OBJECTIVE To analyze the differences in chemical composition of mussels from Shengsi,Zhoushan in different har-vest months,and to compare the differences in the composition of mussels from different origins,so as to provide ideas for the compre-hensive utilization of its resources.METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UHPLC-QqQ-MS)and spectrophotometry were used to analyze and evaluate the contents of nucleosides,amino acids,water-soluble proteins,total sugars and polysaccharides in mussels from Shengsi,Zhoushan in 12 months of the year and from 5 different origins;principal component analysis(PCA),partial least squares discriminant method(PLS-DA)and TOPSIS method were used to compre-hensively evaluate mussels.RESULTS A total of 16 amino acids and 11 nucleosides were detected in mussels.The average content of total amino acids in Shengsi mussels throughout the year was 4 851.74 μg·g-1,the average content of total nucleosides was 921.40 μg·g-1,and the average contents of water-soluble protein,polysaccharides,and total sugars were 51.32 mg·g-1,74.39 μg·g-1,and 417.22 mg·g-1,respectively.The nucleosides of Shengsi mussels were the highest in March and April,the ami-no acids and water-soluble proteins were the highest in April and May,and the polysaccharides and total sugars were the highest in Oc-tober and November.The PCA and PLS-DA results of the chemical components of different resources showed that there were great differences in Shengsi mussel samples harvested in different seasons.The entropy weight TOPSIS analysis showed that the comprehen-sive scores of Shengsi mussels in March and April(S7 and S8)were better than those in other areas,and the comprehensive score of Shengsi mussels in April(S8)was the highest,which was determined to be the best harvesting month.CONCLUSION The comparison results of multi-type resource chemistry show that there are great differences in the chemical compo-sition of Shengsi mussels in different harvesting seasons;the quality of Shengsi mussels is better than that of other areas;April is the best harvesting season,providing a reference for the quality evaluation and comprehensive development and utilization of mussels.

AIM:This study aimed to investigate the differences in hepatic lipid metabolites in ICR mice in-duced by a high-fat diet and treated with Shaqi concentrated pills(SQ).METHODS:Thirty 8-week-old SPF-grade ICR mice were randomly assigned to five groups:the normal(CON,n=6)group,the high-fat diet model(HFD,n=6)group,the low-dose SQ administration(SQL,n=6)group,the high-dose SQ administration(SQH,n=6)group,and the liver-protecting tablets positive control(PLT,n=6)group.The HFD group was fed a diet consisting of 60%fat for 8 weeks to es-tablish a metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease model.Upon successful model establishment,the SQL group received a daily gavage of 395 mg/kg for 4 weeks,while the SQH group received 790 mg·kg-1·d-1.The PLT group was ad-ministered liver-protecting tablets at a dosage of 0.655 g/kg via gavage.Body weight and food intake were monitored week-ly.Liver indices,including Lee's index,triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and aspartate transaminase(AST)levels,were measured in each group.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and oil red O staining were performed to assess the extent of pathological damage in liver tissues.Western blot analysis was conducted to evaluate the protein expres-sion levels of choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase-1(CEPT1),adipose triglyceride lipase(ATGL),and diacylglycerol acyltransferase(DGAT)in the liver.A non-targeted lipidomic analysis using LC-MS was employed to detect changes in hepatic lipid content,and multivariate statistical analyses(principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis)were utilized to compare lipid metabolic profiles among the groups and identify differential lipid metabolites.RESULTS:Compared to the CON group,mice in the HFD group exhibited significantly increased body weight,blood glucose levels,serum TG,TC,LDL-C,ALT,and AST levels,accompanied by a marked decrease in HDL-C levels.HE and oil red O staining results revealed significant lipid droplet accumulation in the liver tissues of HFD mice.In contrast,mice in the SQL and SQH groups showed significant reductions in body weight,blood glucose,serum TG,TC,LDL-C,ALT,and AST levels,along with increased HDL-C levels and less lipid accumulation in liver tissues compared to the HFD group.Staining of liver sections confirmed that SQ treatment mitigated the abnormal accumulation of lipid droplets.Lipidomic analysis indicated that SQ treatment normalized 25 aberrantly expressed lipid metabolites to lev-els comparable to the CON group and identified nine representative differential lipid metabolites.Western blot results dem-onstrated that SQ treatment reduced the protein expression levels of ATGL and DGAT while increasing the expression of CEPT1.CONCLUSION:Treatment with SQ can alleviate metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)by modulating triglyceride metabolism,phosphatidylcholine metabolism,and dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine lipid me-tabolism,thereby altering the hepatic lipid profile in MAFLD mice.

Objective:To investigate the mosquito-borne viruses carried by mosquito specimens collected from Huachuan county and Huanan county in Heilongjiang province.Methods:Mosquito samples were collected locally in 2023 and processed in the laboratory. Homogenates of the mosquitoes were inoculated into cells for virus isolation, followed by molecular and bioinformatics analyses of the viral isolates.Results:In 2023, ten viral isolates were obtained from Anopheles sinensis specimens collected in Heilongjiang province, China. Among these isolates, one was identified as Culex flavivirus (CxFV), one as Menghai rhabdovirus (MRV), and eight as Nam Dinh virus (NDiV). The phylogenetic analysis showed that CxFV belongs to genotype I and is clustered with the strains isolated from Liaoning province in 2011 and Ningxia Hui autonomous Region in 2019 in the same evolutionary branch, with amino acid similarity ranging from 98.2% to 99.2% and nucleotide similarity ranging from 98.8% to 99.2%. The MRV strain belongs to the same evolutionary subclade as the strain detected in Guangdong, with both nucleotide and amino acid similarity of 98.0%. Eight NDiV isolates clustered with the South Korean isolates on the same evolutionary branch, forming an independent evolutionary sub-branch. The nucleotide similarity among these eight isolates ranged from 98.5% to 99.7%, while the amino acid similarity ranged from 98.1% to 99.7%. In comparison, when matched with other NDiV isolates from China, the nucleotide similarity of these eight isolates ranged from 94.1% to 97.8%, and the amino acid similarity ranged from 93.5% to 97.7%.Conclusions:This study represents the first isolation of CxFV, MRV, and NDiV in Heilongjiang province, China, and the findings provide fundamental data for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne viral diseases in this region.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the differences in chemical composition of mussels from Shengsi,Zhoushan in different har-vest months,and to compare the differences in the composition of mussels from different origins,so as to provide ideas for the compre-hensive utilization of its resources.METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UHPLC-QqQ-MS)and spectrophotometry were used to analyze and evaluate the contents of nucleosides,amino acids,water-soluble proteins,total sugars and polysaccharides in mussels from Shengsi,Zhoushan in 12 months of the year and from 5 different origins;principal component analysis(PCA),partial least squares discriminant method(PLS-DA)and TOPSIS method were used to compre-hensively evaluate mussels.RESULTS A total of 16 amino acids and 11 nucleosides were detected in mussels.The average content of total amino acids in Shengsi mussels throughout the year was 4 851.74 μg·g-1,the average content of total nucleosides was 921.40 μg·g-1,and the average contents of water-soluble protein,polysaccharides,and total sugars were 51.32 mg·g-1,74.39 μg·g-1,and 417.22 mg·g-1,respectively.The nucleosides of Shengsi mussels were the highest in March and April,the ami-no acids and water-soluble proteins were the highest in April and May,and the polysaccharides and total sugars were the highest in Oc-tober and November.The PCA and PLS-DA results of the chemical components of different resources showed that there were great differences in Shengsi mussel samples harvested in different seasons.The entropy weight TOPSIS analysis showed that the comprehen-sive scores of Shengsi mussels in March and April(S7 and S8)were better than those in other areas,and the comprehensive score of Shengsi mussels in April(S8)was the highest,which was determined to be the best harvesting month.CONCLUSION The comparison results of multi-type resource chemistry show that there are great differences in the chemical compo-sition of Shengsi mussels in different harvesting seasons;the quality of Shengsi mussels is better than that of other areas;April is the best harvesting season,providing a reference for the quality evaluation and comprehensive development and utilization of mussels.

AIM:This study aimed to investigate the differences in hepatic lipid metabolites in ICR mice in-duced by a high-fat diet and treated with Shaqi concentrated pills(SQ).METHODS:Thirty 8-week-old SPF-grade ICR mice were randomly assigned to five groups:the normal(CON,n=6)group,the high-fat diet model(HFD,n=6)group,the low-dose SQ administration(SQL,n=6)group,the high-dose SQ administration(SQH,n=6)group,and the liver-protecting tablets positive control(PLT,n=6)group.The HFD group was fed a diet consisting of 60%fat for 8 weeks to es-tablish a metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease model.Upon successful model establishment,the SQL group received a daily gavage of 395 mg/kg for 4 weeks,while the SQH group received 790 mg·kg-1·d-1.The PLT group was ad-ministered liver-protecting tablets at a dosage of 0.655 g/kg via gavage.Body weight and food intake were monitored week-ly.Liver indices,including Lee's index,triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and aspartate transaminase(AST)levels,were measured in each group.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and oil red O staining were performed to assess the extent of pathological damage in liver tissues.Western blot analysis was conducted to evaluate the protein expres-sion levels of choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase-1(CEPT1),adipose triglyceride lipase(ATGL),and diacylglycerol acyltransferase(DGAT)in the liver.A non-targeted lipidomic analysis using LC-MS was employed to detect changes in hepatic lipid content,and multivariate statistical analyses(principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis)were utilized to compare lipid metabolic profiles among the groups and identify differential lipid metabolites.RESULTS:Compared to the CON group,mice in the HFD group exhibited significantly increased body weight,blood glucose levels,serum TG,TC,LDL-C,ALT,and AST levels,accompanied by a marked decrease in HDL-C levels.HE and oil red O staining results revealed significant lipid droplet accumulation in the liver tissues of HFD mice.In contrast,mice in the SQL and SQH groups showed significant reductions in body weight,blood glucose,serum TG,TC,LDL-C,ALT,and AST levels,along with increased HDL-C levels and less lipid accumulation in liver tissues compared to the HFD group.Staining of liver sections confirmed that SQ treatment mitigated the abnormal accumulation of lipid droplets.Lipidomic analysis indicated that SQ treatment normalized 25 aberrantly expressed lipid metabolites to lev-els comparable to the CON group and identified nine representative differential lipid metabolites.Western blot results dem-onstrated that SQ treatment reduced the protein expression levels of ATGL and DGAT while increasing the expression of CEPT1.CONCLUSION:Treatment with SQ can alleviate metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)by modulating triglyceride metabolism,phosphatidylcholine metabolism,and dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine lipid me-tabolism,thereby altering the hepatic lipid profile in MAFLD mice.

Objective:To investigate the mosquito-borne viruses carried by mosquito specimens collected from Huachuan county and Huanan county in Heilongjiang province.Methods:Mosquito samples were collected locally in 2023 and processed in the laboratory. Homogenates of the mosquitoes were inoculated into cells for virus isolation, followed by molecular and bioinformatics analyses of the viral isolates.Results:In 2023, ten viral isolates were obtained from Anopheles sinensis specimens collected in Heilongjiang province, China. Among these isolates, one was identified as Culex flavivirus (CxFV), one as Menghai rhabdovirus (MRV), and eight as Nam Dinh virus (NDiV). The phylogenetic analysis showed that CxFV belongs to genotype I and is clustered with the strains isolated from Liaoning province in 2011 and Ningxia Hui autonomous Region in 2019 in the same evolutionary branch, with amino acid similarity ranging from 98.2% to 99.2% and nucleotide similarity ranging from 98.8% to 99.2%. The MRV strain belongs to the same evolutionary subclade as the strain detected in Guangdong, with both nucleotide and amino acid similarity of 98.0%. Eight NDiV isolates clustered with the South Korean isolates on the same evolutionary branch, forming an independent evolutionary sub-branch. The nucleotide similarity among these eight isolates ranged from 98.5% to 99.7%, while the amino acid similarity ranged from 98.1% to 99.7%. In comparison, when matched with other NDiV isolates from China, the nucleotide similarity of these eight isolates ranged from 94.1% to 97.8%, and the amino acid similarity ranged from 93.5% to 97.7%.Conclusions:This study represents the first isolation of CxFV, MRV, and NDiV in Heilongjiang province, China, and the findings provide fundamental data for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne viral diseases in this region.

Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nano-sized bilayer vesicles that are shed or secreted by virtually every cell type.A variety of biomolecules,including proteins,lipids,coding and non-coding RNAs,and mitochondrial DNA,can be selectively encapsulated into EVs and delivered to nearby and distant recipient cells,leading to alterations in the recipient cells,suggesting that EVs play an important role in intercellular communication.EVs play effective roles in physiology and pathology and could be used as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.At present,although the mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion in donor cells are well understood,the molecular mechanism of EV recognition and uptake by recipient cells is still unclear.This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of EVs'biological journey in recipient cells,from recognition to uptake and cargo release.Furthermore,we highlight how EVs escape endolysosomal degradation after uptake and thus release cargo,which is crucial for studies applying EVs as drug-targeted delivery vehicles.Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern EV uptake is important to shed light on the functions of EVs as well as on related clinical applications.

AIM: To study the perception of first-order grating acuity and second-order spatial contrast sensitivity in patients with monocular anisometropia amblyopia.METHODS:A total of 715 children(715 eyes)diagnosed as monocular anisometropia amblyopia in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2022 were collected as amblyopia group, and 745 children(745 eyes)with normal corrected visual acuity were collected. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), first-order grating acuity and/or second-order spatial contrast sensitivity were measured, repectively. The perception ability of amblyopia patients to first-order grating acuity and second-order spatial contrast sensitivity were analyzed.RESULTS:There were significant differences between amblyopia group and normal control group in the perception of first-order grating acuity(11.58±6.10 vs. 20.27±3.47, P<0.001)and second-order spatial contrast sensitivity(0.33±0.16 vs 0.12±0.04, P<0.001). And there were significant differences between mild-to-moderate amblyopia and severe amblyopia patients in first-order grating acuity(12.10±6.23 vs. 8.13±3.70, P<0.001)and second-order spatial contrast sensitivity(0.32±0.16 vs. 0.37±0.17, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The first-order and second-order visual pathway of the cerebral cortex in children with monocular anisometropia amblyopia have different degrees of damage. The injury of severe amblyopia is more serious than that of mild-to-moderate amblyopia.

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic non-specific gastrointestinal disorder of unknown etiology and its global incidence is increasing.The traditional view holds that interleukin-13(IL-13)only plays an anti-inflammatory role,but recent studies have demonstrated that IL-13 also plays a pro-inflammatory role by disrupting the intestinal epithelial barrier and forming intestinal fibrosis and intestinal fistula through the IL-13 receptor alpha 2(IL-13Rα2)-mediated pathway.This article reviewed the progress of research on the role of IL-13 in IBD,aiming to provide a reference for optimizing the treatment of IBD.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the interaction between miR-9-5p and tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor 2(TIMP2)on autophagy and apoptosis in multiple myeloma(MM)cells.Methods Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to detect expression levels of miR-9-5p and TIMP2 in bone marrow samples of 9 patients with newly diagnosed MM and 9 patients with recurrent MM.The correlation of expression levels between the two were analyzed.U266 cells were divided into the miR-control group,the miR-9-5p group,the pcDNA3.1 group,the pcDNA3.1-TIMP2 group,the miR-9-5p+pcDNA3.1 group,and the miR-9-5p+pcDNA3.1-TIMP2 group.The effects of overexpressed miR-9-5p and TIMP2 on autophagy and apoptosis in U266 cells were detected by flow cytometry,immunofluorescence staining and Western blot experiments.The dual luciferase report experiment verified the interaction between miR-9-5p and TIMP2.Results Compared with newly diagnosed MM patients,the expression level of miR-9-5p was increased and the expression level of TIMP2 was decreased in patients with recurrent MM.The expression levels of miR-9-5p and TIMP2 were negatively correlated(P<0.05).Compared with the miR-control group,the miR-9-5p group showed a decrease in the expression level of MAP1LC3B-Ⅱ,an increase in expression levels of MAP1LC3B-Ⅰ and SQSTM1,and a decrease in cell apoptosis rate(P<0.05).Compared with the pcDNA3.1 group,the expression level of MAP1LC3B-Ⅱ was increased in the pcDNA3.1-TIMP2 group,while the expression levels of MAP1LC3B-Ⅰ and SQSTM1 were decreased,and the apoptosis rate of cells increased(P<0.05).Bioinformatics and dual luciferase reporter experiments confirmed that TIMP2 was the target gene of miR-9-5p.Conclusion miR-9-5p inhibits autophagy and apoptosis in MM cells by targeting TIMP2,thereby promoting the occurrence and development of MM.