis in mice, and the CdS Ⅱ group has a stronger toxic effect.

Objective:To investigate the reproductive toxicity of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (Nano-CdS) with different particle sizes on male mice.Methods:In January 2019, 30 SPF grade male mice were randomly divided into a control group, an experimental group[CdS Ⅰ group (particle size approximately 5 nm), and a CdS Ⅱ group (particle size approximately 50 nm) ], with 10 mice in each group. The experimental group was orally gavaged with 100 mg/kg, once a day, while the control group was gavaged with an equal volume of physiological saline for 45 consecutive days. After 45 days, levels of cadmium accumulation in testis were determined directly by AAS, deformity and testicular histopathological changes were also observed. Serum testosterone levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), expression levels of P450scc, 17β-HSD and P450c17 mRNA were determined by real-time PCR. P450c17 protein was determinated by Western Blot.Results:The histopathological results showed that the testes of the experimental group mice showed varying degrees of damage; Ultrastructural observation showed that the ultrastructure of mouse testicular cells in each experimental group showed varying degrees of mitochondrial expansion and disappearance of cristae, as well as irregular nuclear membranes. The degree of damage in CdS Ⅰ group was milder than that in CdS Ⅱ group. Compared with the control group, the cadmium content in the testes of the CdS Ⅰ and CdS Ⅱ groups significantly increased ( P=0.001, 0.001), and the CdS Ⅱ group was higher than the CdS Ⅰ group ( P=0.001). Compared with the control group, the levels of testosterone in the CdS Ⅰ and CdS Ⅱ groups decreased with statistical significance ( P=0.001, 0.001). Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group's P450scc, 17β-HSD. The expression levels of 17β-HSD and P450c17 mRNA were significantly reduced, with statistically significant differences ( P=0.001, 0.001, 0.001), and CdS Ⅱ group 17β-HSD. The expression levels of 17β-HSD and P450c17 mRNA were significantly lower than those of CdS Ⅰ group ( P=0.001, 0.036). The Western Blot assay results showed that the expression levels of P450c17 protein in the testes of CdS Ⅰ and CdS Ⅱ groups of mice were significantly reduced, with statistical significance ( P=0.001, 0.001) ; And the CdS Ⅱ group was significantly lower than the CdS Ⅰ group ( P=0.001). According to Spearman correlation analysis, testosterone levels are correlated with P450scc, P450c17, 17β-HSD mRNA. There is a highly positive correlation between 17β-HSD mRNA levels, with statistically significant differences ( rs=0.88, 0.80, 0.70, P=0.001, 0.001, 0.004) . Conclusion:Nano cadmium sulfide may induce reproductive toxicity by reducing the expression levels of key enzyme genes and enzyme protein activity in testosterone and its synthesis in mice, and the CdS Ⅱ group has a stronger toxic effect.

Xiangya Hospital of Central South University has reconstructed its key nodes of the clinical pathway information system in order to promote efficient and extensive implementation of the clinical pathway. Its methods include introduction of new classification of clinical pathways, enriched contents of clinical pathway forms, and design of such concepts as "Standard stage date", "Big category of drugs","Grouping prescriptions" and "Concreted mutation".

Objective To evaluate the effects of day surgery on average days of stay, and to provide scientific basis for shorter average days of stay. Methods Data of average days of stay from November 2011 to December 2016 were extracted from 6 departments, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series was used to analyze the trend of average days of stay of pre-and post-day surgery. Results Thanks to the application of day surgery, average days of stay decreased by 0. 071 days per month, and the monthly decline increased by 0. 049 days (P<0. 001) than before. Average days of stay in the department of stomatology, ear-nose-throat, general surgery and hepatobiliary & enteric surgery research center were the most obvious, and the monthly decline increased by 0. 110 days (P<0. 001), 0. 049 days (P=0. 008) , 0. 075 days (P<0. 001), and 0. 057 days (P=0. 003), respectively than before. Conclusions Day surgery could decrease average days of stay, enhancing the utilization of hospital resources.