Irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） is a functional bowel disorder characterized primarily by abdominal pain and altered defecation habits. In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has made progress in multiple aspects of IBS research and treatment， including syndrome distribution， development of TCM formulas， clinical efficacy evaluation， external therapies， and psychosocial regulation. However， it still faces challenges such as over-reliance on symptomatic manifestations rather than biomarkers for diagnostic criteria， and the lack of high-quality evidence-based data supporting the efficacy of TCM formulas in treating IBS. This paper proposed that TCM diagnosis and treatment of IBS should adhere to the strategy of integrating the holistic concept with syndrome differentiation and treatment， combining TCM external therapies such as acupuncture， moxibustion and acupoint application）， and emphasizing individualized diagnosis and treatment for psychosomatic abnormalities. Future research should integrate multi-omics technologies， artificial intelligence and other methods to deepen the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBS and the mechanisms of TCM formulas， so as to promote the standardization and internationalization of TCM in the diagnosis and treatment of IBS.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive neurophysiological monitoring technique. It records the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex using electrodes placed on the scalp surface. Owing to its high safety, portability, and millisecond-level temporal resolution, EEG has been widely utilized in a variety of fields, including clinical diagnosis, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), and cognitive neuroscience research. However, due to its microvolt-level amplitude, EEG is highly susceptible to various artifacts, including electrooculographic (EOG), electrocardiographic (ECG), electromyographic (EMG), and power line interference (PLI). These artifacts can obscure genuine neural activity and introduce spurious electrophysiological features. Consequently, they may compromise EEG signal quality, thereby reducing the reliability of downstream analyses. To address this issue, numerous EEG artifact removal methods have been developed, including both traditional denoising techniques and deep learning-based approaches. Traditional EEG denoising methods have long served as the primary solutions for artifact removal. Representative approaches include filtering, regression, and blind source separation. Although these methods have demonstrated effectiveness in specific scenarios, they suffer from several inherent limitations. Filtering assumes that artifacts and EEG signals can be separated in the frequency domain, but many artifacts, such as EOG and EMG, overlap with EEG spectra, which may lead to the loss of valuable neural information. Regression methods require high-quality artifact references to estimate and subtract contaminations, limiting their effectiveness in reference-free scenarios. Blind source separation can remove artifacts without external references, but it typically requires the number of EEG channels to exceed the number of sources, restricting its application in single- or low-channel EEG recordings. Deep learning-based EEG denoising methods address these limitations effectively. First, they learn the nonlinear mapping between contaminated and clean EEG directly from data in an end-to-end manner. This approach does not rely on assumptions about spectral separability, thereby preserving neural activity more completely. Second, the reference information is incorporated during the training phase, allowing the trained model to perform artifact removal independently without external references. Third, deep learning models can be flexibly designed to accommodate various recording setups, achieving robust denoising for both high-density and single-channel EEG. Collectively, these advantages enable deep learning-based methods to overcome the main challenges of traditional approaches, providing more accurate and reliable EEG signal recovery. The superior denoising performance of deep learning-based EEG denoising methods has attracted increasing attention in EEG artifact removal research. As a result, many deep learning-based denoising methods have been developed and successfully applied in neural engineering areas. However, a systematic review of the techniques and applications in this field is still lacking. To address this gap, this paper reviews recent advances in deep learning-based EEG denoising from four perspectives: technical principle, benchmark dataset, denoising model, and evaluation method. Representative applications in neural signal analysis and BCI decoding are also summarized. Furthermore, the advantage, existing challenge, and future research direction of deep learning-based EEG denoising are discussed. This review aims to provide valuable theoretical insights and technical guidance for researchers. It is also expected to promote further advances and broader applications of deep learning-based EEG denoising techniques.

Objective: To analyze the structural changes in whole blood and apheresis platelet donations in Chinese Society of Blood Transfusion (CSBT) sentinel units from 2021 to 2025, and to provide evidence for donor recruitment and blood service management. Methods: Aggregated data reported by sentinel sites were collected and stratified according to six indicators: age, sex, donation history, donation volume, donation site, and organization mode. Pearson χ test, Cramer′V coefficient, Cochran-Armitage trend test and simple linear regression were adopted for analysis. Results: A total of 16 256 973 whole blood donations and 1 576 546 apheresis platelet donations were included. Among whole-blood donations, the proportion of donors aged 18-22 years decreased from 27.30% to 10.60%. The proportion of male donors increased from 58.81% to 63.13%; the proportion of people aged 30 and above increased from 58.40% to 75.30%; the proportion of fixed locations rose from 28.37% to 36.57%; the proportion of social groups increased from 21.69% to 39.69%. The 400-mL donations decreased from 62.12% to 53.46%, while individually initiated voluntary donations remained above 50%. Apheresis platelet donations were predominantly from males, individuals aged 30-39 years, and repeat donors; 2-treatment-unit apheresis platelet donations increased from 67.19% to 74.93%, and individually initiated donations accounted for 92.97%-96.02%. Statistically significant overall annual compositional differences were observed for all six indicators (all P<0.001), whereas linear trends for some sub-categories were not statistically significant. Conclusion: In the participating CSBT sentinel units, among whole blood donations, the proportions of donors aged 18-22 years, university-organized group donations, and donations at blood mobiles decreased, whereas the proportions of organizational group donations and donations at fixed venues increased. The apheresis platelet donation cohort is relatively mature and is evolving toward a high-efficiency donation model. Individual voluntary donation remains the primary organization mode for both donation types. Strategies such as youth donor recruitment, optimized layout of fixed donation sites, and retention of repeat donors should be strengthened to improve the resilience of blood supply.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary pulmonary lymphoma (PPL). METHODS: The clinical data of 17 patients with PPL admitted to Gansu Provincial Hospital from January 2013 to June 2023 were collected, and their clinical characteristics and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed and summarized. RESULTS: The median age of the 17 patients was 56 (29-73) years old. There were 8 males and 9 females. According to Ann Arbor staging system, there were 9 patients with stage I-II and 8 patients with stage III-IV. There were 14 patients with IPI score of 0-2 and 3 patients with IPI score of 3-4. All 17 patients had symptoms at the initial diagnosis, most of the first symptoms were cough, and 6 patients had B symptoms.Among the 17 patients, there were 8 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 5 cases of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 1 case of gray zone lymphoma (GZL), and 3 cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). 15 patients received chemotherapy, of which 3 cases received autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(ASCT) and 3 cases received radiotherapy; 2 patients did not receive treatment. The median number of chemotherapy courses was 6(2-8). The short-term efficacy was evaluated, 12 patients achieved complete remission (CR) and 3 patients achieved partial remission (PR). The age, pathological subtype, sex, Ann Arbor stage, β₂-microglobulin(β₂-MG) level, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) level were not correlated with CR rate (P >0.05), while IPI score was correlated with recent CR rate (P < 0.05 ). The median follow-up time was 31(2-102) months. One of the 12 CR patients died of COVID-19, and the rest survived. Among the 3 patients who did not reach CR, 1 died after disease progression, while the other 2 survived. One of the 2 untreated patients died one year after diagnosis. Both the median progression-free survival (PFS) time and overall survival (OS) time of the 17 patients were both 31 (2-102) months. CONCLUSION The incidence of PPL is low, and the disease has no specific clinical manifestations, which is easily missed and misdiagnosed. The pathological subtypes are mainly MALT lymphoma and DLBCL, and the treatment is mainly combined chemotherapy. The IPI score is related to the treatment efficacy.
Humans ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Prognosis ; Aged ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Neoplasm Staging ; Lymphoma/therapy* ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse

Objective:To explore the effect of the defect area and volume of intra-articular impacted fragments (IAIF) on the contact stress of the ankle joint surface.Methods:A 23-year-old male volunteer, 168 cm in height and 60 kg in weight, with no history of trauma or anatomic abnormality of the ankle, was selected. On the basis of a normal ankle finite-element model, IAIF-defect finite-element models were established. The first group consisted of IAIF-defect models with identical area but different volumes: on the distal tibial articular surface the defect area was 4 mm × 5 mm (20 mm 2), and the heights were 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm. The second group consisted of IAIF-defect models with identical defect volume but different areas. The defect volume was 90 mm 3, while the defect areas on the distal tibial articular surface were 2 mm×3 mm, 3 mm×3 mm, 3 mm×5 mm, 3 mm×6 mm, and 5 mm×6 mm, with corresponding heights of 15 mm, 10 mm, 6 mm, 5 mm, and 3 mm. Under a 600 N vertical load the contact stress of the ankle joint was calculated, and the finite-element data were recorded and analyzed. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze, separately for the two groups, the correlation between IAIF defect and the maximum contact stress (MCS) of the distal tibial articular surface, and simple linear regression analysis was performed to obtain regression equations. Equivalence zero testing was used to verify the correlations and to compare their differences. Results:For IAIF defects with the same area but different volumes, including 4 mm×5 mm×2 mm, 4 mm×5 mm×3 mm, 4 mm×5 mm×4 mm, 4 mm×5 mm×5 mm, and 4 mm× 5 mm×6 mm, the corresponding maximum contact stress (MCS) on the distal tibial joint surface were 3.846 MPa, 3.839 MPa, 3.835 MPa, 3.833 MPa, and 3.831 MPa, respectively, with an average of 3.837 MPa. The mean ±1% range is from 3.799 MPa to 3.875 MPa. The correlation analysis showed that the IAIF defects with the same area but different volumes were negatively correlated with contact stress ( r=-0.956, P=0.011). The linear regression equation was MCS=-0.0002×VI+3.851, where VI denotes IAIF volume. Equivalence zero testing confirmed that all measured values lay within the predefined ±1 % margin, satisfying the equivalence null hypothesis. For IAIF defects of identical volume (90 mm 3) but varying articular surface areas—2 mm×3 mm, 3 mm×3 mm, 3 mm×5 mm, 3 mm×6 mm and 5 mm×6 mm—the corresponding MCS values were 2.147 MPa, 2.812 MPa, 3.622 MPa, 4.476 MPa and 6.186 MPa, respectively (mean 3.849 MPa; equivalence band 3.811-3.887 MPa at ±1% of the mean). Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive relationship between identical-volume varying-area IAIF defects and contact stress ( r=0.996, P<0.001). The linear regression equation was MCS=0.168×AI+1.236, where AI denotes IAIF area. Equivalence zero testing indicated that none of the measured values fell within the predefined ±1% margin, failing to satisfy the equivalence null hypothesis. Conclusion:In posterior ankle fractures, the volume change of IAIF defects has no clinical significance in relation to MCS, showing a small negative correlation. However, the area change of IAIF defects is clinically significant in relation to MCS, demonstrating a larger positive correlation.

[摘 要] 目的：探讨白蛋白结合型紫杉醇联合PD-1抑制剂用于治疗一线化疗失败的骨与软组织肉瘤的疗效及安全性。方法：回顾性分析北京积水潭医院骨肿瘤科2017年8月至2020年8月收治的一线化疗失败的晚期骨与软组织肉瘤患者。患者接受白蛋白结合型紫杉醇（125~140 mg/m2，第1天和第8天）与PD-1抑制剂（信迪利单抗或特瑞普利单抗，每21 d一次）联合治疗。每2个治疗周期评估1次疗效，按RECIST 1.1标准评估肿瘤疗效，按NCI-CTCAE5.0标准评估不良反应。结果：共20名患者纳入研究，完成1至8个治疗周期，中位治疗周期数为3个。所有患者均可评估疗效，完全缓解4例（20%），部分缓解0例，稳定9例（45%），疾病进展7例（35%）。客观缓解率（ORR）为20%，疾病控制率（DCR）为65%。中位无进展生存期（PFS）为3.0个月。治疗期间主要不良反应包括2级白细胞减少（40%）、1-2级神经毒性反应（20%），以及2级甲状腺功能减退（10%）。结论：白蛋白结合型紫杉醇联合PD-1抑制剂治疗为一线化疗失败的晚期骨与软组织肉瘤患者提供了一种潜在的治疗选择，其不良反应可控，值得开展更大样本的前瞻性研究进一步验证其疗效。

BACKGROUND:The reduction of contact area,edge load,and stress increase of adjacent cartilage caused by knee cartilage defect are considered to easily cause degenerative changes in this tissue,which may develop into knee osteoarthritis.Growth factors are considered to be a treatment method to promote the healing of damaged cartilage and delay the progression of degenerative arthritis.OBJECTIVE:To analyze the hotspots and prospects of growth factor-promoted knee cartilage regeneration research by bibliometric methods.METHODS:The first author retrieved 321 articles related to growth factor-promoted knee cartilage regeneration research from the Web of Science core set database.VOSviewer 1.6.19 software was used to analyze the publication volume,country,institution,keyword,and literature citation status of the articles,and investigate the research hotspots.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)From 2000 to 2024,the annual number of publications in the field of growth factor-promoted knee cartilage regeneration showed an overall upward trend,with the highest number of publications in 2021.Harvard University in the United States published the most papers.(2)Keyword analysis showed that the frequency of keywords such as growth factor,cartilage,cartilage repair,platelet-rich plasma,and cartilage regeneration was high.In addition,the keyword co-occurrence network diagram showed that growth factor was closely related to keywords such as cartilage repair and cartilage regeneration,indicating that growth factor research plays an important role in the field of cartilage regeneration.(3)The results of literature citation analysis showed that the combination of platelet-rich plasma and muscle-derived stem cells may provide a new and effective treatment strategy for patients with osteoarthritis,which can deepen the understanding of cartilage repair mechanisms by promoting stem cell proliferation and cartilage formation.Fibroblast growth factor 2,fibroblast growth factor 18,and insulin growth factor 1 play a key role in cartilage repair and can promote chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis.In particular,fibroblast growth factor 18 can promote the repair of damaged cartilage,thereby alleviating patients'pain and dysfunction,which deserves further in-depth study in the future.The latest research has developed a new Polyhedrin Delivery System(PODS)that can continuously release growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 and 7,significantly promoting chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage repair.This system provides a new perspective and potential therapy for the treatment of osteoarthritis.(4)Therefore,bone morphogenetic protein 2,7,insulin growth factor 1,and recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 18 are promising growth factor therapies for promoting cartilage regeneration.In the future,further in-depth research on the mechanism of action of growth factors,optimization of treatment strategies,and strengthening of long-term efficacy and safety evaluation are needed.

Objective To analyze the relationship between the visceral adiposity index(VAI)and nocturia in the US adult population.Methods A cross-sectional study was performed.Data from subjects aged≥20 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)database from 2007 to 2020 were collected,including waist circumference,triglyceride,body mass index(BMI),high-density lipoprotein,age,gender,race,poverty income ratio,education level,marital status,smoking,alcohol consumption,sleep disorders,depression,occupation,hypertension,diabetes,congestive heart failure,cancer,and nocturnal urination frequency.Weighted analysis,multivariate logistic regression,generalized additive model(GAM),and curve fitting were employed to evaluate the association between VAI and nocturia,adjusting for age,gender,race,poverty income ratio,education level,marital status,smoking,alcohol consumption,sleep disorders,depression,occupation,hypertension,diabetes,congestive heart failure,and cancer.Subgroup analyses were conducted based on age,gender,race,hypertension and diabetes to further evaluate the relationship between VAI and the risk of nocturia.Results A total of 29,196 American adults were included.All subjects were divided into 4 groups based on VAI quartiles:Q1 group(0.32≤VAI<1.01),Q2 group(1.01≤VAI<1.70),Q3 group(1.70≤VAI<2.95),and Q4 group(2.95≤VAI<13.59),with nocturia prevalence rates of 28.5%,31.4%,33.3%,and 34.9%,respectively.In subgroup analyses,the risk of nocturia significantly increased with higher VAI in the 20-40 age group,females and other Hispanics(OR=1.04,95%CI 1.01-1.08,P=0.006;OR=1.02,95%CI 1.00-1.04,P=0.035;OR=1.05,95%CI 1.01-1.09,P=0.026).GAM analysis results showed a nonlinear relationship between VAI and nocturia.Conclusion VAI is positively associated with the risk of nocturia,and may be an effective indicator for predicting the risk of nocturia occurrence.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of a domestically developed robotic surgical system based on fiber-optic dedicated line communication in cross-regional urological telesurgery.Methods:This was multicenter，single-arm，retrospective case series study. The data of patients who underwent urological telesurgeries using the telesurgical system between January 2023 and December 2024 were analyzed. The cohort included 59 patients from seven hospitals across China. Among the patients，47 were male（79.7%）and 12 were female（20.3%），with a median age of 63.0（56.0，68.0）years and a body mass index of（24.7 ± 3.0）kg/m 2. Surgical procedures included 32 radical prostatectomies，24 partial nephrectomies，one radical nephrectomy，one adrenalectomy，and one ureteral reconstruction. The perioperative indicators，pathological results and postoperative complications were analyzed. The network monitoring data were collected，and the perioperative data of patients，remote system monitoring data and costs were compared between the two communication modes of optical transport network（OTN）and cloud-connect network（CCN）. Results:All 59 remote surgeries were successfully completed，with a mean operative time of（138.0 ± 54.0）minutes，median intraoperative blood loss of 50.0（30.0，100.0）ml and a postoperative hospital stay of 5.0（4.0，6.0）days. No cases required reoperation，Clavien-Dindo grade ≥3 complications，or readmission. The geographical distance between the primary and remote surgical sites ranged from 450 to 2 800 km. Network monitoring revealed increased bidirectional latency with distance increasing：the shortest latency time（Hefei-Hangzhou，450 km）was（16.59 ± 0.80）ms，while the longest（Harbin-Hangzhou，2 200 km）latency time was（53.31 ± 0.31）ms. Average frame loss per procedure was 0?1.27 frames. The results of subgroup analysis comparing OTN and CCN communication modes showed no significant differences in operative time［（130.7 ± 70.5）minutes vs.（142.1 ± 42.9）minutes， P = 0.442］，postoperative hospitalization［6.0（4.0，8.0）d vs. 5.0（4.0，6.0）d， P = 0.581］，or readmission rates（0 vs. 0）. However，CCN demonstrated significant cost advantages with 500 RMB per operation vs. 3 000 RMB per operation for OTN. Conclusions:Urological telesurgery using fiber-optic communication is feasible. The CCN mode，with its cost-effectiveness，excellent usability，and multi-point interconnection flexibility，is currently the preferred communication model for telesurgical applications.

The chemical constituents from leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus were isolated and purified by chromatography on silica gel, C_(18) reverse-phase silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20 gel, as well as semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Six compounds were identified by UV, IR, NMR, MS, calculated ECD, and comparison with literature data as cyclopaloside D(1), boscialin(2),(5R,6S)-6-hydroxy-6-[(E)-3-hydroxybut-1-enyl]-1,1,5-trimethylcyclohexanone(3), 3S,5R-dihydroxy-6R,7-megastigmadien-9-one(4), 3S,5R-dihydroxy-6S,7-megastigmadien-9-one(5), and gingerglycolipid A(6), respectively. Among them, compound 1 was identified as a new tetralone glycoside, and compounds 2-6 were isolated from leaves of C. paliurus for the first time. Furthermore, compound 1 exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with the IC_(50) of(454.20±31.81)μmol·L~(-1) and(881.82±42.31)μmol·L~(-1) in scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals, respectively.
Plant Leaves/chemistry* ; Glycosides/isolation & purification* ; Juglandaceae/chemistry* ; Tetralones/isolation & purification* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification*