The definition and classification of noncompressible hemorrhage were introduced.The current status of the application of prehospital hemostatic devices in noncompressible hemorrhage were reviewed,and the indications and methods of use of various types of devices were analyzed.The existing problems of prehospital hemostatic devices were analyzed,and the future development directions were envisioned.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(6):72-82]

Objective This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial strains isolated from pediatric intensive care units(PICU)in China for better antimicrobial therapy.Methods Clinical isolates were collected from 17 institutions,including tertiary care children's hospitals and pediatric department of tertiary general hospitals in China from January 1,2020 to December 31,2022.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to a unified protocol using Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems.Results were interpreted according to the breakpoints released by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)in 2020.Results A total of 10 688 isolates were collected,including gram-positive organisms(39.2％)and gram-negative organisms(60.8％).The top three organisms were S.aureus(13.6％,1 453/10 688),A.baumannii(10.0％,1 067/10 688),and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(9.9％,1 058/10 688).Multi-drug resistant organisms(MDROs)were very common in children.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales(CRE),carbapenem-resistant E.coli,carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae(CRKP),carbapenem-resistant A.baumannii(CRAB),and carbapenem-resistant P.aeruginosa(CRPA)was 41.1％,19.4％,8.8％,30.9％,67.4％,and 28.8％,respectively.Overall,more than 50％of Enterobacteriales isolates were resistant to cephalosporins,while nearly 25％of Enterobacteriales isolates were resistant to carbapenems.MDROs were highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics.More than 80％of CRE and CRAB strains were resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics.CRE and CRAB showed low resistance rates to tigecycline and polymyxin.CRPA showed lower resistance rates to piperacillin,beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations than the resistance rates to third and fourth generation cephalosporins.All of the Staphylococcus and Enterococcus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and tigecycline.None of PRSP strains isolated from meningitis and nonmeningitis samples were resistant to rifampicin,vancomycin,or linezolid.The prevalence of β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant(BLNAR)strains was 43.3％in Haemophilus influenzae.Conclusions MDROs were prevalent in PICU.It is necessary to establish an effective multidisciplinary team(MDT)to control the antimicrobial resistance.

The definition and classification of noncompressible hemorrhage were introduced.The current status of the application of prehospital hemostatic devices in noncompressible hemorrhage were reviewed,and the indications and methods of use of various types of devices were analyzed.The existing problems of prehospital hemostatic devices were analyzed,and the future development directions were envisioned.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(6):72-82]

Objective This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial strains isolated from pediatric intensive care units(PICU)in China for better antimicrobial therapy.Methods Clinical isolates were collected from 17 institutions,including tertiary care children's hospitals and pediatric department of tertiary general hospitals in China from January 1,2020 to December 31,2022.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to a unified protocol using Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems.Results were interpreted according to the breakpoints released by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)in 2020.Results A total of 10 688 isolates were collected,including gram-positive organisms(39.2％)and gram-negative organisms(60.8％).The top three organisms were S.aureus(13.6％,1 453/10 688),A.baumannii(10.0％,1 067/10 688),and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(9.9％,1 058/10 688).Multi-drug resistant organisms(MDROs)were very common in children.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales(CRE),carbapenem-resistant E.coli,carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae(CRKP),carbapenem-resistant A.baumannii(CRAB),and carbapenem-resistant P.aeruginosa(CRPA)was 41.1％,19.4％,8.8％,30.9％,67.4％,and 28.8％,respectively.Overall,more than 50％of Enterobacteriales isolates were resistant to cephalosporins,while nearly 25％of Enterobacteriales isolates were resistant to carbapenems.MDROs were highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics.More than 80％of CRE and CRAB strains were resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics.CRE and CRAB showed low resistance rates to tigecycline and polymyxin.CRPA showed lower resistance rates to piperacillin,beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations than the resistance rates to third and fourth generation cephalosporins.All of the Staphylococcus and Enterococcus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and tigecycline.None of PRSP strains isolated from meningitis and nonmeningitis samples were resistant to rifampicin,vancomycin,or linezolid.The prevalence of β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant(BLNAR)strains was 43.3％in Haemophilus influenzae.Conclusions MDROs were prevalent in PICU.It is necessary to establish an effective multidisciplinary team(MDT)to control the antimicrobial resistance.

Objective:To determine whether the Rb1 of ginsenoside has protective effects on PA induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells.Methods:Established a model of palmitic acid-induced oxidative stress injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).Using MTT assay,flow cytometry,fluorescent probe staining,and Western blot analysis to detect whether Rb1 of ginsenoside has effects on the cell viability,apoptosis rate,ROS and NO production,mitochondrial membrane potential,and the expression levels of related proteins.Results:MTT assay and flow cytometry revealed that ginsenoside Rb1 can reduce PA-induced apoptosis in HUVECs(P＜0.05).The mechanism may be related to the following two points:(1)reducing ROS production and increasing NO levels,thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of HUVECs;(2)regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins,increasing the BCL-2/Bax ratio(P＜0.05),modulating mitochondrial membrane permeability,reducing cytochrome C release(P＜0.001),and decreasing Caspase protein activation(P＜0.01),thereby attenuating PA-induced apoptosis.Conclusion:After the stimulation with PA,ROS production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells increased while NO content and cell activity decreased,oxidative stress induced apoptosis in cells.By regulating the production of ROS and NOx stabilizing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential,reducing the leakage of cytochrome C,Ginsenoside Rb1 can reduce HUVECs apoptosis induced by PA.

Aim To investigate the therapeutic effects of a newly developed Tadalafil tablet on pulmonary fi-brosis induced by paraquat(PQ)in rats,as well as its impact on histone acetylation levels in epithelial cells.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:the control group(control),the model group(PQ),the Tadalafil new tablet treatment group(N-Tad,1 mg·kg-1),and the positive control drug treatment group(Cialis,5 mg·kg-1).The model group and treatment group rats were intraperitoneally injected with PQ(30 mg·kg-1).Two hours after the initial treatment,the rats in the treatment group re-ceived N-Tad or Cialis via gavage,while the control and model groups were administered an equal volume of physiological saline by gavage once daily for 28 days.The weight gain rate and lung tissue index for each group of rats were calculated.Additionally,the effects of N-Tad treatment on lung tissue structural damage and collagen deposition in rats with PQ-in-duced pulmonary fibrosis were observed using HE stai-ning,Masson trichrome staining,and immunohisto-chemical techniques.By employing the Western blot technique,the effects of Tadalafil intervention on the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin(E-Cad),the stromal marker fibronectin(Fn),and the histone acetylation marker acetylated histones(Ac-his-tones)in A549 cells were observed.Results Com-pared to the control group,rats with PQ-induced pul-monary fibrosis exhibited a significant decrease in the rate of body weight growth,an increase in lung tissue index(P＜0.05),and a notable increase in the expression and distribution of the fibrosis marker alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)in lung tissue.The structure of the lung tissue was disrupted,accompanied by the deposition of interstitial collagen fibers.Both N-Tad and Cialis treatments could significantly enhance the rate of weight gain,decrease the lung tissue index,inhibit the expression of α-SMA,and reduce the depo-sition of interstitial collagen in the lung tissue of rats with pulmonary fibrosis.Notably,low-dose N-Tad treatment was comparable to high-dose Cialis treat-ment.At the cellular level,Tadalafil significantly in-hibited the high expression of Fn induced by transfor-ming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1)in A549 cells.It also upregulated the expression of E-cadherin and sig-nificantly increased the levels of acetylated histones(P＜0.05).Conclusions N-Tad promotes histone acetylation in alveolar epithelial cells,significantly in-hibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition,increases E-cadherin expression,and improves lung tissue structur-al damage and collagen deposition caused by PQ.Ad-ditionally,it offers the advantage of a lower effective dose compared to Cialis,providing a new option for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

Aim To investigate the therapeutic effects of a newly developed Tadalafil tablet on pulmonary fi-brosis induced by paraquat(PQ)in rats,as well as its impact on histone acetylation levels in epithelial cells.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:the control group(control),the model group(PQ),the Tadalafil new tablet treatment group(N-Tad,1 mg·kg-1),and the positive control drug treatment group(Cialis,5 mg·kg-1).The model group and treatment group rats were intraperitoneally injected with PQ(30 mg·kg-1).Two hours after the initial treatment,the rats in the treatment group re-ceived N-Tad or Cialis via gavage,while the control and model groups were administered an equal volume of physiological saline by gavage once daily for 28 days.The weight gain rate and lung tissue index for each group of rats were calculated.Additionally,the effects of N-Tad treatment on lung tissue structural damage and collagen deposition in rats with PQ-in-duced pulmonary fibrosis were observed using HE stai-ning,Masson trichrome staining,and immunohisto-chemical techniques.By employing the Western blot technique,the effects of Tadalafil intervention on the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin(E-Cad),the stromal marker fibronectin(Fn),and the histone acetylation marker acetylated histones(Ac-his-tones)in A549 cells were observed.Results Com-pared to the control group,rats with PQ-induced pul-monary fibrosis exhibited a significant decrease in the rate of body weight growth,an increase in lung tissue index(P＜0.05),and a notable increase in the expression and distribution of the fibrosis marker alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)in lung tissue.The structure of the lung tissue was disrupted,accompanied by the deposition of interstitial collagen fibers.Both N-Tad and Cialis treatments could significantly enhance the rate of weight gain,decrease the lung tissue index,inhibit the expression of α-SMA,and reduce the depo-sition of interstitial collagen in the lung tissue of rats with pulmonary fibrosis.Notably,low-dose N-Tad treatment was comparable to high-dose Cialis treat-ment.At the cellular level,Tadalafil significantly in-hibited the high expression of Fn induced by transfor-ming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1)in A549 cells.It also upregulated the expression of E-cadherin and sig-nificantly increased the levels of acetylated histones(P＜0.05).Conclusions N-Tad promotes histone acetylation in alveolar epithelial cells,significantly in-hibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition,increases E-cadherin expression,and improves lung tissue structur-al damage and collagen deposition caused by PQ.Ad-ditionally,it offers the advantage of a lower effective dose compared to Cialis,providing a new option for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)technologies,their widespread application in academic research and writing is continuously expanding the boundaries of sci-entific inquiry.However,this trend has also raised a series of ethical and regulatory challenges,inclu-ding issues related to authorship,content authenticity,citation accuracy,and accountability.In light of the growing involvement of AI in generating academic content,establishing an open,controllable,and trustworthy ethical governance framework has become a key task for safeguarding research integrity and maintaining trust within the academic community.This expert consensus outlines ethical requirements across key stages of AI-assisted academic writing-including topic selection,data management,citation practices,and authorship attribution.It aims to clarify the boundaries and ethical obligations surrounding AI use in academic writing,ensuring that technological tools enhance efficiency without compromising in-tegrity.The goal is to provide guidance and institutional support for building a responsible and sustainable research ecosystem.

Objective:To determine whether the Rb1 of ginsenoside has protective effects on PA induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells.Methods:Established a model of palmitic acid-induced oxidative stress injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).Using MTT assay,flow cytometry,fluorescent probe staining,and Western blot analysis to detect whether Rb1 of ginsenoside has effects on the cell viability,apoptosis rate,ROS and NO production,mitochondrial membrane potential,and the expression levels of related proteins.Results:MTT assay and flow cytometry revealed that ginsenoside Rb1 can reduce PA-induced apoptosis in HUVECs(P＜0.05).The mechanism may be related to the following two points:(1)reducing ROS production and increasing NO levels,thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of HUVECs;(2)regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins,increasing the BCL-2/Bax ratio(P＜0.05),modulating mitochondrial membrane permeability,reducing cytochrome C release(P＜0.001),and decreasing Caspase protein activation(P＜0.01),thereby attenuating PA-induced apoptosis.Conclusion:After the stimulation with PA,ROS production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells increased while NO content and cell activity decreased,oxidative stress induced apoptosis in cells.By regulating the production of ROS and NOx stabilizing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential,reducing the leakage of cytochrome C,Ginsenoside Rb1 can reduce HUVECs apoptosis induced by PA.

Objective:A gas chromatographic method was established for the determination of alcohol and phenolic bacteriostatic agents(chlorobutanol,phenol,benzyl alcohol,phenethyl alcohol,phenoxyethanol,4-chloro-o-cresol and thymol)in eye drops for related quality control.Methods:A capillary column with(5%phenyl)methylsilox-ane as the fixing solution.The initial temperature was 60℃and keep for 10 min.The temperature was rised to 150℃at a rate of 20℃·min-1 and keep for 3 min,Next,the temperature was rised to 230℃at a rate of 50℃·min-1 and keep for 2 min.The detector temperature was 250℃,the inlet temperature was 200℃,and the detector was FID.Direct injection of 1 μL was used for injection.Results:The were a good linear relationship between peak area and concentration in the concentration range of 0.05-1.0 mg·mL-1(chlorobutanol),0.05-1.0 mg·mL-1(phenol),0.1-2.0 mg·mL-1(benzyl alcohol),0.05-1.0 mg·mL-1(phenethyl alco-hol),0.05-1.0 mg·mL-1(phenoxyethanol),0.03-0.6 mg·mL-1(4-chloro-o-cresol)and 0.01-0.20 mg·mL-1(thymol)(r values were 0.999 7,0.999 6,0.999 5,0.999 5,0.999 5,0.999 5,0.999 5 and 0.999 5 respectively).The average recoveries of seven component were 103.4%,95.2%,98.4%,97.2%,97.9%,100.5%and 93.5%respectively.All meet the requirements of methodological research.According to the method,79 batches of samples were tested for alcohol and phenolic bacteriostatic agents.Chlorobutanol was detected in 8 batches of samples,and no other bacteriostatic agents were detected.Conclusion:This method meets the require-ments for specificity and sensitivity,and is suitable for the confirmation and determination of alcohol and phenolic antibacterial agents in eye drops.It can be used for related quality control.