The lab module of exploratory experiment is newly designed in the practical course of bio-chemistry.Here we describe one of the experimental projects,and it originates from new scientific re-search results on the dynamic structure of ATP synthase.This exploratory experiment is organized in the form of real scientific research,which would fully mobilize the initiative and creativity of students in learning theoretical knowledge and experimental technology.Students work in groups and start with refer-ence reading.Through cooperation,they must develop certain experimental plan,handle samples with photocrosslinking technique and utilize the high-throughput electrophoresis method to analyze the dynamic structural change of ε subunit in ATP synthase under different physiological conditions.High quality re-sults from high-throughput electrophoresis can only be obtained through optimized operation and treat-ment,from which students would experience the process of technological innovation.The teaching process of this lab module embodies the student-centered teaching concept and is widely approved and supported by students.The project of ATP synthase closely combines the content of lab course with cut-ting-edge technology.Students can deeply experience the importance of experimental technology innova-tion in solving scientific problems.The practical ability of students would be comprehensively improved through this lab module.

Objective:To compare the differences in the evaluation of hemolysis performance of cellulose hemostatic materials using different detection methods and test media,and to explore a m ore reasonable testing plan for such products.Methods:Hemolysis tests were conducted on cellulose hemostatic materials using the absorbance measurement hemolysis method and hemoglobin concentration measurement hemolysis method in accordance with YY/T 1651.1-2019 standard.We compared the changes in hemolysis rate,pH value,and osmotic pressure under different experimental media.Results:Under the same experimental method,compared to SC,the hemolysis results using PBS as the extraction medium are smaller,and the changes in pH and osmotic pressure are closer to the normal range of human body changes.Conclusions:The changes in pH and osmotic pressure may be one of the reasons for the high hemolysis rate of cellulose hemostatic materials.Choosing PBS with buffering effect as the leaching medium may be more suitable for evaluating the hemolysis performance of cellulose hemostatic materials.

Infant formula milk powder(infant formula)contains a variety of fatty acids that require hydrolysis and derivation,and the calibration methods are complex and variable,affecting the accuracy of quantification.Using the gas chromatography with flame ionization detector(GC-FID)under internal standard and external standard calibration methods,the effects of using fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs)and triacylglycerol(TAGs)as calibration solutions on determination of 19 kinds of fatty acids content in infant formula were compared in this work.Additionally,the differences in determination between the acetyl chloride methanol method and the hydrolysis extraction method using FAMEs as the calibration solution under internal standard method were also compared.The quantitative results of TAGs external standard quantitative method were significantly higher than those of FAMEs external standard quantitative method and FAMEs calibrator derived by methylation,and the deviation of quantitative results were 7%-20%and 2%-10%,respectively.The quantitative results of FAMEs calibrator added FAME internal standard were significantly higher than those of FAMEs calibrator added FAME internal standard derived from TAG methylation and FAMEs calibrator added TAG internal standard with methyl esterification,and the deviation of quantitative results were about 15%and 2%-5%,respectively.The results indicated that both the two methods of internal standard calibration using FAMEs as the calibration solution and external standard calibration using TAGs as the calibration solution could effectively eliminate the bias in the determination,with simple operation and accurate comparation of the results.However,the results were significantly lower under the external standard calibration using FAMEs as calibration solution.

Objective:To compare the differences in the evaluation of hemolysis performance of cellulose hemostatic materials using different detection methods and test media,and to explore a m ore reasonable testing plan for such products.Methods:Hemolysis tests were conducted on cellulose hemostatic materials using the absorbance measurement hemolysis method and hemoglobin concentration measurement hemolysis method in accordance with YY/T 1651.1-2019 standard.We compared the changes in hemolysis rate,pH value,and osmotic pressure under different experimental media.Results:Under the same experimental method,compared to SC,the hemolysis results using PBS as the extraction medium are smaller,and the changes in pH and osmotic pressure are closer to the normal range of human body changes.Conclusions:The changes in pH and osmotic pressure may be one of the reasons for the high hemolysis rate of cellulose hemostatic materials.Choosing PBS with buffering effect as the leaching medium may be more suitable for evaluating the hemolysis performance of cellulose hemostatic materials.

