Managing look-alike/sound-alike medications is important to medical institutions'pharmaceutical manage-ment and pharmacy services.Based on national policies and regulations,this standard focuses on the whole life cycle of look-alike/sound-alike medications in medical institutions.It is developed based on the principles of scientific validity,universality,guidance,and applicability,formed by sorting out problems,soliciting opinions,expert argumentation,and deliberation.It is the first group standard to standardize the management of look-alike/sound-alike medications.This paper introduced and analyzed the team com-position,problem sorting and compilation process,and various elements of the standard in the process of formulating the standard,to provide a reference for medical institutions to use this standard.

Managing look-alike/sound-alike medications is important to medical institutions'pharmaceutical manage-ment and pharmacy services.Based on national policies and regulations,this standard focuses on the whole life cycle of look-alike/sound-alike medications in medical institutions.It is developed based on the principles of scientific validity,universality,guidance,and applicability,formed by sorting out problems,soliciting opinions,expert argumentation,and deliberation.It is the first group standard to standardize the management of look-alike/sound-alike medications.This paper introduced and analyzed the team com-position,problem sorting and compilation process,and various elements of the standard in the process of formulating the standard,to provide a reference for medical institutions to use this standard.

Off-label use means that the intended use of the drug is not included in the instructions approved by the National Medical Products Administration,including unapproved indication,dosage,the course of treatment,route of administration,or population.The formulation of Pharmaceutical Supply Services-Key Medications Management-Off-label Uses is based on relevant laws,regulations,normative documents,guidelines,literatures,and expert opinions,and follows the principles of scientificity,versatility,instructiveness,and operability.This standard regulates and standardizes the institutional and organizational construction,process management,and the whole process of quality management and evaluation improvement of off-label uses,which is the basis for medical institutions to carry out off-label uses management.This article introduced the formulation process of the off-label uses standard and analyzed the key contents of the standard,which would help medical institutions to better comply with and meet the requirements of this standard in the practice of off-label use management.

Drugs under special management include narcotic drugs,psychotropic drugs,toxic drugs for medical use,radiopharmaceuticals,and pharmaceutical precursor chemicals.Supervising and guiding the clinical use of drugs under special management is one of the important responsibilities of the Pharmaceutical Management and Drug Therapy Committee(Group)of medical institutions.The standard for drugs under special management is led by the Pharmaceutical Professional Committee of the China Hospital Association,which standardizes 16 key elements of organizational management,process management,and quality control management drugs under special management in medical institutions.It can guide the standardized implementation of Pharmaceuticals under special control work in various levels and types of medical institutions.This article elaborates on the methods and contents of formulating standards for Pharmaceuticals under special management,to provide reference and inspiration for medical institutions to carry out special drug drug management and daily related work.

The management of clinical application of antimicrobial drugs is an important part of the pharmaceutical management and pharmacy services in medical institutions.Based on national policies and regulations,this standard focuses on the whole life cycle of antimicrobial drugs in medical institutions.It is developed based on the principles of scientific validity,universality,guidance and operability,formed by sorting out problems,collecting opinions,expert argumentation and deliberation.It is the first group standard to standardize the clinical application management of antimicrobial drugs.This paper introduces and analyzes the team composition,problem sorting and compilation process,and various elements of the standard in the process of formulating the standard,and provide a reference for the majority of peers who use it.

Antineoplastic drugs refer to the drugs that act at the cellular and molecular levels to inhibit tumor growth or eliminate tumors through pathways such as cell killing,immune regulation,and endocrine regulation.Antineoplastic drugs generally including chemotherapeutic drugs,molecular targeted therapeutic drugs,immunotherapeutic drugs,and endocrine therapeutic drugs.The management and rational application of antineoplastic drugs in medical institutions are related to the safety of patient treatment.The standard for management of antineoplastic drugs use in clinical is compiled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Committee of China Hospital Association,which specification requirements 18 key elements in the organizational management and system,medication management,drug monitoring and evaluation of antineoplastic drug management in healthcare institutions.This standard is applicable to all levels and types of healthcare institutions carrying out oncology diagnosis and treatment.This paper describes the methodology and basic content of the standard,hoping to providing a reference for medical institutions to carry out relevant work.

The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry, particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry, resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy, endodontic surgery, and dental restoration. However, the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings, primarily due to operators' insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment. In October 2019, Professor Jingping Liang, Vice Chairman of the Society of Cariology and Endodontology, Chinese Stomatological Association, organized a consensus meeting with Chinese experts in endodontics and operative dentistry. The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope. Subsequently, a consensus was reached and officially issued. Over the span of about four years, the content of this consensus has been further developed and improved through practical experience.
Humans ; Dentistry, Operative ; Consensus ; Endodontics ; Root Canal Therapy ; Dental Care

