There are a total of 16 couplet medicines of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in the book FU Qingzhu Nüke, covering a wide range of diseases such as leukorrheal diseases, menopathy, pregnancy, and puerperal diseases, and there is a fine sense of the dosage, processing, and proportion of the couplet medicines. Through analyzing the cases of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma couplet medicines and the characteristics of dosage, processing, and proportion, we conclude that Paeoniae Radix Alba and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma couplet medicines are mainly as followed: smoothing liver and strengthening spleen in treating leukorrheal diseases to remove dampness and stop leucorrhoea; regulating liver and tonifying spleen in menopathy to regulate menstruation and relieve pain; nourishing blood and benefiting qi in pregnancy to lower adverse qi and tranquilize fetus to prevent miscarriage; regulating and tonifying qi and blood in puerperal diseases to eliminate pathogenic factors and promote lactation; suppressing hyperactive liver for descending adverse qi, and relieving spasm and pain in cases of miscarriage due to rage. In terms of dosage, Paeoniae Radix Alba is mainly used for three to five qian, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is primarily used for one qian, and the dosage of the two medicinals is adjusted according to the degree of primary and secondary liver stagnation and spleen deficiency. In terms of processing, wine Paeoniae Radix Alba and raw Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma are primarily used. Stir-frying with wine can help Paeoniae Radix Alba nourish blood and promote blood circulation, tonifying without stagnation, and it is used in most of the diseases caused by liver qi stagnation or qi and blood deficiency. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma used in raw is tonifying without causing stagnation, and it can also have the effect of purging fire. In terms of proportion, the ratio of Paeoniae Radix Alba to Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is 5∶1 for liver stagnation restraining spleen, 3∶1 for qi and blood deficiency, and 1∶1 for obvious fire-heat. This paper analyses the application of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma couplet medicines in FU Qingzhu Nüke, aiming to deeply study and inherit the academic thought of FU Qingzhu, and to provide new ideas and method for the precise application of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma couplet medicines in clinical practice and researches.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the appearance and moisture, ash content, extract, volatile oil of Panax ginseng and its processed products from different producing areas of northeast China, and thus provide the useful reference data for its quality standard establishment and standardized cultivation.

METHODBase on the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and literatures relating to P. ginseng, the content of moisture, ash, extract, volatile oil in P. ginseng and its processed products from northeast 10 different producing areas were measured, and data analysis of these various indicators was carried out by DTOPSIS.

RESULTThe samples from Changbai, Jian Kangmei and Fusong reached the standard of Chinese pharmacopoeia and national standard, and in addition comprehensive evaluation indicators of them were higher than others samples.

CONCLUSIONThe quality of ginseng from different producing areas appears very different. Some samples failed to reach the standard of Chinese pharmacopoeia and national standard. Ginseng samples from those 3 producing areas of GAP planting bases showed good quality, which reflects the importance of GAP for ginseng cultivation.

China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; Panax ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo understand the embryo after-ripening phenomenon of Panax quinquefolium, the growth and development process of fruit and seed was investigated in this study.

METHODThe growth and development characteristics of fruit and seed were obtained by field observation, the morphological changes were measured with a vernier caliper, paraffin section was used as well.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe plant reached the most flowering numbers in 5-8 d after initial blooming time and the lag phase of embryo occurred in about 70 d. The size, fresh and dry weight of fruit and seed were all reached maximum in fruit maturation period. As the result showed, the development of seed was stopped at torpedo form of embryos, this conclusion can be applied to explore the morphological after-ripening mechanism of P. quinquefolium seed.

Fruit ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Panax ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Seeds ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo study the in vitro embryo culture of Epimedium wushanense and provide scientific basis for large scale production of tissue culture.

METHODCullus and buds were induced from embryo of E. wushanense on a MS medium supplemented with different 2,4-D,6-BA, NAA, IBA.

