" Lijie and yellowish sweating" originates from the chapter on stroke and arthralgia diseases in Synopsis of Golden Chamber. Later generations typically interpret it as yellow fluid oozing from painful joints, a characteristic manifestation of arthralgia. In Western medicine, Lijie corresponds to diseases such as gouty arthritis, with its primary clinical manifestations being redness, swelling, heat, and painful joints, most often without yellow fluid discharge. Therefore, the interpretation of " Lijie and yellowish sweating" contradicts the clinical manifestations often observed in this disease. Thus, this article reinterprets the meaning of " Lijie and yellowish sweating" from the pathogenesis of " sweat exposure to water, as if water harms the heart" , combined with the viewpoints of other medical practitioners. Determining the meaning of " yellowish sweating" is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of arthralgia and clarifying the relationship between arthralgia and yellowish sweating. ZHANG Zhongjing mentioned arthralgia and " yellowish sweating" together, not to differentiate between the two diseases but to emphasize the common pathogenesis of the two, namely, the cold and dampness injuring the heart, blood, and vessels. This paper proposes a new explanation of " Lijie and yellowish sweating" , which suggests that " yellowish sweating" is not confined to the joints but can be found all over the body. The pathogenesis of " Lijie and yellowish sweating" lies in the insufficiency of the liver and kidney and exogenous water dampness, leading to disharmony between nutrient qi and defensive qi and between yin and yang. Primary treatment should harmonize yingfen and weifen, as well as tonify and replenish the liver and kidney. The clinical selection of medicines can be considered Guizhi Decotion, a type of formula. The pathogenesis of " Lijie and yellowish sweating" is complex, and clinical treatment should be comprehensively considered to achieve the best therapeutic effect.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the decoction and dosing methods of rhubarb root and rhizome in classical prescriptions and to provide a reference basis for the clinical use of rhubarb root and rhizome. By collating the relevant classical prescriptions of rhubarb root and rhizome in Shanghan Lun and Jingui Yaolüe, the relationship between its decoction and dosing methods and the syndrome was analyzed. The decoction of rhubarb root and rhizome in classical prescriptions can be divided into three categories: simultaneous decoction, decoction later, and other methods (impregnation in Mafei decoction, decoction with water from the well spring first taken in the morning, and pills). If it enters the blood level or wants to slow down, rhubarb root and rhizome should be decocted at the same time with other drugs. If it enters the qi level and wants to speed up, rhubarb root and rhizome should be decocted later. If it wants to upwardly move, rhubarb root and rhizome should be immersed in Mafei decoction. If it wants to suppress liver yang, rhubarb root and rhizome should be decocted with water from the well spring first taken in the morning. If the disease is prolonged, rhubarb root and rhizome should be taken in pill form. The dosing methods of rhubarb root and rhizome can be divided into five categories: draught, twice, three times, before meals, and unspecified. For acute and serious illnesses with excess of pathogenic qi and adequate vital qi, we choose draught. For gastrointestinal diseases, we choose to take the medicine twice. For achieving a moderate and long-lasting effect, we choose to take the medicine three times. If the disease is located in the lower part of the heart and abdomen, we choose to take it before meals. The use of rhubarb root and rhizome in clinical practice requires the selection of the appropriate decoction and dosing methods according to the location of the disease, the severity of the disease, the patient′s constitution, and the condition after taking the medicine.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as a treasure of the Chinese nation, plays a significant role in maintaining public health. In 2019, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council proposed for the first time the establishment of a TCM registration and evaluation evidence system that integrates TCM theory, "personal experience" and clinical trials (referred to as the "Three-in-One" System) to promote the inheritance and innovation of TCM. Subsequently, the National Medical Products Administration issued several guiding principles to advance the improvement and implementation of this system. Owing to the complexity of its implementation, there are still differing understandings within the TCM industry regarding the positioning of the "Three-in-One" Registration and Evaluation Evidence System, as well as the connotation and value orientation of the "personal experience." To address this, Academician WANG Qi, President of the TCM Association, China International Exchange and Promotion Association for Medical and Healthcare and TCM master, led a group of academicians, TCM masters, TCM pharmacology experts and clinical TCM experts to convene a "Seminar on Promoting the Implementation of the ′Three-in-One′ Registration and Evaluation Evidence System for Chinese Medicinals." Through extensive discussions, an expert consensus was formed, clarifying the different roles of the TCM theory, "personal experience" and clinical trials within the system. It was further emphasized that the "personal experience" is the core of this system, and its data should be derived from clinical practice scenarios. In the future, the improvement of this system will require collaborative efforts across multiple fields to promote the high-quality development of the Chinese medicinal industry.

