Allergen specific immunotherapy（AIT）, as an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and other allergic diseases, has received widespread attention in the field of health economic evaluation in recent years. This article reviews the current status and progress of economic research on AIT, mainly discussing the socioeconomic burden of allergic rhinitis, the results of health economic studies from different countries, and the primary methods used in health economic research on allergic rhinitis. Existing studies indicate that, although AIT involves high initial costs, it offers significant long-term economic benefits by reducing healthcare resource utilization, improving patient quality of life, and decreasing medication dependence. Moreover, reducing initial costs, applying standardized assessment tools, and conducting cross-national comparative analyses have become key directions for future research. Overall, AIT demonstrates strong potential in terms of long-term health benefits and cost savings, providing solid economic evidence for the management of allergic diseases.
Humans ; Desensitization, Immunologic/economics* ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Rhinitis, Allergic/economics* ; Economics, Medical

This study aims to prepare altrenogest extended-release tablets,evaluate their quality and establish a content determination method.The hydrophilic gel skeleton type,dosage and core thick-ness of altrenogest extended-release tablets were used as the investigating factors,and the release degree of the tablets was used as the investigating index,the prescription process of altrenogest ex-tended-release tablets was optimized by one-factor screening and central combinatorial design re-sponse surface method,and quality evaluation was carried out,the in vitro release model was es-tablished,and a high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)assay method was set up for the determination of altrenogest extended-release tablets.The results showed that the optimal pre-scription of altrenogest extended-release tablets was 2％as the main drug,70％as the solubilizer,0.5％as the lubricant,19.1％as the filler,8.4％as the hydrophilic gel skeleton material,and the thickness of the tablets was 3.8 mm.The in vitro drug release conformed to the Higuchi model,and the altrenogest showed a good linear relationship with the R2=0.999 98 in the range of 10-80 mg/L.The optimized process for the extended-release tablets was stable and had a good quality.The extended-release tablets were stable and had significant slow-release effect.The HPLC method is accurate and reliable and can be used for the determination of altrenogest in extended-release tablets.

Albendazole sulfoxide and ivermectin compound pouring agent were prepared with dime-thyl sulfoxide and 1,2-propanediol as solvents.The central composite design response surface method was used to optimize the formula of pouring agent.Franz diffusion cell method was used to investigate the transdermal performance of pouring agent in vitro.The permeation amounts of the two drugs were determined by HPLC.The best formula of pouring agent was ivermectin 0.5％,al-bendazole sulfoxide 5％,dimethyl sulfoxide 52％,propylene glycol 39％,and the rest was 100％anhydrous ethanol.The cumulative permeation amounts of ivermectin and albendazole sulfoxide were up to 20.78 μg/cm2 and 249.02 μg/cm2,respectively.The in vitro release model of the two drugs accords with the first-order kinetic equation.There is a good linear relationship between al-bendazole sulfoxide and ivermectin in the range of 1-100 mg/L and the peak area.The precision and stability RSD of the two methods are less than 2％.The preparation process of albendazole sul-foxide compound pouring agent is simple,stable and easy to pour.The established HPLC method is simple and accurate,and can be used for the determination of albendazole sulfoxide and ivermectin in pouring agent.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of drilling and drainage combined with atorvastatin calcium tablets in treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH).Methods Totally,46 patients with CSDH,admitted to and received therapy in our hospital from January 2014 to January 2017,were selected for this research.These patients were divided into control group (n=16) and experimental group (n=30) according to therapeutic schemes.The patients from the control group underwent drilling and drainage.Besides that,the patients from the experimental group were given atorvastatin calcium tablets additionally,20 mg/d×2 months.Two months after that,the curative efficacy,hematoma volume before and after operation,pneumocephalus volume one week after operation,duration of tube drainage,length of hospital stay,China stroke scale (CSS) scores,activities of daily life-Barthel index scale (ADL-BI) and visual analog scale (VAS) score were compared between the patients from the two groups.Results Two months after treatment,patients from the experimental group had significantly decreased hematoma volume as compared with those from the control group (P＜0.05).The hematoma volume in both groups 2 months after treatment was significantly decreased as compared with that before treatment (P＜0.05).The pneumocephalus volume,indwelling time of drainage tube,and hospital stays in the experimental group were significantly shorter/lower than those in the control group (P＜0.05).The CSS scores and VAS scores in the experimental group 2 months after treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group (P＜0.05).The ADL-BI scores in the experimental group 2 months after treatment were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05).The ADL-BI scores in both groups 2 months after treatment was significantly increased as compared with those before treatment (P＜0.05).Conclusion As compared with simple use of drilling and drainage,drilling and drainage combined with atorvastatin calcium tablets can help hematoma absorption,decrease incidence of pneumocephalu,and improve prognosis effectively.