RESULTThe optimal compositions of medium that induced callus and buds from embryo were the MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg x L(-1), IBA 2 mg x L(-1) and NAA 0.5 mg x L(-1) and the MS medium supplemented with IBA 2 mg x L(-1) and 6-BA 0.5 mg x L(-1), respectively. The optimum medium for callus differentiation was MS + 6-BA 1 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.5 mg x L(-1) + IBA 1 mg x L(-1), and MS +6-BA 1.0 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.5 mg x L(-1) for shoots proliferation.

CONCLUSIONUsing embryo as explants, the method of induction and culture of E. wushanense was established by the callus and buds, and the embryo of E. wushanense can be quickly propagated.

Culture Media ; Epimedium ; embryology ; Regeneration ; Tissue Culture Techniques

OBJECTIVETo provide the basis for standardization cultivation of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium, the relationship between the seedling grading and plant growth, yield and quality were studied.

METHODThe morphological index of the seedlings was measured and the method of principal component and correlation analysis were used to determine the grading index, and step-wise cluster analysis was applied for clustering analysis. Pot experiments were used to measure the indicators of plant growth and development, yield and quality.

RESULTThe height and ground diameter were determined for the quality indicators of the seedlings grading, and the standard quality grading of seedlings of Ch. morifolium was initially set up. The ground diameter of the class I and II were larger than that of the class III, and the number of branches of class I and II was more than that of the class III, on the contrary, the plant height of the class III was higher than that of the class I and II. The shape and appearance of the plant had no effect on the intrinsic quality. Flower center diameter and tubular floret number of the class I and II were significantly larger than those of the class III, so as the yield. The seedling grading had no obvious effect on the internal quality of medicinal material.

CONCLUSIONSeedlings of the class I and class II were suitable for transplanting.

Chrysanthemum ; growth & development ; Flowers ; growth & development ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Seedlings ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo establish the quality classification criteria of Oldenlandia diffusa seeds.

METHODThirty batches of O. diffusa seeds from different provenances with different collecting time were selected. And the seed germination percentage, seed purity, weight per 1 000 grains, moisture content and seed viability were determined and analyzed through SPSS 11.0 software.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONSeed germination percentage was selected as the main index for classification, while seed purity, weight per 1 000 grains and moisture content could be used as references. The quality classification criteria of O. diffusa seeds have been initially established.

Germination ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Oldenlandia ; growth & development ; physiology ; Organ Size ; Quality Control ; Seeds ; growth & development ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo study the influence of host species on growth and development and active component content of Thesium chinense.

METHODPlant morphology and active component content of T. chinense grown with different hosts were measured. The hosts were evaluated by using index-sum method.

RESULTHosts significantly promoted the growth of T. chinense by increasing height, per plant weight, stem diameter, leaf area, the number of seed and haustorium,and decreased RW/SW ratio compared to without host treatment. Considerable differences existed among the effect of different host species treatments. Synthetical evaluation score of Gnaphlium affine was the highest (37), followed by Imperata cylindrical and Prunella vulgaris (36). It is suggested that they were superior hosts for T. chinense. But the scores of Triticum aestivum (25) and Eremochloa ophiuroides (17) were lower, so they were unsuited hosts for T. chinense.

CONCLUSIONHosts significantly promoted the growth of T. chinense. Considerable differences existed among the growth and development of T. chinense grown with different hosts, as well as active component content. Gnaphlium affine, Imperata cylindrical and Prunella vulgaris were superior hosts for T. chinense. While Triticum aestivum and Eremochloa ophiuroides were unsuited hosts for T. chinense.

Host-Parasite Interactions ; Poaceae ; growth & development ; parasitology ; Prunella ; growth & development ; parasitology ; Santalaceae ; growth & development ; physiology ; Triticum ; growth & development ; parasitology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of storage period and grading standards on the quality of Prunella vulgaris in order to provide a theoretical basis for standardized cultivation.

