Ovarian aging is one of the most common reproductive endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, with an increasing incidence over the years. It is characterized by a decline or depletion of ovarian function, including follicle quantity and/or quality. Depending on the degree of ovarian function decline, it can be classified into diseases including diminished ovarian reserve, premature ovarian insufficiency, premature ovarian failure, etc., which are clinically characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, reproductive endocrine hormone disruption, and ultimately lead to a decline in female fertility. The pathogenesis is complex and varied, and the exact mechanism is unknown to date. Granulosa cells play a key role in ovarian hormone synthesis and disruption development, and many studies have shown that the programmed death of granulosa cells (apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, etc.) may be closely related to the occurrence and development of ovarian aging. In this article, we present a systematic review of the relevant literature with the aim of exploring the relationship between programmed cell death in granulosa cells and ovarian aging.

Ovarian aging is one of the most common reproductive endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, with an increasing incidence over the years. It is characterized by a decline or depletion of ovarian function, including follicle quantity and/or quality. Depending on the degree of ovarian function decline, it can be classified into diseases including diminished ovarian reserve, premature ovarian insufficiency, premature ovarian failure, etc., which are clinically characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, reproductive endocrine hormone disruption, and ultimately lead to a decline in female fertility. The pathogenesis is complex and varied, and the exact mechanism is unknown to date. Granulosa cells play a key role in ovarian hormone synthesis and disruption development, and many studies have shown that the programmed death of granulosa cells (apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, etc.) may be closely related to the occurrence and development of ovarian aging. In this article, we present a systematic review of the relevant literature with the aim of exploring the relationship between programmed cell death in granulosa cells and ovarian aging.

Objective:To explore the effects of conflicting stimuli generated by different chromatic lights on visual display terminal (VDT) on accommodative response and microfluctuation of myopes and emmetropes, and to investigate the possible relationship between chromatic light, accommodation and the development and progression of myopia.Methods:A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted.Forty-one subjects aged 22 to 30 years old were enrolled, including 19 emmetropes in emmetropic group and 22 myopes in myopic group.The subjects had the normal color vision and no ocular organic diseases.The interventions were screens of different colors.There were 7 chromatic light conditions, including 3 monochromatic lights (red, green, blue), 3 bichromatic lights (red+ green, red+ blue, green+ blue) and 1 polychromatic light (white=red+ green+ blue). Subjects were asked to look at a black E target on a VDT at a distance of 33 cm for more than 20 seconds.The background color of the VDT was changed randomly in the 7 chromatic light conditions.The accommodative responses were recorded with the Grand Seiko WAM-5500 automatic infrared refractor every 0.2 seconds and the accommodative microfluctuation was calculated as the standard deviation of the accommodative response.Accommodative response and accommodative microfluctuation under different chromatic light conditions were compared.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (No.2019-1564). Written informed consent was obtained from each subject.Results:No statistically significant difference was found in the accommodative response between the two groups ( Fgroup=2.626, P=0.113). There was a statistically significant difference under different chromatic light conditions between the two groups ( Flight=39.070, P<0.01). There were similar trends in the effects of various color lights in both groups, with the largest accommodative response under monochromatic red light, followed by the bichromatic light containing red light, and then the smallest accommodative response under monochromatic blue light, and the differences were statistically significant (all at P<0.05). The accommodative microfluctuations under red, green, blue, red+ blue, red+ green, blue+ green and white light conditions were (0.142±0.033), (0.128±0.038), (0.131±0.043), (0.139±0.039), (0.127±0.034), (0.131±0.043) and (0.139±0.042)D in emmetropic group, and (0.178±0.043), (0.164±0.043), (0.159±0.039), (0.174±0.042), (0.166±0.036), (0.159±0.031) and (0.174±0.035)D in myopic group, respectively, showing statistically significant differences between them ( Fgroup=12.146, P<0.01; Flight=2.782, P<0.05). The accommodative microfluctuations under the 7 light conditions were higher in myopic group than in emmetropic group, and the differences were statistically significant (all at P<0.05). In myopes, the accommodative microfluctuation was the largest under red light, which was significantly larger than that under blue light, and was the smallest under blue+ green light (all at P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the accommodative microfluctuation between bichromatic light and its two monochromatic lights, or between the polychromatic light (white light) and its three monochromatic lights (all at P>0.05). There was no significant effect of various chromatic lights on the accommodative microfluctuation in emmetropic group (all at P>0.05). Conclusions:The accommodative microfluctuation is greater in myopes than in emmetropes.The stimuli produced by long-wavelength light cause larger accommodative microfluctuation, while conflicting stimuli generated by different chromatic lights do not increase accommodative microfluctuation.

Chiral metal-organic frameworks(CMOFs)with enantiomeric subunits have been employed in chiral chemistry.In this study,a CMOF formed from 6-methoxyl-(8S,9R)-cinchonan-9-ol-3-carboxylic acid(HQA)and ZnCl2,{(HQA)(ZnCl2)(2.5H2O)｝n was constructed as a chiral stationary phase(CSP)via an in situ fabrication approach and used for chiral amino acid and drug analyses for the first time.The{(HQA)(ZnCl2)(2.5H2O)}n nanocrystal and the corresponding chiral stationary phase were systematically characterised using a series of analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,circular dichroism,X-ray photoelectron spectros-copy,thermogravimetric analysis,and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurements.In open-tubular capillary electrochromatography(CEC),the novel chiral column exhibited strong and broad enantioselectivity toward a variety of chiral analytes,including 19 racemic dansyl amino acids and several model chiral drugs(both acidic and basic).The chiral CEC conditions were optimised,and the enantioseparation mechanisms are discussed.This study not only introduces a new high-efficiency member of the MOF-type CSP family but also demonstrates the potential of improving the enantiose-lectivities of traditional chiral recognition reagents by fully using the inherent characteristics of porous organic frameworks.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive endocrine and metabolic disease in women of childbearing age, which is characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenemia, infertility and polycystic changes of the ovary, often accompanied by obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose tolerance. In recent years, its incidence has increased year by year, and there is no completely effective treatment. More and more studies have shown that resveratrol has potential therapeutic value for PCOS. This article mainly reviews the related research and mechanism progress of resveratrol in improving IR, glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, hyperandrogenism, inflammation and oxidative stress in PCOS, as well as the application of resveratrol in PCOS with infertility.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive endocrine and metabolic disease in women of childbearing age, which is characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenemia, infertility and polycystic changes of the ovary, often accompanied by obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose tolerance. In recent years, its incidence has increased year by year, and there is no completely effective treatment. More and more studies have shown that resveratrol has potential therapeutic value for PCOS. This article mainly reviews the related research and mechanism progress of resveratrol in improving IR, glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, hyperandrogenism, inflammation and oxidative stress in PCOS, as well as the application of resveratrol in PCOS with infertility.

Objective As China′s technological development and social progress,China′s enterprises have begun to produce cochlear implant which has high risk in installation and application.While,currently there is not yet the corresponding state or industry level standards,nor is the international conversion demonstrate standard.The evidence of safety and effectiveness submitted by companies vary widely,and they are quite different from the existing requirements of the technical review.This article aims to do preliminary study on safety and efficacy evaluation in order to establish national and industrial standards to objectively evaluate the cochlear implant safety and efficacy.Methods Systematic analysis of the foreign history and status of safety and efficacy evaluation of cochlear implant were performed,with the indication of the current problems in safety and efficacy evaluation and the reference standard of similar products.Results The systemic recommendations of the safety and efficacy standards of cochlear implant system werw provided.Conclusion From the perspective of medical device regulation,it is imperative and possible to develop the reasonable and scientific safety and effectiveness evaluation for cochlear implant with the effort of experts,enterprises and users.