Objective To explore the influence of intracranial pressure monitoring on GCS score,complications and prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury patients with trauma craniectomy.Methods A total of 84 patients with STBI were randomly divided into two groups.The routine group was treated with standard large trauma craniectomy,and monitoring group was treated with trauma craniectomy combined with intracranial pressure monitoring.The change of intra-carnial pressure before and after operation,GCS scores change,prognosis as well as post operative complications were compared between two groups.Results Compared with routine group,the intra-carnial pressure at 3rd and 7th day after operation in monitoring group significantly decreased (P<0.05),and the GCS score at 28th day improved after operation in both groups,and increasing degree of monitoring group was significantly higher than the routine group (P<0.05).The GCS score at 3rd month after operation indicated that the prognosis in monitoring group was significantly better than routine group (P<0.05).The incidence rates of electrolyte disturbance in monitoring group and routine group at 6 month after surgery were 59.5% and 33.3% respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion Standard trauma craniectomy combined with intracranial pressure monitoring treatment is effective in treatment of patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Objective To explore the influence of intracranial pressure monitoring on GCS score,complications and prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury patients with trauma craniectomy.Methods A total of 84 patients with STBI were randomly divided into two groups.The routine group was treated with standard large trauma craniectomy,and monitoring group was treated with trauma craniectomy combined with intracranial pressure monitoring.The change of intra-carnial pressure before and after operation,GCS scores change,prognosis as well as post operative complications were compared between two groups.Results Compared with routine group,the intra-carnial pressure at 3rd and 7th day after operation in monitoring group significantly decreased (P<0.05),and the GCS score at 28th day improved after operation in both groups,and increasing degree of monitoring group was significantly higher than the routine group (P<0.05).The GCS score at 3rd month after operation indicated that the prognosis in monitoring group was significantly better than routine group (P<0.05).The incidence rates of electrolyte disturbance in monitoring group and routine group at 6 month after surgery were 59.5% and 33.3% respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion Standard trauma craniectomy combined with intracranial pressure monitoring treatment is effective in treatment of patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Objective To study the Homer1a protein expression and its relationship with neurological deficit and neuronal apoptosis in craniocerebral trauma patients. Methods Forty-two craniocerebral trauma patients, admitted to our hospital from May 2012 to March 2016, were selected as craniocerebral trauma group; 50 healthy subjects accepted physical examination at the same period in our hospital were selected as normal control group (n=50). Immediately after admission, serum contents of Homer1a protein and nerve function damage indices (neurospecific estrogenase [NSE]), fatty acid binding protein [FABP], insulin-like growth factor [IGF-1], and S100B protein) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum apoptotic indices (soluble apoptotic factor [(sFas)], sFas ligand [sFasL], and cell lymphoma-2 [Bcl-2]) were detected by radioimmunoassay. Results Immediately after admission, serum content of Homer1a protein content in craniocerebral trauma group ([113.27±12.19] pg/mL) was significantly higher than that in normal control group ([53.93±4.06] pg/mL, P<0.05); the median serum Homer1a protein level was 115.302 pg/mL, and according to this level, the patients from the craniocerebral trauma group were further divided into high Homer1a group and low Homer1a group. Serum NSE, FABP, S100B, sFas and sFasL levels in the high Homer1a group, low Homer1a group and normal control group were decreased in sequence, and IGF-1 and Bcl-2 levels increased in sequence, with significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion Expression of Homer1a protein is increased in patients with traumatic brain injury, and its content is directly related to nerve injury and neuron apoptosis.

Objective To study the role of early intravenous nutrition given aggressively combined with early minimal feeding on very low birth weight infants (VLBWI),and to evaluate the clinical value of intestinal barrier protein and MicroRNA.Methods All of 62 cases of VLBWI admitted in NICU,the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong Affiliated to Nantong University from January 2006 to June 2014 were recruited.Sixty-two VLBWI were randomly divided into group A and group B.Thirty infants in group A were exposed to conventional intravenous nutrition.Thirty-two infants in group B were treated with early intravenous nutrition aggressively combined with early minimal feeding.The time of birth weight recovery,days with intravenous nutrition,hospital stay and complications were recorded.The liver and kidney functions,electrolytes,blood gas analysis were monitored.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent method was used to detect intestinal fatty acid binding protein (Ⅰ-FABP),an intestinal barrier protein in plasma.Infection related MicroRNA155 was detected with fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results Group B was superior to group A in weight loss after birth [(13.70 ± 3.10) ％ vs (5.46 ± 2.64) ％,P ＜ 0.05],shorter recovery time of body weight [(12.20 ± 3.38) d vs (6.82 ± 3.20) d,P ＜ 0.05],fewer days with intravenous nutrition [(29.62 ± 4.16) d vs (20.80 ± 3.20) d,P ＜ 0.05] and shorter hospital stays [(44.60 ± 6.32) d vs (28.91 ± 4.36) d,P ＜ 0.05].Compared with group A,the infants in group B had less complications,including hyperbilirubinemia (31.2％ vs 56.7％),extrauterine growth retardation (34.3％ vs 73.3％),cholestasis (6.2％ vs 23.3％),feeding intolerance (15.6％ vs 53.3％) and necrotizing enterocolitis (0 vs 16.7％) (all P ＜ 0.05).Although Ⅰ-FABP had a higher plasma concentration in group A than that of group B [(9.083 ± 1.059) μg/L vs (7.563 ± 0.739) μg/L],the difference was not significant (t =1.190,P =0.076 4).However,the plasma levels of Ⅰ-FABP in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were significantly higher than those of group B [(19.500 ± 3.510) μg/L vs (7.563 ±0.739) μg/L,t =5.231,P =0.035 0].The expression of MicroRNA155 in group A was markedly higher than that of group B (2-△△ct were 0.81 ± 0.12 and 0.24 ± 0.08,respectively,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Giving aggressive intravenous nutrition early combined with early minimal feeding was safety and effective to VLBWI,which was of benefit to their growth and development,reducing complications and shorting hospital stays.The detection of intestinal barrier protein Ⅰ-FABP and MicroRNA155 is useful for monitoring feeding complications of VLBWI.

PURPOSE: Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) are an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that was discovered in recent years, and many studies showed that LRIG1 is a tumor suppressor gene and may be related to tumor drug resistance. In this study, we explored whether LRIG1 protein expression can improve the chemosensitivity of glioma cells and what was its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected 93 cases of glioma tissues and detected the expression of LRIG1 and BCL-2. We constructed a multidrug resistance cell line U251/multidrug resistance (MDR) and examined the change of LRIG1 and BCL-2 at mRNA and protein expression levels. LRIG1 expression was upregulated in U251/MDR cells and we detected the change of multidrug resistance. Meanwhile, we changed the expression of LRIG1 and BCL-2 and explored the relationship between LRIG1 and BCL-2. Finally, we also explored the relationship between LRIG1 and RTKs. RESULTS: LRIG1 was negatively correlated with BCL-2 expression in glioma tissue and U251/MDR cells, and upregulation of LRIG1 can enhance chemosensitivity and inhibit BCL-2 expression. Furthermore, LRIG1 was negatively correlated with RTKs in U251/MDR cells. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that LRIG1 can improve chemosensitivity by modulating BCL-2 expression and RTK signaling in glioma cells.
Astrocytoma/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Glioma/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism