With the rapid development of neuroelectrophysiology, neuroimaging and other technologies, a large amount of evidence has shown that the occurrence and development of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) are closely related to the cortical-subcortical neural network. This article intends to review the relevant research on how the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures such as the thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum are involved in the cognitive impairment of IGE, as well as the important subcortical neural nuclei targets currently targeted in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy by neuromodulation, to evaluate the feasibility of neuromodulation therapy in clinical practice.

With the rapid development of neuroelectrophysiology, neuroimaging and other technologies, a large amount of evidence has shown that the occurrence and development of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) are closely related to the cortical-subcortical neural network. This article intends to review the relevant research on how the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures such as the thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum are involved in the cognitive impairment of IGE, as well as the important subcortical neural nuclei targets currently targeted in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy by neuromodulation, to evaluate the feasibility of neuromodulation therapy in clinical practice.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by abnormal brain network function. The localization of the epileptogenic zone and feature analysis of the epileptic networks are key issues in clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as in research of disease mechanisms. In recent years, electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI), by integrating the high temporal resolution of EEG and high spatial resolution of fMRI, has provided an important tool for localizing epileptogenic zones and researching epileptic networks. This article reviews the recent advance in EEG-fMRI in epilepsy, with a focus on its role in localizing the origin of epileptic seizures, exploring the epileptic networks of different modalities, analyzing the characteristics of epileptic networks, and studying the pathogenesis of epilepsy combined with cognitive impairment, in order to analyze pathophysiological mechanisms of epilepsy and provide new perspectives for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by abnormal brain network function. The localization of the epileptogenic zone and feature analysis of the epileptic networks are key issues in clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as in research of disease mechanisms. In recent years, electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI), by integrating the high temporal resolution of EEG and high spatial resolution of fMRI, has provided an important tool for localizing epileptogenic zones and researching epileptic networks. This article reviews the recent advance in EEG-fMRI in epilepsy, with a focus on its role in localizing the origin of epileptic seizures, exploring the epileptic networks of different modalities, analyzing the characteristics of epileptic networks, and studying the pathogenesis of epilepsy combined with cognitive impairment, in order to analyze pathophysiological mechanisms of epilepsy and provide new perspectives for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:To assess the clinical value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid in pathogenic diagnosis of neurological infectious disease.Methods:Patients who were clinically diagnosed with infectious encephalitis and meningitis and treated in Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University from March 2018 to September 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, including the clinical characteristics and data of mNGS and traditional laboratory test of pathogens.Results:Totally 104 patients with infectious encephalitis and meningitis were eligible for enrollment, and mNGS detected 22 bacterial species(22/104,21.15%), 24 viral species (24/104,23.08%), one fungal species (1/104,0.96%), one parasitic species (1/104,0.96%) and one mycoplasma species (1/104,0.96%).The three leading positive detections were varicella-zoster virus ( n=19), streptococcus ( n=7) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( n=4). Combined with traditional pathogen detection methods, clinical manifestations, final diagnosis and treatment results, the number of cases diagnosed by mNGS was 49 cases. The positive rate of the mNGS was 47.12% (49/104).False positives occurred in 21 (20.19%) patients. False negatives occurred in 34 (32.69%) patients. Conclusions:mNGS is more sensitive in evaluating the pathogens causing the infectious encephalitis and meningitis. It has advantages in accurate diagnosis of infectious encephalitis and meningitis.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and intracranial and extracranial arterial stenosis in 146 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Methods Degree of intracranial and extracranial arterial stenosis in 146 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease was assessed by CT angiography (CTA). Then all patients were divided into 4 groups according to the numbers of branches with stenosis: no stenosis group, 1 branch group, 2 branches group, and 3 and more than 3 branches group. Dynamic blood pressure was monitored to calculate the AASI. Results There was no significant difference of AASI among the extracranial arterial stenosis groups (P=0.614). AASI was positively correlated with the degree of intracranial artery stenosis (r=0.743, P<0.05), and with 3 and more intracranial artery branches stenosis (r=0.797, P<0.05). Conclusion AASI is closely correlated with the degree and numbers of branches of intracranial artery stenosis.

AIM: To study the effect of Jiunaoning Injection on apoptosis and the changes in cytosolic calcium induced by hypoxia/hypoglycemia in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. METHODS: The apoptosis and the changes in cytosolic calcium were induced by hypoxia and hypoglycemia .Apoptosis was measured via flow cytometry(FCM), and cytosolic calcium was determined by Fluo-3 fluorometry. RESULTS: The hypoxia/hypoglycemia induced apoptosis and increased the cytosolic calcium in SH-SY5Y cells. Jiunaoning Injection inhibited the apoptosis of the SH-SY5Y cells and decreased the concentration of cytosolic free calcium. CONCLUSION: Hypoxia/hypoglycemia induced apoptosis and increase in cytosolic free calcium in SH-SY5Y cells, which were significantly inhibited by Jiunaoning Injection.