Objective:To explore the occurrence of programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor-related liver injury and the influencing factors in patients with extrahepatic primary tumors.Methods:The electronic medical records of patients with extrahepatic primary tumors who were treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from January to July 2021 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Patients with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related liver injury were screened out, and the occurrence time, clinical type, and severity of liver injury were statistically recorded and analyzed. Patients were divided into liver injury group and non-liver injury group according to whether liver injury occurred. Clinical characteristics including age, gender, type of primary tumor, underlying disease, liver metastasis, regimen of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy, combined medication, and baseline liver and renal function were compared between the 2 groups. The influencing factors of liver injury were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression method, and the odds ratio ( OR) and 95% confidence interval ( CI) were calculated. Results:A total of 386 patients were included in the analysis and 29 patients had PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related liver injury, with an incidence of 7.5%. Of the 29 patients, 25 were male and 4 were female, aged from 19 to 90 years. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors used were sintilimab, nivolumab, teriprizumab, pembrolizumab, tislelizumab, atezolizumab, camrelizumab, and durvalumab in 7, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1, and 1 patient, respectively. The median time from drug use to the occurrence of liver injury was 44 (24, 112) days. The liver injury were typed as hepatocellular injury in 8 patients, cholestatic liver injury in 17 patients, and mixed type in 4 patients, and the severity was grade 1 in 19 patients, grade 2 in 7 patients, and grade 3 in 3 patients. After diagnosis of liver injury, all 29 patients were given symptomatic treatments, of which 24 patients discontinued PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors; 21 patients had recovered liver function after 6-71 days, and 8 developed chronic hepatitis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hepatitis virus infection ( OR=5.749, 95 %CI: 1.337-24.719, P=0.019), hypertension ( OR=5.345, 95 %CI: 2.034-14.047, P=0.001), and baseline alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≥125 U/L ( OR=4.651, 95 %CI: 1.728-12.521, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related liver injury. Conclusions:Liver injury is a common adverse reaction of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, and cholestatic liver injury is the most common clinical type. Patients with hepatitis virus infection, hypertension, and elevated baseline ALP are at high risk for developing PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-associated liver injury.

Objective:To explore the occurrence of programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor-related liver injury and the influencing factors in patients with extrahepatic primary tumors.Methods:The electronic medical records of patients with extrahepatic primary tumors who were treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from January to July 2021 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Patients with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related liver injury were screened out, and the occurrence time, clinical type, and severity of liver injury were statistically recorded and analyzed. Patients were divided into liver injury group and non-liver injury group according to whether liver injury occurred. Clinical characteristics including age, gender, type of primary tumor, underlying disease, liver metastasis, regimen of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy, combined medication, and baseline liver and renal function were compared between the 2 groups. The influencing factors of liver injury were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression method, and the odds ratio ( OR) and 95% confidence interval ( CI) were calculated. Results:A total of 386 patients were included in the analysis and 29 patients had PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related liver injury, with an incidence of 7.5%. Of the 29 patients, 25 were male and 4 were female, aged from 19 to 90 years. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors used were sintilimab, nivolumab, teriprizumab, pembrolizumab, tislelizumab, atezolizumab, camrelizumab, and durvalumab in 7, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1, and 1 patient, respectively. The median time from drug use to the occurrence of liver injury was 44 (24, 112) days. The liver injury were typed as hepatocellular injury in 8 patients, cholestatic liver injury in 17 patients, and mixed type in 4 patients, and the severity was grade 1 in 19 patients, grade 2 in 7 patients, and grade 3 in 3 patients. After diagnosis of liver injury, all 29 patients were given symptomatic treatments, of which 24 patients discontinued PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors; 21 patients had recovered liver function after 6-71 days, and 8 developed chronic hepatitis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hepatitis virus infection ( OR=5.749, 95 %CI: 1.337-24.719, P=0.019), hypertension ( OR=5.345, 95 %CI: 2.034-14.047, P=0.001), and baseline alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≥125 U/L ( OR=4.651, 95 %CI: 1.728-12.521, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related liver injury. Conclusions:Liver injury is a common adverse reaction of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, and cholestatic liver injury is the most common clinical type. Patients with hepatitis virus infection, hypertension, and elevated baseline ALP are at high risk for developing PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-associated liver injury.

In recent years, pulp regeneration has become a research hotspot in the field of stomatology. 3D printing can realize precise control of structure and shape of scaffolds, which provide basis for seed cell adhesion and growth factor release. The 3D printing "pulp complexes" constructed by 3D printing scaffolds for tissue engineering provides a new direction for pulp regeneration research. This paper reviews the applications of 3D printing technology in pulp regeneration. The results of literature review showed that the scaffold materials, seed cells and growth factors in the 3D printing "pulp complexes" all play an important role in the pulp regeneration research. Among them, the scaffold materials act as carriers to load seed cells and growth factors and provide a suitable microenvironment for them. The common seed cells such as dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla and stem cells from the human pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth can provide the cellular basis for pulp regeneration. Moreover, the introduction of growth factors can further support the differentiation of pulp tissue and the reconstruction of pulp vessels and promote pulp regeneration. At present, the 3D printing "pulp complexes" in the study of dental pulp regeneration has made some progress and can induce the formation of pulp-like tissues in the laboratory. However, preparing 3D-printing "pulp complex" with good biological activity, which integrates biomimetic blood vessels and nerves to supply oxygen and nutrients to the cells in the root canal, remains a huge challenge and still needs further exploration and research.