Chronic kidney disease(CKD)is a chronic renal structural and functional disorder caused by multiple causes(history of kidney injury>3 months),with complex etiology and high inci-dence,which will eventually lead to end-stage re-nal disease(ESRD).Common chronic kidney diseas-es include diabetic nephropathy,polycystic ne-phropathy,nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and re-nal fibrosis.At present,there is still a lack of effec-tive specific treatment for chronic kidney disease.The Apelin system is an endogenous physiological regulator.Studies have shown that Apelin is in-volved in the occurrence and development of the above diseases mainly through the regulation of kidney body fluids and blood vessels,and the regu-lation of kidney glucose and lipid metabolism and immunity.This article aims to review the role of Apelin in chronic kidney diseases in recent years,and provide ideas for the treatment and drug de-velopment of kidney diseases with Apelin as a new target.

Immune-related kidney disease is one of the causes of end-stage renal disease and an important disease type that threatens public health. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor activated by bile acids, involved in regulating gene expression related to bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. In recent years, the role of FXR in renal immune regulation has received attention. FXR participates in the occurrence and development of immune-related kidney diseases by regulating the differentiation, polarization, activation, recruitment, adhesion, infiltration, and cytokine release of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. This article reviews renal immune-regulatory mechanisms of FXR in recent years and its potential role in immune-related kidney diseases, to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of immune-related kidney diseases targeting FXR.

Immune-related kidney disease is one of the causes of end-stage renal disease and an important disease type that threatens public health. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor activated by bile acids, involved in regulating gene expression related to bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. In recent years, the role of FXR in renal immune regulation has received attention. FXR participates in the occurrence and development of immune-related kidney diseases by regulating the differentiation, polarization, activation, recruitment, adhesion, infiltration, and cytokine release of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. This article reviews renal immune-regulatory mechanisms of FXR in recent years and its potential role in immune-related kidney diseases, to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of immune-related kidney diseases targeting FXR.

Chronic kidney disease(CKD)is a chronic renal structural and functional disorder caused by multiple causes(history of kidney injury>3 months),with complex etiology and high inci-dence,which will eventually lead to end-stage re-nal disease(ESRD).Common chronic kidney diseas-es include diabetic nephropathy,polycystic ne-phropathy,nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and re-nal fibrosis.At present,there is still a lack of effec-tive specific treatment for chronic kidney disease.The Apelin system is an endogenous physiological regulator.Studies have shown that Apelin is in-volved in the occurrence and development of the above diseases mainly through the regulation of kidney body fluids and blood vessels,and the regu-lation of kidney glucose and lipid metabolism and immunity.This article aims to review the role of Apelin in chronic kidney diseases in recent years,and provide ideas for the treatment and drug de-velopment of kidney diseases with Apelin as a new target.

Objective:To analyze the screening, diagnosis, epidemiology, pregnancy outcomes and treatment status in hepatitis C virus antibody-positive pregnant women, in order to provide clinical evidence for further improving prevention and control of maternal and infant safety.Methods:Data of 246 HCV antibody-positive pregnant women admitted to the Second Hospital of Nanjing from January 2014 to December 2019 were analyzed by epidemiological survey research method. Statistical analysis was performed according to different data using t-test, χ2 test, corrected χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. Results:80 of 246 HCV antibody-positive women had confirmed infection before pregnancy. Of these, 85% were HCV RNA positive, and 16 became pregnant after antiviral therapy. Prenatal examination during pregnancy found that 166 cases were HCV RNA positive, and the HCV RNA positive rate was 81.93%. In the relationship between infection route and birth cohort in HCV antibody-positive pregnant women, there was a statistically significant differences in the proportions of transmission route among birth cohort ( χ2=115.6, P＜0.001). With the delay of birth cohort, the proportion of infection through drug use was decreased ( P＜0.001), while the proportion of acupuncture-associated infection ( P=0.043) and infant hospitalization history were increased ( P=0.005). Among pregnancy complications, HCV antibody-positive pregnant women in HCV RNA＜5.0 E+02 IU/ml and ≥5.0 E+02 IU/ml groups had intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy ( χ2=4.73, P=0.030) and gestational hypertension ( χ2=8.65, P=0.003), and the difference in incidence was statistically significant. Postpartum treatment strategy data analysis showed that the treatment rate was highest in the first year of postpartum, and then showed an upward trend year by year, with a statistically significant difference ( χ2=17.26, P =0.004). Conclusion:Anti-HCV screening rates are lower among pregnant and reproductive age women. HCV screening should be used as an important supplementary means to strengthen maternal safety and health education management during pregnancy. Active postpartum antiviral therapy, with particularly emphasis on management within the first year after delivery, can significantly improve the treatment rate among women of child bearing age.