Objective:To evaluate the extended tangential view (ETV) radiography in intraoperative evaluation of reduction of radial sigmoid notch (RSN) and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) in distal radius fractures.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the data of 25 patients with distal radius fracture who had undergone surgery with a volar locking plate at Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from March 2023 to January 2024. There were 9 males and 16 females, aged 57.0 (49.0, 61.0) years. In all patients, intraoperative ETV radiography and postoperative CT scanning were performed to assess the reduction quality of RSN and DRUJ. The minimum distance from the ulnar screw to the RSN was also measured on intraoperative ETV and postoperative CT axial slices. The differences between the measurements by the 2 methods were calculated. The correlation and consistency of the 2 measurements were assessed by Pearson correlation analysis and plotting of the Bland-Altman diagram. At the last follow-up, the wrist function was evaluated by Gartland-Werley scoring.Results:All patients were followed up for 15.0 (12.0, 19.0) months. Postoperative CT scans detected no screw penetration through the DRUJ in any patient. Of the 18 patients with intra-articular fracture, 15 had RSN and DRUJ injury. Evaluations of reduction of RSN and DRUJ were completely consistent between ETV and CT, yielding 11 excellent, 2 good and 2 poor cases. The minimum distance from the ulnar screw to the RSN was (6.37±2.79) mm by ETV radiography and (4.22±2.06) mm by the postoperative CT scan, showing a difference of (2.15±1.24) mm. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.913, indicating a strong correlation between the 2 measurements (95% CI: 1.63 to 2.66, P < 0.05). The scatter data in the Bland-Altman diagram mostly fell within the consistency interval, indicating good consistency. At the last follow-up, all patients had a Gartland Welley score of 1.0 (1.0, 3.0), ranging from 0 to 5 points; 15 cases were excellent and 10 cases were good. Conclusion:As ETV radiography is similar to CT scanning in evaluation of reduction quality of RSN and DRUJ and the invasion of ulnar screw into DRUJ, it has a good application prospect.

Heat stroke is a heat-related illness caused by an imbalance between the body's heat production and heat dissipation,which could lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome with a high mortality rate.Rapid and effective reduction of core body temperature is key to successful treatment.This article reviews recent progress in the treatment of heat stroke,including new understandings of organ injury mechanisms,the timing,velocity and goals of cooling treatment,evaluation and selection of traditional cooling techniques(such as cold water immersion),and scientific evaluation of new cooling technologies(such as blood purification technology and intravascular heat exchange cooling technology),aiming to promote understanding and treatment of heat stroke.

The lab module of exploratory experiment is newly designed in the practical course of bio-chemistry.Here we describe one of the experimental projects,and it originates from new scientific re-search results on the dynamic structure of ATP synthase.This exploratory experiment is organized in the form of real scientific research,which would fully mobilize the initiative and creativity of students in learning theoretical knowledge and experimental technology.Students work in groups and start with refer-ence reading.Through cooperation,they must develop certain experimental plan,handle samples with photocrosslinking technique and utilize the high-throughput electrophoresis method to analyze the dynamic structural change of ε subunit in ATP synthase under different physiological conditions.High quality re-sults from high-throughput electrophoresis can only be obtained through optimized operation and treat-ment,from which students would experience the process of technological innovation.The teaching process of this lab module embodies the student-centered teaching concept and is widely approved and supported by students.The project of ATP synthase closely combines the content of lab course with cut-ting-edge technology.Students can deeply experience the importance of experimental technology innova-tion in solving scientific problems.The practical ability of students would be comprehensively improved through this lab module.

Objective:To evaluate the extended tangential view (ETV) radiography in intraoperative evaluation of reduction of radial sigmoid notch (RSN) and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) in distal radius fractures.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the data of 25 patients with distal radius fracture who had undergone surgery with a volar locking plate at Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from March 2023 to January 2024. There were 9 males and 16 females, aged 57.0 (49.0, 61.0) years. In all patients, intraoperative ETV radiography and postoperative CT scanning were performed to assess the reduction quality of RSN and DRUJ. The minimum distance from the ulnar screw to the RSN was also measured on intraoperative ETV and postoperative CT axial slices. The differences between the measurements by the 2 methods were calculated. The correlation and consistency of the 2 measurements were assessed by Pearson correlation analysis and plotting of the Bland-Altman diagram. At the last follow-up, the wrist function was evaluated by Gartland-Werley scoring.Results:All patients were followed up for 15.0 (12.0, 19.0) months. Postoperative CT scans detected no screw penetration through the DRUJ in any patient. Of the 18 patients with intra-articular fracture, 15 had RSN and DRUJ injury. Evaluations of reduction of RSN and DRUJ were completely consistent between ETV and CT, yielding 11 excellent, 2 good and 2 poor cases. The minimum distance from the ulnar screw to the RSN was (6.37±2.79) mm by ETV radiography and (4.22±2.06) mm by the postoperative CT scan, showing a difference of (2.15±1.24) mm. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.913, indicating a strong correlation between the 2 measurements (95% CI: 1.63 to 2.66, P < 0.05). The scatter data in the Bland-Altman diagram mostly fell within the consistency interval, indicating good consistency. At the last follow-up, all patients had a Gartland Welley score of 1.0 (1.0, 3.0), ranging from 0 to 5 points; 15 cases were excellent and 10 cases were good. Conclusion:As ETV radiography is similar to CT scanning in evaluation of reduction quality of RSN and DRUJ and the invasion of ulnar screw into DRUJ, it has a good application prospect.

Objective To investigate the effects of Simo decoction on duodenal microinflammation and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-1(Caspase-1)/gasdermin D(GSDMD)signaling pathway in rats with functional dyspepsia(FD).Methods The FD model was established by multifactorial method.SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,model group(FD model),positive control group(gavage administration of 0.305 mg·kg-1 mosapride injection)and experimental-H,-M,-L groups(gavage administration of 5.62,2.81,1.40 g·kg-1 Simo decoction).Small intestinal advancement rate and gastric emptying rate was determined;the levels of interleukin(IL)-1 β and IL-18 in serum were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA);the protein expression of NLRP3 and GSDMD in duodenal tissue was detected by Western blotting.Results The gastric emptying rates of normal,model,positive control and experimental-H,-M,-Lgroupswere(58.34±5.72)％,(29.16±8.37)％,(48.77±6.10)％,(48.35±6.04)％,(48.20±3.49)％and(39.24±4.20)％;the small intestinal propulsion rates were(82.01±7.55)％,(41.95±9.53)％,(64.61±10.18)％,(75.04±9.76)％,(60.58±7.13)％and(45.89±7.40)％;serum IL-1 β expression were(12.86±0.88),(43.73±4.60),(18.84±0.86),(24.61±1.57),(19.14±0.77)and(29.04±0.72)pg·mL-1;IL-18 expressions were(95.00±3.74),(170.60±8.78),(108.50±3.05),(118.90±3.45),(99.90±8.70)and(141.00±3.71)pg·mL-1;the relative expression levels of NLRP3 proteins were 0.32±0.02,0.84±0.05,0.42±0.03,0.48±0.02,0.61±0.04 and 0.62±0.05;the relative expression levels of GSDMD proteins were 0.34±0.05,0.93±0.06,0.35±0.03,0.52±0.02,0.53±0.06 and 0.55±0.05,respectively.Compared with the normal group,the above indexes in the model group have statistical significance;compared with the model group,the above indexes in the experimental-H group and the positive control group also have statistical significance(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Conclusion Simo decoction can effectively improve the general condition and duodenal microinflammation in FD rats,and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of duodenal NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway.