OBJECTIVES: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common mental health and behavioral issue among adolescents. This study aims to investigate the developmental trajectory of adolescent NSSI and gender differences, providing a foundation for better prevention and intervention. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted using the Adolescent Self-Injury Scale (ASIS) in a cohort of 1 042 junior high school students from 3 middle schools in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province. Participants were surveyed 3 times at 6-month intervals. A latent growth curve model was constructed using Mplus8.0 to examine the development trajectory of NSSI, and multi-group comparisons were used to assess gender differences. RESULTS: Detection rates of NSSI at the 3 time points were 43.95%, 44.43%, and 38.36%, respectively. Mean of the intercept factor of the LGCM for adolescent NSSI behavior was 9.540 (P<0.001), and the mean slope was -2.297 (P<0.001). Both the variances of the intercept (σ²=169.431, P<0.001) and slope (σ²=141.981, P<0.001) were significant, with a significant negative correlation between intercept and slope (r=-0.559, P<0.001). There were no statistically significant gender differences in initial level or rate of change of NSSI behaviors (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS NSSI is relatively prevalent among adolescents, with female adolescents experiencing more severe NSSI. Individual differences exist in both the initial level and rate of change of NSSI, and overall, adolescent NSSI shows a decreasing trend over time. No significant gender differences were found in the trajectory of change.
Humans ; Self-Injurious Behavior/psychology* ; Adolescent ; Male ; Female ; Longitudinal Studies ; Sex Factors ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Students/psychology*

Objective To construct and validate a prediction model of residual shunt occurring after interventional closure of ventricular septal defect(VSD)in child patients,and to analyze the prognosis of the child patients with residual shunt.Methods A total of 178 child patients with VSD,who were admitted to the hospital to receive treatment from January 2017 to March 2023,were selected for this study.Adopting a 8:2 ratio,the child patients were randomly divided into the training set(n=144)and the validation set(n=34).Interventional closure of VSD was carried out in all the child patients.During the postoperative follow-up of 12 months,the occurrence of the residual shunt was recorded.The factors influencing the occurrence of residual shunt after interventional closure of VSD in child patients were analyzed.A prediction model for residual shunt after interventional closure of VSD in child patients was established and validated,and its efficacy was evaluated.The prognosis of the child patients having residual shunt was analyzed.Results Residual shunt occurred in 21 child patients(14.58％,21/144)in the training set and in 5 child patients(14.71％,5/34)in the validation set.Logistic regression analysis showed that the size of the base of VSD(OR=5.339,95％CI:2.197-12.975),pressure difference at the site of defect(OR=4.384,95％CI:1.804-10.655),and diameter of occluder(OR=4.707,95％CI:1.937-11.439)were the influencing factors for residual shunt occurring after interventional closure of VSD in child patients(P＜0.05).Taking the above influencing factors as the predictive variables,a nomogram prediction model was established.The verification results of the nomogram model showed that the C-index was 0.808(95％CI:0.761-0.839),and the correction curve for predicting residual shunt after interventional closure of VSD in child patients was close to the ideal curve(P＞0.05).ROC curve analysis of the training set indicated that the sensitivity,specificity and AUC of the nomogram model for predicting residual shunt after interventional closure of VSD in child patients were 80.95％,84.55％and 0.855(95％CI:0.774-0.937)respectively.ROC curve analysis of the validation set revealed that the sensitivity,specificity and AUC of the nomogram model for predicting residual shunt after interventional closure of VSD in child patients were 80.00％,86.21％and 0.871(95％CI:0.791-0.943)respectively.In the training set,21 child patients developed residual shunt,and in 14(66.67％)of them the residual shunt was healed spontaneously.The proportion of patients with a residual shunt size＞4mm in the residual shunt self-healing group was lower than that in the residual shunt no-healing group(P＜0.05).Conclusion The size of the base of VSD,the pressure difference at the site of defect,and the diameter of the occluder are the factors that affect the occurrence of residual shunt after interventional closure of VSD in child patients.The prediction model constructed on the above predictors has excellent efficacy in predicting the occurrence of residual shunt after interventional closure of VSD in child patients.In most child patients whose residual shunt size is＜4 mm,the residual shunt can heal spontaneously.

Objective To compare the genetic barriers to development of primary mutations related to drug resistance to protease inhibitors (PI), nucleioside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTI ), and non-nucleioside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NNRTI ) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and CRF08_BC strains, and to understand the difference of varying patterns of drug resistance related mutations within these subtypes. Methods One hundred and ninety naive HIV-positive subjects from Nanning City and Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants. HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from plasma, and the pol regions were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to determine the subtypes of HIV-1 isolates. Nucleotide transitions and transversions were counted for each primary mutation in these sequences. According to the phenomena that transitions occur on average 2. 5 times frequently than transversions, each transition was scored as 1, and each transversion scored as 2. 5. The sum of the scores for a particular substitution was calculated, and this value was taken as the genetic barrier to development of this mutation. Then, the differences of genetic barriers among the subtypes were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Nemenyi test. Results A total of 123 sequences of CRF01_AE,CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC strains were selected. CRF08_BC had a lower genetic barrier for T/S69Dsubstitution than CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC (χ2 =107. 501, P＜0.01), while CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC had lower genetic barriers for V118I and L210W substitution than CRF08_BC. In addition,CRF07_BC had a decreased genetic barrier for V106M compared with CRF01_AE and CRF08_BC.Conclusions In the presence of the same selective pressure, subtypes CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC may be more likely to develop V118I and L210W substitution than CRF08_BC. However, CRF08_BC may be more likely to develop T/S69D substitution than CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC. Meanwhile, CRF07_BC may be easier to develop V106M substitution than CRF01_AE and CRF08_BC.