Dry eye （DE） is a prevalent multifactorial disease of the ocular surface， clinically characterized by tear film homeostasis imbalance accompanied by related ocular surface symptoms. Specifically， the tear film is a thin liquid layer of tears covering the cornea and conjunctiva through blinking， while tear film homeostasis serves as the foundation for maintaining normal ocular surface structure and function. Insufficient tear secretion and excessive tear film evaporation lead to tear hyperosmolarity and the production of inflammatory mediators， disrupting tear film homeostasis and subsequently forming DE. Additionally， cascade reactions are triggered， resulting in a "vicious cycle of DE" that exacerbates the disease severity and prolongs its duration. Therefore， for DE treatment， it is crucial to restore tear film homeostasis and terminate this vicious cycle. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which differentiates and treats DE based on systemic conditions， often achieves favorable therapeutic outcomes， offering additional treatment options for DE. Studies have demonstrated that TCM can alleviate DE by regulating tear film homeostasis and terminating the vicious cycle. This review systematically summarizes recent basic experimental research in China and abroad on TCM in alleviating DE by regulating tear film homeostasis， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment and an insight for research design.

ObjectiveThis paper aims to investigate the effects and mechanism of Mimenghua prescription in modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase （MEK）/rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog （Ras）/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinase （Raf）/extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） signaling pathway to inhibit inflammatory responses in a dry eye animal model. MethodsA total of 60 C57BL/6J mice （eight weeks old， half male and half female） were used in the experiment. Ten mice were randomly selected as the blank control group， while the remaining 50 were exposed to a controlled dry system and received instillation of 0.2% benzalkonium chloride （BAC） into the eyes for four weeks to establish a dry eye mouse model. After successful modeling， the mice were randomly divided into five groups： Model group， sodium hyaluronate group， and Mimenghua prescription groups with low dose （4.83 g·kg^-1）， medium dose （9.67 g·kg^-1）， and high dose （19.34 g·kg^-1）. The mice in the model group received an equal volume of normal saline via gavage for four weeks. The mice in the sodium hyaluronate group received instillation of sodium hyaluronate eye drops twice daily for 14 consecutive days. The tear secretion volume， tear film break-up time （TBUT）， and corneal fluorescein staining were evaluated once every two weeks. After four weeks of administration， mice were euthanized， and their lacrimal gland tissues and corneas were harvested. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to assess histopathological morphology. Western blot was performed to detect the protein expression levels of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to measure the contents and expressions of MEK， Ras， Raf， ERK， and interleukin （IL）-1β in lacrimal gland and corneal tissues of the mice in each group. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was employed to determine mRNA expression levels of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK. ResultsThe Mimenghua prescription groups and the sodium hyaluronate group exhibited significantly increased tear secretion volume （P<0.05） and prolonged TBUT （P<0.05） after treatment. Ocular surface damage of mice was visibly recovered. Western blot results indicated that protein expression levels of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK in the lacrimal gland and corneal tissues were significantly downregulated in the sodium hyaluronate group and Mimenghua prescription group with high dose （P<0.05）. ELISA results showed that IL-1β levels were highest in the model group but significantly reduced in the sodium hyaluronate group and Mimenghua prescription groups （P<0.05）. Both ELISA and Real-time PCR results demonstrated that the expression levels of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK in the lacrimal glands and corneal tissues were significantly elevated in the model group （P<0.05）， but markedly downregulated in the sodium hyaluronate group and Mimenghua prescription groups （P<0.05）， suggesting that Mimenghua prescription can decrease the expressions of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK in the lacrimal glands and corneal tissues. ConclusionMimenghua prescription can reduce inflammatory responses， increase tear secretion， prolong TBUT， and promote corneal recovery by inhibiting the MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK signaling pathways in lacrimal gland and corneal tissues.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism by which modified Guishenwan alleviates inflammation in the rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） by regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）/nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） pathway. MethodsAccording to the random number table method， 60 SPF female SD rats were randomized into a normal group （n=10） and a modeling group （n=50）. The normal group received routine feeding， while the modeling group was administrated with letrozole （1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） by gavage for 21 days for the modeling of PCOS. The successfully modeled rats were randomized into model， diane-35 （0.2 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， high- （16.04 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， medium- （8.02 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， low- （4.01 g·kg^-1·d^-1） dose modified Guishenwan groups. The drug intervention groups were administrated with modified Guishenwan at corresponding doses by gavage， and the normal group and model group were given equal volumes of normal saline. All the groups were continuously treated for 28 days. After treatment， Gram staining of vaginal smears was employed to observe the estrous cycle in each group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， estradiol （E₂）， luteinizing hormone （LH）， testosterone （T）， and progesterone （PROG） in the plasma， as well as interleukin-1 beta （IL-1β）， tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α）， and interleukin-10 （IL-10） in the plasma and ovarian tissue. The LH/FSH ratio was calculated. The morphological changes in the ovarian tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of extracellular-regulated protein kinase （ERK）， c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK）， p38 MAPK， NF-κB p65， IκBα， p-JNK， p-ERK， p-p38 MAPK， p-NF-κB p65， and p-IκBα in the ovarian tissue. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the mRNA levels of ERK， JNK， p38 MAPK， NF-κB p65， and IκBα in the ovarian tissue. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group was in the estrus phase， with an increase in the number of ovarian vesicles and decreases in granulosa cells and corpus luteum formation （P<0.05）， and lowered levels of FSH and E₂ and elevated levels of LH， T， and LH/FSH in the plasma （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， high-， medium-， and low-dose modified Guishenwan recovered the estrous cycle， increased the generation of granulosa cells and corpus luteum， reduced the number of vesicles， elevated the levels of FSH and E₂， and lowered the levels LH， T， and LH/FSH （P<0.05， P<0.01） in a dose-dependent manner. High-dose modified Guishenwan demonstrated the best therapeutic effect. Therefore， subsequent experiments for exploring the treatment mechanism were conducted in the normal group， model group， and high-dose modified Guishenwan group. The results showed that compared with the model group， high-dose modified Guishenwan lowered the levels of IL-1β， TNF-α， and IL-10 and elevated the level of IL-10 in the plasma and ovarian tissue （P<0.05， P<0.01）， down-regulated the protein levels of p-ERK， p-JNK， p-p38 MAPK， p-NF-κB p65， and p-IκBα， while up-regulating the protein level of IκBα （P<0.01）. At the same time， the mRNA levels of ERK， JNK， p38 MAPK， and NF-κB p65 in the high-dose modified Guishenwan group were down-regulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionModified Guishenwan can improve the ovarian function in rat model of PCOS induced by letrozole and has anti-inflammatory effects， which may be related to inhibition of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

Background/Aims: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by hepatic steatosis. Ubiquitin-specific protease 29 (USP29) plays pivotal roles in hepatic ischemiareperfusion injury and hepatocellular carcinoma, but its role in MASLD remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the effects and underlying mechanisms of USP29 in MASLD progression. Methods: USP29 expression was assessed in liver samples from MASLD patients and mice. The role and molecular mechanism of USP29 in MASLD were assessed in high-fat diet-fed and high-fat/high-cholesterol diet-fed mice and palmitic acid and oleic acid treated hepatocytes. Results: USP29 protein levels were significantly reduced in mice and humans with MASLD. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis were significantly exacerbated by USP29 deletion and relieved by USP29 overexpression. Mechanistically, USP29 significantly activated the expression of genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) under metabolic stimulation, directly interacted with long-chain acyl-CoA synthase 5 (ACSL5) and repressed ACSL5 degradation by increasing ACSL5 K48-linked deubiquitination. Moreover, the effect of USP29 on hepatocyte lipid accumulation and MASLD was dependent on ACSL5. Conclusions USP29 functions as a novel negative regulator of MASLD by stabilizing ACSL5 to promote FAO. The activation of the USP29-ACSL5 axis may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for MASLD.

ObjectiveTo analyze the data structure and standards of rehabilitation outpatient medical records, to provide data support for improving the quality of rehabilitation outpatient care and developing medical insurance payment policies. MethodsBased on the normative documents issued by the National Health Commission, Basic Standards for Medical Record Writing and Standards for Electronic Medical Record Sharing Documents, in accordance with the Quality Management Regulations for Outpatient (Emergency) Diagnosis and Treatment Information Pages (Trial), reference to the framework of the World Health Organization Family of International Classifications (WHO-FICs), the data framework and content of rehabilitation outpatient medical records were determined, and the data standards were discussed. ResultsThis study constructed a data framework for rehabilitation outpatient medical records, including four main components: patient basic information, visit process information, diagnosis and treatment information, and cost information. Three major reference classifications of WHO-FICs, International Classification of Diseases, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and International Classification of Health Interventions,were used to establish diagnostic standards and standardized terminology, as well as coding disease diagnosis, functional description, functional assessment, and rehabilitation interventions, to improve the quality of data reporting, and level of quality control in rehabilitation. ConclusionThe structuring and standardization of rehabilitation outpatient medical records are the foundation for sharing of rehabilitation data. The using of the three major classifications of WHO-FICs is valuable for the terminology and coding of disease diagnosis, functional description and assessment, and intervention in rehabilitation outpatient medical records, which is significant for sharing and interconnectivity of rehabilitation outpatient data, as well as for optimizing the quality and safety of rehabilitation medical services.

ObjectiveTo explore the standardization of inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet, encompassing its structure, content and data standards, to enhance the standardization level of inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet, improve data reporting quality, and provide accurate data support for medical insurance payment, hospital performance evaluation, and rehabilitation discipline evaluation. MethodsBased on the relevant specifications of the National Health Commission's Basic Norms for Medical Record Writing, Specifications for Sharing Documents of Electronic Medical Records, and Quality Management and Control Indicators for Inpatient Medical Record Summary Sheet (2016 Edition), this study analyzed the structure and content of the inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet. The study systematically applied the three major reference classifications of the World Health Organization Family of International Classifications, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10/ICD-11, ICD-9-CM-3), International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI Beta-3), for disease diagnosis, functional description and assessment, and rehabilitation intervention, forming a standardized terminology system and coding methods. ResultsThe inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet covered four major sections: inpatient information, hospitalization information, diagnosis and treatment information, and cost information. ICD-10/ICD-11 were the standards and coding tools for admission and discharge diagnoses in the inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet. The three functional assessment tools recommended by ICD-11, the 36-item version of World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, Brief Model Disability Survey and Generic Functioning domains, as well as ICF, were used for rehabilitation functioning assessment and the coding of outcomes. ICHI Beta-3 and ICD-9-CM-3 were used for coding surgical procedures and operations in the medical record summary sheet, and also for coding rehabilitation intervention items. ConclusionThe inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet is a summary of the relevant content of the rehabilitation medical record and a tool for reporting inpatient rehabilitation data. It needs to be refined and optimized according to the characteristics of rehabilitation, with necessary data supplemented. The application of ICD-11/ICD-10, ICF and ICHI Beta-3/ICD-9-CM-3 classification standards would comprehensively promote the accuracy of inpatient diagnosis of diseases and functions. Based on ICD-11 and ICF, relevant functional assessment result data would be added, and ICHI Beta-3/ICD-9-CM-3 should be used to code rehabilitation interventions. Improving the quality of rehabilitation medical records and inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet is an important part of rehabilitation quality control, and also lays an evidence-based data foundation for the analysis and application of inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet.

ObjectiveBased on the adenosine 5'-monophosphate （AMP）-activated protein kinase/protein kinase B/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （AMPK/Akt/Nrf2） pathway， this study aims to explore the mechanism by which modified Guishenwan improves glucose and lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） rats. MethodsA PCOS rat model was established by continuous oral administration of letrozole （1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） for 21 days. Successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into a model group， a metformin group （0.25 g·kg^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose modified Guishenwan groups （4.01， 8.02， and 16.04 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， with 8 rats in each group. Ten normal rats were assigned to the normal group. The drug groups were given their respective doses， while the normal and model groups were given an equal volume of normal saline. Intervention lasted for 4 weeks. Testosterone （T）， estradiol （E₂）， follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， and luteinizing hormone （LH） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and the LH/FSH ratio was calculated. Fasting blood glucose （FPG）， fasting insulin （FINS）， triglyceride （TG）， and total cholesterol （TC） levels were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer， and the insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） and insulin sensitivity index （HOMA-ISI） were calculated. Oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） and insulin tolerance test （ITT） were conducted. Malondialdehyde （MDA）， advanced glycation end products （AGEs）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） levels in serum and ovarian tissue were measured using a chemical fluorescence method. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to assess ovarian tissue pathology. Real-time quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot were used to measure the expression of AMPK/Akt/Nrf2 pathway-related genes and proteins in ovarian tissue. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group exhibited significantly increased levels of T， LH， LH/FSH， FPG， FINS， TG， TC， and HOMA-IR， while FSH， E₂， and HOMA-ISI were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. MDA and AGEs levels were significantly higher in both serum and ovarian tissue， and SOD levels were significantly reduced （P<0.05）. AMPK， Akt， and Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression in ovarian tissue was also significantly reduced （P<0.05）. The OGTT and ITT results showed significantly higher blood glucose levels at each time point （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with impaired glucose and insulin tolerance. Ovarian follicles showed polycystic changes， reduced corpus luteum， and sparse granulosa cell layers. Compared with the model group， the metformin group and the high-dose modified Guishenwan group showed significant decreases in T， LH， LH/FSH， FPG， FINS， TG， TC， and HOMA-IR， while FSH， E₂， and HOMA-ISI were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In the high-dose modified Guishenwan group， MDA and AGEs levels in serum and ovarian tissue were significantly reduced， and SOD levels were significantly increased （P<0.05）. The mRNA and protein expression of AMPK， Akt， and Nrf2 in ovarian tissue was significantly increased （P<0.05）. OGTT and ITT results showed that blood glucose levels in rats decreased significantly at each time point （P<0.05， P<0.01）. No obvious abnormalities were observed in ovarian tissue. Compared with the low-dose modified Guishenwan group， the high-dose group showed significant decreases in T， LH， LH/FSH， FPG， FINS， TG， TC， and HOMA-IR， while FSH， E₂， and HOMA-ISI were significantly increased （P<0.05）. OGTT and ITT results indicated that the high-dose modified Guishenwan group significantly improved glucose and insulin tolerance in rats. No significant abnormalities were observed in ovarian tissue. ConclusionModified Guishenwan effectively improves glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities and inhibits oxidative stress in PCOS rats， potentially through regulation of the AMPK/Akt/Nrf2 pathway.

Objective To investigate the global burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) from 1990 to 2021 and predict the trends in the burden of VL from 2022 to 2035, so as to provide insights into global VL prevention and control. Methods The global age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates of VL and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) data resources. The trends in the global burden of VL were evaluated with average annual percent change (AAPC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from 1990 to 2021, and gender-, age-, country-, geographical area- and socio-demographic index (SDI)-stratified burdens of VL were analyzed. The trends in the global burden of VL were projected with a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model from 2022 to 2035, and the associations of age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs rates of VL with SDI levels were examined with a smoothing spline model. Results The global age-standardized incidence [AAPC = -0.25%, 95% CI: (-0.25%, -0.24%)], prevalence [AAPC = -0.06%, 95% CI: (-0.06%, -0.06%)], mortality [AAPC = -0.25%, 95% CI: (-0.25%, -0.24%)] and DALYs rates of VL [AAPC = -2.38%, 95% CI: (-2.44%, -2.33%)] all appeared a tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021, and the highest age-standardized incidence [2.55/10⁵, 95% UI: (1.49/10⁵, 4.07/10⁵)], prevalence [0.64/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.37/10⁵, 1.02/10⁵)], mortality [0.51/10⁵, 95% UI: (0, 1.80/10⁵)] and DALYs rates of VL [33.81/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.06/10⁵, 124.09/10⁵)] were seen in tropical Latin America in 2021. The global age-standardized incidence and prevalence of VL were both higher among men [0.57/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.45/10⁵, 0.72/10⁵); 0.14/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.11/10⁵, 0.18/10⁵)] than among women [0.27/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.21/10⁵, 0.33/10⁵); 0.06/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.05/10⁵, 0.08/10⁵)], and the highest mortality of VL was found among children under 5 years of age [0.24/10⁵, 95% UI: (0.08/10⁵, 0.66/10⁵)]. The age-standardized incidence (r = -0.483, P < 0.001), prevalence (r = -0.483, P < 0.001), mortality (r = -0.511, P < 0.001) and DALYs rates of VL (r = -0.514, P < 0.001) correlated negatively with SDI levels from 1990 to 2021. In addition, the global burden of VL was projected with the BAPC model to appear a tendency towards a decline from 2022 to 2035, and the age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALYs rates were projected to be reduced to 0.11/10⁵, 0.03/10⁵, 0.02/10⁵ and 1.44/10⁵ in 2035, respectively. Conclusions Although the global burden of VL appeared an overall tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021, the burden of VL showed a tendency towards a rise in Central Asia and western sub-Saharan African areas. The age-standardized incidence and prevalence rates of VL were relatively higher among men, and the age-standardized mortality of VL was relatively higher among children under 5 years of age. The global burden of VL was projected to continue to decline from 2022 to 2035.

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) on the occurrence, development of psoriasis-like inflammation in mice, and the relative immune mechanisms. MethodsHealthy C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (Control), psoriasis model group (IMQ), and HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966-treated psoriasis model group (IMQ+RGFP966). One day prior to the experiment, the back hair of the mice was shaved. After a one-day stabilization period, the mice in Control group was treated with an equal amount of vaseline, while the mice in IMQ group was treated with imiquimod (62.5 mg/d) applied topically on the back to establish a psoriasis-like inflammation model. The mice in IMQ+RGFP966 group received intervention with a high dose of the HDAC3-selective inhibitor RGFP966 (30 mg/kg) based on the psoriasis-like model. All groups were treated continuously for 5 d, during which psoriasis-like inflammation symptoms (scaling, erythema, skin thickness), body weight, and mental status were observed and recorded, with photographs taken for documentation. After euthanasia, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to assess the effect of RGFP966 on the skin tissue structure of the mice, and skin thickness was measured. The mRNA and protein expression levels of HDAC3 in skin tissues were detected using reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot (WB), respectively. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze neutrophils in peripheral blood and lymph nodes, CD4⁺ T lymphocytes, CD8⁺ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, and IL-17A secretion by peripheral blood CD4⁺ T lymphocytes. Additionally, spleen CD4⁺ T lymphocyte expression of HDAC3, CCR6, CCR8, and IL-17A secretion levels were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the localization and expression levels of HDAC3, IL-17A, and IL-10 in skin tissues. ResultsCompared with the Control group, the IMQ group exhibited significant psoriasis-like inflammation, characterized by erythema, scaling, and skin wrinkling. Compared with the IMQ group, RGFP966 exacerbated psoriasis-like inflammatory symptoms, leading to increased hyperkeratosis. The psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) skin symptom scores were higher in the IMQ group than those in the Control group, and the scores were further elevated in the IMQ+RGFP966 group compared to the IMQ group. Skin thickness measurements showed a trend of IMQ+RGFP966>IMQ>Control. The numbers of neutrophils in the blood and lymph nodes increased sequentially in the Control, IMQ, and IMQ+RGFP966 groups, with a similar trend observed for CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes in the blood. In skin tissues, compared with the Control group, the mRNA and protein levels of HDAC3 decreased in the IMQ group, but RGFP966 did not further reduce these expressions. HDAC3 was primarily located in the nucleus. Compared with the Control group, the nuclear HDAC3 content decreased in the skin tissues of the IMQ group, and RGFP966 further reduced nuclear HDAC3. Compared with the Control and IMQ groups, RGFP966 treatment decreased HDAC3 expression in splenic CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. RGFP966 treatment increased the expression of CCR6 and CCR8 in splenic CD4⁺ T cells and enhanced IL-17A secretion by peripheral blood and splenic CD4⁺ T lymphocytes. Additionally, compared with the IMQ group, RGFP966 reduced IL-10 protein levels and upregulated IL-17A expression in skin tissues. ConclusionRGFP966 exacerbates psoriatic-like inflammatory responses by inhibiting HDAC3, increasing the secretion of the cytokine IL-17A, and upregulating the expression of chemokines CCR8 and CCR6.

Objective: To investigate the status quo and associated factors of drinking water knowledge, attitude and behavior among primary school students in rural areas, so as to provide evidence for health behavioral intervention of drinking water in primary school. Methods: Twentythree primary schools in rural area from Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Shanxi provinces were selected by using purposive sampling method from March 1 to April 27 in 2023. Selfdesigned questionnaires regarding knowledge, attitude and behavior of drinking water were distributed to all students in grade 3-6, and 2 173 valid questionnaires were obtained. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of drinking water knowledge, attitude and behavior of primary school students. Results: The attainment rates of drinking water knowledge, attitude and behavior level were 20.02%, 26.65%, and 31.20%, respectively, among primary school students. The median of daily water intake was 1 000 mL, and the average daily water intake was (1 172.99±771.89)mL. In addition, 66.31% of students water intake reached the minimum standard of 800 mL recommended. The results of multiple Logistic regression indicated that drinking water accessibility in school, health education of drinking water, and individual selfcontrol ability were positively correlated with the knowledge (OR=1.31, 1.57, 1.58), attitude (OR=2.07, 1.65, 1.73), behavior (OR=1.40, 1.49, 1.91) of drinking water and daily water intake (OR=1.41, 1.38, 1.20) (P<0.05). Conclusions Primary school students in rural areas are generally lack of appropriate health awareness on drinking water including knowledge, attitude and behavior. Schools should take targeted measures to focus on the cultivation of students selfcontrol ability, so as to improve students knowledge and attitudes of drinking water, and furthermore help students shape their healthy behaviors of drinking water.