Objective To investigate the impact of variations in volute cross-sectional area on the flow characteristics and hemolytic performance of centrifugal blood pumps by designing six volute structures.Methods Computational fluid dynamics and the Lagrangian method were used to analyze flow characteristics and predict hemolysis in blood pumps with different volute designs.Results The annular volute pump showed the poorest hydraulic performance,while the hydraulic performance of the S-shaped volute was the best,which was improved by 35.29％compared to that of the annular volute.Some volutes experienced stagnation zones at the helical inlet(0°-90°)and significant backflow at the outlet(270°-360°).The downward concave-shaped volute had the highest hemolysis index(HI),i.e.,9.59×10-4.Meanwhile,the HI of the annular volute was the lowest,which was 71.85％less than the concave-shaped volute.Conclusions Reducing the gradient of the area variation at the helical inlet and outlet can prevent flow stagnation and backflow.A higher HI arises due to the prolonged exposure of red blood cells to high shear stress.This study provides a theoretical basis for designing and optimizing volute structures of centrifugal blood pumps.

Metabolomics covers a wide range of applications in life sciences,biomedicine,and phytology.Data acquisition(to achieve high coverage and efficiency)and analysis(to pursue good classification)are two key segments involved in metabolomics workflows.Various chemometric approaches utilizing either pattern recognition or machine learning have been employed to separate different groups.However,insufficient feature extraction,inappropriate feature selection,overfitting,or underfitting lead to an insufficient capacity to discriminate plants that are often easily confused.Using two ginseng varieties,namely Panax japonicus(PJ)and Panax japonicus var.major(PJvm),containing the similar ginsenosides,we integrated pseudo-targeted metabolomics and deep neural network(DNN)modeling to achieve accurate species differentiation.A pseudo-targeted metabolomics approach was optimized through data acquisition mode,ion pairs generation,comparison between multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)and scheduled MRM(sMRM),and chromatographic elution gradient.In total,1980 ion pairs were monitored within 23 min,allowing for the most comprehensive ginseng metabolome analysis.The established DNN model demonstrated excellent classification performance(in terms of accuracy,precision,recall,F1 score,area under the curve,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC))using the entire metabolome data and feature-selection dataset,exhibiting superior advantages over random forest(RF),support vector ma-chine(SVM),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),and multilayer perceptron(MLP).Moreover,DNNs were advantageous for automated feature learning,nonlinear modeling,adaptability,and generalization.This study confirmed practicality of the established strategy for efficient metabolomics data analysis and reliable classification performance even when using small-volume samples.This established approach holds promise for plant metabolomics and is not limited to ginseng.

Metabolomics covers a wide range of applications in life sciences, biomedicine, and phytology. Data acquisition (to achieve high coverage and efficiency) and analysis (to pursue good classification) are two key segments involved in metabolomics workflows. Various chemometric approaches utilizing either pattern recognition or machine learning have been employed to separate different groups. However, insufficient feature extraction, inappropriate feature selection, overfitting, or underfitting lead to an insufficient capacity to discriminate plants that are often easily confused. Using two ginseng varieties, namely Panax japonicus (PJ) and Panax japonicus var. major (PJvm), containing the similar ginsenosides, we integrated pseudo-targeted metabolomics and deep neural network (DNN) modeling to achieve accurate species differentiation. A pseudo-targeted metabolomics approach was optimized through data acquisition mode, ion pairs generation, comparison between multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and scheduled MRM (sMRM), and chromatographic elution gradient. In total, 1980 ion pairs were monitored within 23 min, allowing for the most comprehensive ginseng metabolome analysis. The established DNN model demonstrated excellent classification performance (in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, area under the curve, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC)) using the entire metabolome data and feature-selection dataset, exhibiting superior advantages over random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and multilayer perceptron (MLP). Moreover, DNNs were advantageous for automated feature learning, nonlinear modeling, adaptability, and generalization. This study confirmed practicality of the established strategy for efficient metabolomics data analysis and reliable classification performance even when using small-volume samples. This established approach holds promise for plant metabolomics and is not limited to ginseng.

Tesla blood pumps demonstrate a reduced propensity for hemolysis and thrombosis compared with vane blood pumps. Considering the restricted driving force within the secondary flow channel of vane blood pumps, along with the low hydraulic efficiency of conventional Tesla blood pumps and their internal flow characteristics that significantly contribute to hemolysis and thrombosis, this study introduces a set of vanes atop the rotor of the Tesla blood pump. This forms a dual-fluid domain rotor, and an axial dual-outlet volute shell structure is adopted to realize the separation of the fluid domains. Through numerical simulations of the new structure, a comparative analysis was conducted in this study on the internal flow characteristics of double-outlet and single-outlet volute shells, and symmetric and asymmetric cross-sections of the same rotor. The results indicate that the flow field distribution is more uniform under the double-outlet volute shell structure, and overall energy dissipation is decreased. After implementing the double-outlet design, in the asymmetric cross-section, compared with the symmetric cross-section, the fluid velocity gradient and turbulent kinetic energy at the tongue of the septum are reduced, and the fluid velocity gradient at the convergence of the diffuser tube outlets are also decreased. The maximum scalar stress is lower, and the decline in head and efficiency is mitigated. Moreover, compared with the single-outlet volute shell, the hemolysis index in the asymmetric cross-section is reduced. In summary, this paper proposes a novel dual-outlet centrifugal disk blood pumps, which can provide a reference for the structural design and performance optimization of magnetically levitated centrifugal blood pumps.
Heart-Assist Devices ; Humans ; Equipment Design ; Hemolysis ; Computer Simulation

Objective To study the effects of different clearance conditions(equal upper and lower axial clearance,change of upper/lower axial clearance,axial displacement of blades)on efficiency and hemolysis performance of blood pump.Methods The blood pumps under three kinds of clearance conditions were numerically simulated by computational fluid dynamics.Results For efficiency,when the upper and lower axial clearance was equal,the lower axial clearance was unchanged and the upper axial clearance was reduced,the efficiency of blood pump could be improved by 0.85%,1.71%and 2.90%,respectively.While the upper shaft clearance remained unchanged,the lower shaft clearance was decreased by 1.18%.For hemolysis,the increase of the clearance could reduce the hemolysis index(HI)under the first two clearance conditions,while the axial migration of the blade wheel would increase the HI.When the upper axial clearance was unchanged and the lower axial clearance was 0.3 mm,the HI was the largest,which was 8.65×10-4.When the upper and lower axial clearance was 0.7 mm,the HI was the smallest,which was 4.51×10-4.Conclusions Improving blood pump clearance is helpful to optimize the performance of blood pump.This study can provide some references for the design and optimization of interstitial structure of blood pump.

Objective To study the effects of different clearance conditions(equal upper and lower axial clearance,change of upper/lower axial clearance,axial displacement of blades)on efficiency and hemolysis performance of blood pump.Methods The blood pumps under three kinds of clearance conditions were numerically simulated by computational fluid dynamics.Results For efficiency,when the upper and lower axial clearance was equal,the lower axial clearance was unchanged and the upper axial clearance was reduced,the efficiency of blood pump could be improved by 0.85%,1.71%and 2.90%,respectively.While the upper shaft clearance remained unchanged,the lower shaft clearance was decreased by 1.18%.For hemolysis,the increase of the clearance could reduce the hemolysis index(HI)under the first two clearance conditions,while the axial migration of the blade wheel would increase the HI.When the upper axial clearance was unchanged and the lower axial clearance was 0.3 mm,the HI was the largest,which was 8.65×10-4.When the upper and lower axial clearance was 0.7 mm,the HI was the smallest,which was 4.51×10-4.Conclusions Improving blood pump clearance is helpful to optimize the performance of blood pump.This study can provide some references for the design and optimization of interstitial structure of blood pump.

Objective To investigate the impact of variations in volute cross-sectional area on the flow characteristics and hemolytic performance of centrifugal blood pumps by designing six volute structures.Methods Computational fluid dynamics and the Lagrangian method were used to analyze flow characteristics and predict hemolysis in blood pumps with different volute designs.Results The annular volute pump showed the poorest hydraulic performance,while the hydraulic performance of the S-shaped volute was the best,which was improved by 35.29％compared to that of the annular volute.Some volutes experienced stagnation zones at the helical inlet(0°-90°)and significant backflow at the outlet(270°-360°).The downward concave-shaped volute had the highest hemolysis index(HI),i.e.,9.59×10-4.Meanwhile,the HI of the annular volute was the lowest,which was 71.85％less than the concave-shaped volute.Conclusions Reducing the gradient of the area variation at the helical inlet and outlet can prevent flow stagnation and backflow.A higher HI arises due to the prolonged exposure of red blood cells to high shear stress.This study provides a theoretical basis for designing and optimizing volute structures of centrifugal blood pumps.