Objective To explore the effects of combined exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and high-fat diet on liver lipid metabolism and hepatocyte senescence in mice, and to elucidate the potential mechanisms of the onset and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Specific pathogen free C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups, with 10 mice with equal numbers of each sex in each group. The mice in the control group and the simple BPA group were fed with regular diet, while others four groups of mice were fed with high-fat diet. At the same time, the mice in the simple BPA group were intragastric administered with BPA at a dose of 50 μg/kg body weight, while the mice in the low-, medium- and high-dose BPA+high-fat groups were intragastric administered with BPA at doses of 5, 50 and 500 μg/kg body weight respectively. The mice in the control group and the high-fat group were intragastric administered with the same volume of corn oil once per day for 90 consecutive days. Liver tissues were subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Oil Red O staining. Liver coefficients and lipid-stained area ratios were calculated. Serum level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative expression of cholesterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), CCAAT enhancer binding protein α, P16, and phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) in liver tissues was detected using Western blotting. The interaction effect of the combined exposure to BPA and high-fat diet was observed based on the result of mice in the control group, the simple high-fat group, the simple BPA group, and the medium-dose BPA group+high-fat group (the combined exposure group) using a 2×2 factorial design. The results of mice in the simple high-fat group and the low-, medium-, and high-dose BPA+high-fat groups were used to observe the effect of BPA exposure dose under high-fat diet conditions. Results i) The interactive effect of combined exposure to BPA and high fat. The HE and Oil Red O staining results indicated that the combined exposure to BPA and high-fat diet successfully established NAFLD in mice. The interactive effect of combined exposure to BPA and high-fat diet on serum ALT activity and the relative expression of P16 in the liver tissue of female mice, as well as the serum ALT and AST activities and the relative expression of SREBP1 in the liver tissue of male mice was significant (all P<0.05). Specifically, the serum ALT activity of male mice in the combined exposure group was higher than that in the simple high-fat group (P<0.05), while the ALT activity in the serum of female mice in the combined exposure group was lower than that in the simple BPA group (P<0.05). The relative expression of SREBP1 protein in the liver tissue of male mice in the combined exposure group was higher than that in the control group, the simple high-fat group, and the simple BPA group (all P<0.05). For the other indicators, there were no significant differences in the interactive effect of combined exposure to BPA and high-fat diet (all P>0.05). ii) Dose effects of BPA exposure. The HE and Oil Red O staining result showed that the degree of vacuolar steatosis in the liver of female and male mice of medium- and high-dose BPA + high-fat groups was aggravated, and the range of inflammatory cell infiltration was expanded when compared with same-sex mice in the simple high-fat group. The serum ALT activity and the fat stained area ratio, as well as the relative expression of P16 in liver tissue of female mice in high-dose BPA + high-fat group increased (all P<0.05), while the level of IL-10 in liver tissue decreased (P<0.05), compared with the female mice in simple high-fat group. The serum ALT activity, the TNF-α level in liver tissue, and the relative expression of SREBP1, P16 and γ-H2AX proteins in liver tissue of male mice in high-dose BPA + high-fat group increased (all P<0.05), while the IL-6 level in liver tissue decreased (P<0.05), compared with the male mice in simple high-fat group. For the female or male mice in the low- and medium-dose BPA + high-fat groups, only some of the above indicators showed significant changes (all P<0.05). Conclusion The combined exposure to BPA and high-fat diet has a synergistic effect on the onset and development of NAFLD. The mechanism may be related to inducing cellular senescence and modulation of lipid synthesis pathways, thereby affecting liver steatosis. The exposure dose of BPA may affect the synergistic effect.

Objective To introduce a new method of trans-superior limb of cerebellopontine fissure approach for exploring and managing superomedial responsible vessels of facial nerve of patients with hemifacial spasm.Methods Clinical data of 21 patients with hemifacial spasm among 183 consecutive patients were analyzed retrospectively in our hospital from February 2009 to December 2013.Dissection of the superior limb of the cerebellopontine fissure was performed to explore the distribution and the severity of compression of the superomedial responsible vessels of the facial nerve,and microvascular decompression was performed.Results Neurovascular compression was found in all of the patients,primary responsible vessels were found in 13 patients,and secondary responsible vessels were found in 8 patients.Complete spasm alleviation was achieved immediately after operation in 18 patients,and complete spasm alleviation was achieved in all of the patients 3 months after operation.No severn complications occurred and no patient died.No recurrence was noted after an average 56 months of follow-up.Conclusion The trants-superior limb of cerebellopontine fissure approach could avoid the defects of standard suboccipital retrosigrnoidal approach,which allows easy identification and management of the superomedial responsible vessels of the facial nerve of patients with hemifacial spasm;thus,high consistent successful rate and low complication rate could be found.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of laparoscopic single-port transumbilical renal pedicle lymphatic disconnection (TRPLD) for treatment of chyluria. Methods Nine cases of chyluria underwent laparoscopic single-port TRPLD. In all cases a 2-3 cm single inverted Ushaped supraumbilical incision was made, two 5-mm and one 12-mm trocars were inserted, and a medical rubber glove was sutured surrounding the three trocars and incision was made for gas proofing.Conventional straight and flexible instruments were used for dissection. Results All laparoscopic operations were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time was 135 (96-178) minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 126 (50-250) ml. Chyluria disappeared in all patients after operation and did not reoccur during the follow-up (1 - 6 months).Conclusions Laparoscopic single-port transumbilical TRPLD represents a feasible and novel mini-invasive option for patients with chyluria.

BACKGROUND: Urological complication is one of common surgical complications following transplantation and severely threatens renal function, even patient's lives. Urological complications following renal transplantation mainly contain urinary fistula,ureteral obstruction and ureter backflow.OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the incidence and management of urological complications following kidney transplantation.METHODS: A total of 1 223 patient times following kidney transplants were selected at the Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from December 1993 to April 2007.According to ureter of donor kidney and the urinary tract of recipients, ureteroneocystostomy was used for urinary tract reconstitution in 948 patient times, and end-to-end ureteroureterostomy in 275 patient times. Urological complications such as urinary fistula, ureteral obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were treated by the different methods on the basis of the different causes, mainly by surgical procedures. Reason of urological complications, surgical management of urologicalcomplications and its clinical outcome, the 3-year survival rate of grafted kidney were measured.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In a total of 1 223 patients, urological complications were encountered in 92 cases (7.5%), including 43 cases of urinary fistula (3.5%), 35 ureteral obstruction (2.9%), 14 VUR (1.1%). 35 cases of urinary fistula, 29 ureteral obstruction, 6 VUR were cured by surgical procedures including ureteroureterostomy in 35 patients (50%), revision of ureteroneocystostomy in 18 (25.7%), endourology in 11 (15.7%) and other operation in 6 (9.6%). All recipients with urological complications regained normal graft function except one undoing transplanted nephrectomy due to the pelvis and urteral necrosis. There was no grafted kidney and recipient loss secondary to these complications in the present series. The 3-year survival rate of graft with urological complications and without urological complications did not show significant difference (P > 0.05). These indicated that most of urological complications following kidney transplantation request surgical management, and ureteroureterostomy are frequently used. The long-term graft survival is not affected by a correctly treated urological complication.

BACKGROUND: Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) has been proved to be a novel kidney-specific injury molecule as a marker for the diagnosis of acute renal ischemia injury, and KIM-1 participated in the progress of renal injury repair. However, no one reported the significance of its dynamic expression during the functional rehabilitation of renal graft.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relations between urinary KIM-1 level and the early renal graft function in order to provide rational approaches for evaluating or predicting early renal graft function.METHODS: The 46 patients were divided into 3 groups, including 22 cases of immediate graft function (IGF), 14 cases of slow graft function (SGF) and 10 cases of delayed graft function (DGF). The 24-hour urine specimen was collected every day for 2 weeks since the operation. The urinary KIM-1 content was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and at the same time the urinary and serum creatinine levels were detected. The diversity of urinary KIM-1 level was observed during the recovery of the graft function, and the clinical significance was evaluated by analyzing the correlation of urinary KIM-1 level and serum creatinine.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the first 2 days after kidney transplantation, the urinary KIM-1 levels were high and no significant difference was observed between the three groups (P < 0.05). Two days later, the urinary KIM-1 level descended quickly along with the descent of the serum creatinine in IGF and SGF groups; the urinary KIM-1 maintained high levels until the serum creatinine reached normally. In DGF group, the urinary KIM-1 decreased quickly to a low level after 2 days from operation, but it increased promptly 1 to 2 days before the recovery of graft function and kept a high level until the serum creatinine reached normally. This suggested that consecutive detection of urinary KIM-1 is useful for monitoring the early graft function after kidney transplantation, and high urinary KIM-1 may suggest the recovery of graft function.

BACKGROUND: The urinary fistula rates following kidney transplantation are varying in each center, which lack of unified classification criteria and treatment standard. OBJECTIVE: To explore optimal treatments for urinary fistula following kidney transplantation by retrospective analyzing the characteristics, etiological factors and therapeutic efficacy of urinary fistula. METHODS: Totally 68 patients with urinary fistula were collected, including 42 males and 26 females, aged 21-57 years. The urinary fistula occurred at days 1-17 after operation. According to the location of urinary fistula, patients were divided into stomas fistula and ureter fistula groups. The location of fistula was determined by cystography, magnetic resonance hydrography (MRH) or operation research. In both groups, conservative treatment was first adopted, namely, placing a negative pressure drainage tube draining the wounds and placing a double-J catheter or a urinary canal in, however, if invalid, a surgical repair was performed. There were 45 patients underwent surgery. The location, onset period, therapeutic efficacies of urinary fistula was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the 68 cases of fistula, 20(29.4%) were stomas fistula and 48 (70.6%) were ureter fistula. The onset period was (5.1±2.5) and (8.8±5.5) days after transplantation, respectively (P < 0.05). Fifteen of 20 stomas fistula (75.0%) were cured successfully by conservative treatment. Whereas, for the remaining 5 cases (25.0%), we attempted open surgery, among which 4 were cured, free of recurrence, and 1 case underwent nephrectomy because of acute rejection. For the 48 cases of ureter fisula, only 8 (16.7%) were cured by conservative treatment, but the other 40 (83.3%) must accept further open surgery, among which 35 were cured (including 6 cases of recurrent fistula). Three cases underwent nephrectomy failure of repair owing to acute rejection, besides 2 died of pulmonary infection. The achievement ratio of conservative treatment in lower fistulae was significantly higher than that of upper fistulae (P < 0.01). It is necessary to determine the location of urinary fistula following kidney transplantation. Compared to ureter fistula, stomas fistula occurred earlier with great leaked volume. Conservative treatment can first selected for stomas fistula, only if it is invalid can we resort to open surgery. However, for. ureter fistula, it is wise to adopt open surgery as soon as possible.

1 313 patients who received renal transplantations at Department of Urology, Research Institute of Field Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from December 1993 to October 2008 were selected in the experiment. Urinary fistula occurred in 68 patients of them after renal transplantation. In order to make diagnosis more standard, 68 patients was classified in accordance with diagnostic classification standards after renal transplantation. The 68 patients were divided into simple and complex urinary fistulas in accordance with lesion degree. They were divided into low, high and multiple fistulas in accordance with the position and etiology. 47 (69.1%) of 68 cases were simple urinary fistulas: 42 cases were because of terminal ureteral necrosis; 4 cases were because the anastomosis was mended unsuitably; 1 case was because of poor healing of anastomosis due to infections. 21(30.9 %) cases were complex urinary fistulas. The position of orificium fistula: orificium fistula located at renal pelvis, ureter and anastomosis were 2, 2 and 11 cases, respectively. 6 cases had ureteral necrosis longer than 2 cm. The times of repair: 11 cases had 1 time, 5 cases had 3 times, 3 cases had 3 times and 2 cases had 4 times. 2 cases (2.9%) died because of severe pulmonary infection caused by urinary fistula. Result suggests that there are two advantages of dividing urinary fistula into the simple and complex types after renal transplantation: one is that the diagnosis of urinary fistula is more carefully and standardized, and the other is that doctors can make the best choice for treatment in order to get the best efficacy.

Full length cDNAs of Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)CB7 strain,causing necrosis on Nicotiana glutinosa,were obtained by RT-PCR,using viral genomic RNAs as templates.cDNAs of CMV-CB7 genomic RNAs were cloned and sequenced and results indicated that RNA1,2 and 3 was 3 356 nt,3 045 nt and 2 218 nt,respectively(accordingly Accession Number EF216866,DQ785470 and EF216867).Infectious RNA transcripts from cDNA clones of CMV-CB7 were inoculated onto N.glutinosa and the seedlings of host plants displayed necrosis symptom,whist that of CMV-Fny induced typical mosaic symptoms.Through pseudorecombination between CMV-CB7 and CMV-Fny genomic RNAs,the genetic determinant of necrosis phenotype was mapped to RNA2.Chimeric infectious clones consisting of partial sequences of RNA2 derived from CMV-CB7 and CMV-Fny,respectively,were obtained by Overlapping PCR.Pathogenic analysis with those chimeric RNA2 revealed that 2b gene or 3' UTR of CMV-CB7 RNA2 was responsible for the necrotic pathotype.Northern blotting analysis reflected that both necrotic and non-necrotic viruses accumulated to similar levels of genomic RNAs in host plants.Therefore,necrotic phenotype induced on N.glutinosa was not related to the level of accumulation of CMV genomic RNAs.

To explore the relationship between Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I , -II and lung development in neonatal rats. 80 timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=20): group A (Control group), group B (Dexamethasone (DEX) 1 group), group C (DEX 2 group), group D (retinoic acid (RA) group). 20 pregnant rats in group A, B and D were injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with vehicle (NS), DEX, or RA respectively during gestational day 16 to 18. All newborn rats in group C were subcutaneously injected with DEX at day 1 to 3 after birth. The lung tissue was obtained at the following times: fetuses at gestational ages of 18, 20 and 21 days, and 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days after birth. Lung tissues were used for histopathological study, the polypeptides analysis of IGF- I, -II (immunohistochemistry and Western blot) and mRNA analysis ( RT- PCR). The results showed that the strongest expression of IGF- I in group A and D occurred at ages of 5-7 days (alveolar stage). The stronger their expressions, the better the alveolar develop. The peak stage of expression in group B occurred earlier, on the day 3 after birth. Compared with group A, the expression of IGF-I during gestation age of 18 days to age of 3 days in group B were significantly higher (P<0.01), but significantly lower at other time points (P<0.01). The expression of IGF-I was lower in group C all the time and always higher in group D than those in group A (P<0.01). The peak expression of IGF-II took place at the gestation age of 18 days, then gradually dropped to trace. During 18 days of gestation to age of 3 days, the expression of IGF-II in group B was significantly higher than that in group A (P<0.01). No difference was found among all other groups. The change in the expression of IGF-I, -II mRNA in all 4 groups was similar to that of their polypeptides. The results suggested that there is a close linking between IGF-I , -II and lung development in newborns. The IGF-II works at early stage and the that of IGF- I works at the stage of new septa formation and alveoli maturation. The stronger their expressions, the more mature the lung development.
Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Dexamethasone ; pharmacology ; Female ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Lung ; embryology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Male ; Pregnancy ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tretinoin ; pharmacology

Objective To explore the mechanism and the therapeutic effects of the pelvic floor muscle electrical stimulation on female patients with urinary incontinence Methods Forty three female patients with incontinence were recruited. With different electrical currents, the pudendal nerves were intermittently stimulated by the electrode probe placed in the middle of vagina. To prevent incontinence,the contractions of the detrusor were depressed and the capacity of the bladder was increased by neural reflex, while the urethra obstruction was enhanced by the contractions of pelvic floor muscles. Results The incidence of urethrorrhea was decreased by 46%, and the frequency of micturition was reduced by 49%, while the frequency of urination in 24h ranged from 10 to 12. The general subjectively rated improvement rate of patients was 68%, while the general objectively one was 74%. Conclusion The pelvic floor muscle electrical stimulation, which can improve the patients' life quality, has significant therapeutic effects on female patients with incontinence.