Myelin formation is considered the last true "invention" in the evolution of vertebrate nervous system cell structure. The rapid jumping pulse propagation achieved by myelin enables the high conduction speed that is the basis of human movement, sensation, and cognitive function. As a key structure in the brain, white matter is the gathering place of myelin. However, with age, white matter-associated functions become abnormal and a large number of myelin sheaths undergo degenerative changes, causing serious neurological and cognitive disorders. Despite the extensive time and effort invested in exploring myelination and its functions, numerous unresolved issues and challenges persist. In-depth exploration of the functional role of myelin may bring new inspiration for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and even mental illnesses. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the structure and key molecules of the myelin in the CNS, delving into its formation process. Specifically, we propose a new hypothesis regarding the source of power for myelin expansion in which membrane compaction may serve as a driving force for myelin extension. The implications of this hypothesis could provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases involving myelin malfunction and open new avenues for therapeutic intervention in myelin-related disorders.
Myelin Sheath/metabolism* ; Humans ; Central Nervous System/metabolism* ; Animals

OBJECTIVE: To explore the early changes in various liver function indicators in critically injured trauma patients assessed by intelligent calculation method, aiming to develop more advantageous diagnostic and treatment strategies for traumatic liver injury. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted. Critically injured trauma patients [injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 16, age > 18 years old] admitted to the Emergency Medical Center of Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital from January 1, 2022, to December 1, 2023 were enrolled. ISS score and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) assessed by intelligent calculation method were collected upon patient admission to the emergency medical center. Trends in liver function indicators in fasting venous serum were analyzed at 6, 24 and 72 hours after admission, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TBil), prothrombin time (PT). Patients were grouped based on APACHE II scores into those with APACHE II < 15 and APACHE II ≤ 15, and liver function indicators within 6 hours of admission were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 112 critically injured trauma patients were included, with 83 males and 29 females, an average age of (47.78±14.84) years old. The median ISS score was 21.0 (18.0, 26.0). The most common cause of injury for critically injured trauma patients was road traffic accidents (68 cases, accounting for 60.71%), followed by falls from heights, compression injuries, heavy object injuries, knife stabs, and explosion injuries. The most common injured areas was the limbs and pelvis (97 cases, accounting for 86.61%), followed by chest injuries, surface skin and soft tissue injuries, abdominal and pelvic organ injuries, head injuries, and facial injuries. The proportion of elevated LDH, AST, and ALT within 6 hours of admission was 77.68%, 79.46%, and 52.68%, respectively, while the proportion of decreased ALB was 75.89%, the abnormal rates of ALP, GGT, TBil, and PT were all below 50%. The ALT and AST levels of patients at 24 hours and 72 hours after admission were significantly lower than those at 6 hours after admission [ALT (U/L): 37.0 (22.0, 66.0), 31.0 (21.2, 52.0) vs. 41.0 (25.0, 71.0), AST (U/L): 55.5 (30.0, 93.5), 40.0 (27.0, 63.2) vs. 69.5 (39.0, 130.8), all P < 0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference in ISS score between APACHE II > 15 group (45 cases) and APACHE II ≤ 15 group [67 cases; 21.0 (18.5, 26.5) vs. 20.0 (17.0, 22.0), P > 0.05]. Nevertheless, compared with patients with APACHE II ≤ 15, patients with APACHE II > 15 have a higher abnormality rate of ALT and AST within 6 hours of admission [ALT abnormal rate: 66.44% (29/45) vs. 44.78% (30/67), AST abnormal rate: 93.33% (42/45) vs. 70.15% (47/67), both P < 0.05], and the levels of ALT and AST were higher [ALT (U/L): 56.0 (30.0, 121.0) vs. 35.0 (21.0, 69.0), AST (U/L): 87.0 (48.0, 233.0) vs. 52.0 (31.0, 117.0), both P < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS Severe trauma patients frequently exhibit a high incidence of reversible early liver function impairment. Based on intelligent calculation method, the utilization of both the ISS and APACHE II scores demonstrates a distinct advantage in the assessment of their early liver injury.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Liver/physiopathology* ; Risk Assessment ; APACHE ; Wounds and Injuries ; Adult ; Injury Severity Score ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Liver Function Tests ; Alanine Transaminase/blood* ; Young Adult ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood*

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced injury in mouse intestinal organoids and investigate the possible mechanisms or potential drug targets of myeloid differentiation factor 88 inhibitor [TJ-M2010-5 (TJ5)] on this condition. METHODS: Small intestinal organoids from C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were established and characterized using immunofluorescence for cell growth and proliferation marker nuclear antigen Ki-67, goblet cell marker mucin-2 (MUC-2), epithelial cell marker E-cadherin, and Paneth cell marker lysozyme (Lyz). Small intestinal organoids after 3 days of passaging were divided into different groups: a normal control group treated with culture medium containing 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 10 hours, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group treated with culture medium containing 200 mg/L LPS and 0.2% DMSO for 10 hours, and a TJ5 group pre-treated with 10 mmol/L TJ5 for 2 hours followed by treatment with culture medium containing 200 mg/L LPS for 10 hours. Real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the small intestinal organoids. RNA transcriptome sequencing was performed on the small intestinal organoids from each group to analyze differentially expressed genes between groups, and significant enrichment was analyzed using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). RESULTS: By the 7th day of primary culture, mature organoids had formed, and their growth rate increased after passaging. Immunofluorescence identification showed expressions of Ki-67, MUC-2, E-cadherin, and Lyz, indicating that the mouse small intestinal organoids maintained their cellular composition and functional characteristics under in vitro culture conditions. RT-qPCR results showed that compared with the normal control group, the mRNA expression of IL-6 in the small intestinal organoids of the LPS group was significantly increased (2^-ΔΔCT: 1.83±0.16 vs. 1.02±0.28, P < 0.05), while the mRNA expression of ZO-1 was significantly decreased (2^-ΔΔCT: 0.53±0.11 vs. 1.01±0.18, P < 0.05). In contrast, the mRNA expression trends of both IL-6 and ZO-1 were reversed in the TJ5 group, showing statistically significant differences as compared with the LPS group (2^-ΔΔCT: IL-6 mRNA was 1.24±0.01 vs. 1.83±0.16, ZO-1 mRNA was 1.97±0.29 vs. 0.53±0.11, both P < 0.05). RNA transcriptome sequencing showed 49 differentially expressed genes in the LPS group compared to the normal control group, with 42 upregulated and 7 downregulated. Compared to the LPS group, the TJ5 group showed 84 differentially expressed genes, with 47 upregulated and 37 downregulated. GO enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes showed that the significantly enriched biological processes of the differentially expressed genes between the normal control group and the LPS group included responses to LPS, responses to molecule of bacterial origin and responses to bacterium. The significantly enriched biological processes of the differentially expressed genes between the LPS group and the TJ5 group included glutathione metabolic processes, responses to stress cellular and responses to chemical stimulus. In molecular function groups, glutathione binding and oligopeptide binding were significantly enriched by the differentially expressed genes. In cellular component classifications, the enrichment of the differentially expressed genes was mainly observed in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and microsomes. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes between the normal control group and LPS group were enriched in IL-17 signaling pathways, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways, viral protein interactions with cytokines and cytokine receptors signaling pathways, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathways. In contrast, the differentially expressed genes between the LPS and TJ5 groups were mainly enriched in atherosclerosis signaling pathways, ferroptosis signaling pathways, glutathione metabolism signaling pathways, and cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Mouse small intestinal organoids were successfully extracted and cultured. TJ5 may exert its protective effects by regulating gene expression and related signaling pathways (fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, ferroptosis, glutathione metabolism, cytochrome P450 drug metabolism, etc.) in sepsis-injured mouse small intestinal organoids. These genes and signaling pathways may be key targets for treating sepsis-induced intestinal injury.
Animals ; Mice ; Sepsis/genetics* ; Organoids/drug effects* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Intestine, Small/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Transcriptome ; Lipopolysaccharides

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of Z-plasty combined with auricular cartilage grafting in the correction of cryptotia.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of cryptotia patients who underwent Z-plasty combined with auricular cartilage grafting at the Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, from January 2020 to December 2023. The surgery consisted of five steps: design of the Z-plasty flap, harvesting of auricular cartilage from the conchal cavity, dissection and reshaping of the auricular cartilage, transplantation of auricular cartilage, and skin coverage with flap transfer. Early and late complications were recorded according to postoperative follow-up, and the external ear morphology was evaluated by both plastic surgeons and the patients’ guardians using a Likert 4-point scale (the higher the score, the better the auricular morphology). Normally distributed data were presented as Mean±SD.Results:A total of 32 patients were included in the study, comprising 23 males and 9 females, aged 5 to 14 years, with an average age of 7.3 years. Two children were lost to follow-up, and 30 completed long-term follow-up, with follow-up periods ranging from 6 to 24 months, averaging 9.3 months. Early complications included hematoma in 2 cases [6.3%(2/32)] and flap vascular compromise in 1 case[3.1%(1/32)]. Late complications primarily involved hypertrophic scars in 2 cases[6.7%(2/30)], with no recurrence of deformity. After the operation, the cranioauricular sulcus on the upper pole of the auricle were significantly deepened, and the patients could wear masks and glasses. The average score for the external ear morphology was 3.5±0.5 by plastic surgeons and 3.5±0.5 by patients.Conclusion:Z-plasty combined with auricular cartilage grafting provides satisfactory result in the correction of cryptotia, with few postoperative complications and high patient satisfaction, making it suitable for the treatment of cryptotia.

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of Z-plasty combined with auricular cartilage grafting in the correction of cryptotia.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of cryptotia patients who underwent Z-plasty combined with auricular cartilage grafting at the Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, from January 2020 to December 2023. The surgery consisted of five steps: design of the Z-plasty flap, harvesting of auricular cartilage from the conchal cavity, dissection and reshaping of the auricular cartilage, transplantation of auricular cartilage, and skin coverage with flap transfer. Early and late complications were recorded according to postoperative follow-up, and the external ear morphology was evaluated by both plastic surgeons and the patients’ guardians using a Likert 4-point scale (the higher the score, the better the auricular morphology). Normally distributed data were presented as Mean±SD.Results:A total of 32 patients were included in the study, comprising 23 males and 9 females, aged 5 to 14 years, with an average age of 7.3 years. Two children were lost to follow-up, and 30 completed long-term follow-up, with follow-up periods ranging from 6 to 24 months, averaging 9.3 months. Early complications included hematoma in 2 cases [6.3%(2/32)] and flap vascular compromise in 1 case[3.1%(1/32)]. Late complications primarily involved hypertrophic scars in 2 cases[6.7%(2/30)], with no recurrence of deformity. After the operation, the cranioauricular sulcus on the upper pole of the auricle were significantly deepened, and the patients could wear masks and glasses. The average score for the external ear morphology was 3.5±0.5 by plastic surgeons and 3.5±0.5 by patients.Conclusion:Z-plasty combined with auricular cartilage grafting provides satisfactory result in the correction of cryptotia, with few postoperative complications and high patient satisfaction, making it suitable for the treatment of cryptotia.

This article summarized the experience of national TCM master Wang Qingguo in treating liver cirrhosis with triplet herbs.Professor Wang believes that the etiology and pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis are always based on the disorders of liver,spleen and kidney function,the dampness and heat retention is an important factor of the disease.When the disease enters the collaterals,blood stasis runs through the development of the disease,qi,blood and water are both pathological products and pathogenic factors.Therefore,supporting the healthy qi and eliminating pathogens,and treating both manifestation and root cause of disease are important treatment principles for liver cirrhosis.Professor Wang takes the whole as the main principle and selects triplet herbs that are suitable for the pathogenesis at different stages of disease development.He emphasizes the three methods of soothing the liver and promoting dampness,removing blood stasis and diuresis,and supporting the healthy qi and eliminating pathogens.He flexibly applies the treatment,and the clinical efficacy is remarkable.

Objective:To investigate mechanisms of IL-17D on cytotoxic function of CD93+CTL in lung tumor microenviron-ment(TME)and promotion of Platycodon grandiflorum(PG).Methods:Lung of B16 melanoma model mice and control mice were treated with PG or IL-17D,and lung tumor clone formation was observed.IL-17D expression change in lung was detected by single cell sequencing,immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry.Single cell sequencing and flow cytometry were used to detect CD93+CTL content,cytotoxic phenotype and functional factors changes,including CD107a,perforin,granzyme B,chemokine CCL2,CXCL9 and their ligand CCR2 and CXCR3.Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect effect of Platycodonopsis saponin D on IL-17D and its transcriptional regulator NRF2 expressions in EL4 cells.Results:Pulmonary CD93+CTL highly expressed cytotoxic effectors such as perforin and CD107a and chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR2 than CD93-CTL,while there was no significant difference in secretion of granzyme B.In mouse lung tumor model,pulmonary IL-17D and CD93+CTL were significantly decreased(P<0.001);in tumor-bearing mice after IL-17D backfill assay,or after 10 days of treatment with PG,proportion and absolute number of IL-17D and CD93+CTL in lungs were significantly increased(P<0.05),and tumor clones were significantly reduced;meanwhile,tumor-local expressions of cytokines CCL2,CXCL9,which are related to recruitment and function of CD93+CTL,and IL-17D were significantly upregulated.Up-regulation of IL-17D and its transcriptional regulator NRF2 by PG was verified in vitro experiments on EL4 cell line by PD.Conclusion:Traditional Chinese medicine PG and its extracts can up-regulate expression of IL-17D in lungs,improve infiltration and cytotoxic function of CD93+CTL and antagonize malignant progression of lung tumors,this is an important phar-macological mechanism of PG in improving immune TME of tumors in lung.