METHODThe spices of P. vulgaris in different storage period (including current year, first-year and second-year) were collected from Lujiang base in Anhui Province. The samples were randomized, with the methods of morphologic characteristics and commercial size on P. vulgaris, the samples were graded into three grades; according to the methods from the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, water-soluble extracts, ethanol-soluble extracts, total ash and acid insoluble ash were measured, respectively, utilizing the UV spectrophotometry to detection the contents of total flavonoids and polysaccharides, the levels of ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and rosmarinic acid were adopted by HPLC.

RESULTThe total ash and acid insoluble ash of P. vulgaris showed significantly increase during prolonged storage; however, the content of water-soluble extracts, ethanol-soluble, total flavonoids, polysaccharides, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid,rosmarinic acid showed significantly decrease during prolonged storage. The spica of P. vulgaris exhibited no rules differences between the quality and grading standards, The second-degree belongs to high content of total flavonoids; the high content of polysaccharides was first-degree; the total ash and acid insoluble ash of spicas exhibited gradually decreased from first-degree to third-grade, and the content of water-soluble extracts, ethanol-soluble extracts,ursolic acid,oleanolic acid, rosmarinic acid showed gradually increased from first-degree to third-grade.

CONCLUSIONThe current year was a suitable storage time of spicas from P. vulgaris could be selected; and the main bioactive components highest level of P. vulgaris spicas was third-degree, second-grade next, first-degree minimum.

China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cinnamates ; analysis ; Depsides ; analysis ; Drug Storage ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Oleanolic Acid ; analysis ; Polysaccharides ; analysis ; Prunella ; chemistry ; Triterpenes ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo achieve the rapid identification for seedlings of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium, the discriminant equation was established and the software for rapid identification was designed.

METHODLeaf structure of medicinal Chrysanthemum of 12 cultivars was analyzed to establish the discriminant equation based on variance analysis and discriminant analysis. On this basis, the identification program and software (based on the python language) were designed.

RESULTThrough the analysis of variance and multiple comparisons for the 11 leaf parameter index data of 12 different cultivars, it was found that that the leaf parameters were significant different from each other and reached significant levels. The discriminant equation and the rapid identification software were set up based on the analysis of various indicators.

CONCLUSIONThe rapid identification system of seedlings of medicinal Chrysanthemum could be achieved through the establishment of discriminant equation combined with computer technology.

Analysis of Variance ; Chrysanthemum ; anatomy & histology ; classification ; Discriminant Analysis ; Plant Leaves ; anatomy & histology ; classification ; Seedlings ; anatomy & histology ; classification

OBJECTIVETo study the hemiparasitic mechanism of Thesium chinense.

METHODThe anatomical structure of T. chinense was studied by using paraffin slice and electron microscope slice. Chlorophyll content was measured by UV spectrometry. Foliar photosynthesis (P(n)) and gas exchange were measured by using a LI-6400 photosynthesis system.

RESULTChloroplast possesses intact granal thylakoid system, lamella was strong. Vascular tissue of T. chinense was strong. Vessel aperture and its transport power were strong both in root and stem. There were many global haustoriums on lateral roots. Vascular tissues were strong inside haustorium, haustorial stylet penetrated epidermis and cortex of host root, and reached pith place, haustorial vessel was integrated with host root vessel. The maximum of P(n) of T. chinense reached 7.06 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1), its water use efficiency was lower, about 0.735 mmol x mol(-1), its transpiration varied notable in daytime and was relatively invariant at nighttime, and the value of daytime was greatly exceed that of nighttime.

CONCLUSIONT. chinense despoils water and nutrition from its host by haustorium. T. chinense can mostly be independent as for C supply by photosynthesis.

Carotenoids ; metabolism ; Cell Respiration ; Chlorophyll ; metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; anatomy & histology ; metabolism ; Plant Roots ; anatomy & histology ; metabolism ; Plant Stems ; anatomy & histology ; metabolism ; Santalaceae ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; metabolism ; Thylakoids ; metabolism ; Water ; metabolism