Dental stem cells (DSCs), a distinct subset of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are isolated from dental tissues, such as dental pulp, exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament, and apical papilla. They have emerged as a promising source of stem cell therapy for tissue regeneration and autoimmune disorders. The main types of DSCs include dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP). Each type exhibits distinct advantages: easy access via minimally invasive procedures, multi-lineage differentiation potential, and excellent ethical acceptability. DSCs have demonstrated outstanding clinical efficacy in oral and maxillofacial regeneration, and their long-term safety has been verified. In oral tissue regeneration, DSCs are highly effective in oral tissue regeneration for critical applications such as the restoration of dental pulp vitality and periodontal tissue repair. A defining advantage of DSCs lies in their ability to integrate with host tissues and promote physiological regeneration, which render them a better option for oral tissue regenerative therapies. Beyond oral applications, DSCs also exhibit promising potential in the treatment of systemic diseases, including type Ⅱ diabetes and autoimmune diseases due to their immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from DSCs act as critical mediators for DSCs' paracrine functions. Possessing regulatory properties similar to their parental cells, EVs are extensively utilized in research targeting tissue repair, immunomodulation, and regenerative therapy-offering a "cell-free" strategy to mitigate the limitations associated with cell-based therapies. Despite these advancements, standardizing large-scale manufacturing, maintaining strict quality control, and clarifying the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of DSCs and their EVs with recipient tissues remain major obstacles to the clinical translation of these treatments into broad clinical use. Addressing these barriers will be critical to enhancing their clinical applicability and therapeutic efficacy. In conclusion, DSCs and their EVs represent a transformative approach in regenerative medicine, and increasing clinical evidence supports their application in oral and systemic diseases. Continuous innovation remains essential to unlocking the widespread clinical potential of DSCs.
Humans ; Dental Pulp/cytology* ; Translational Research, Biomedical ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology* ; Periodontal Ligament/cytology* ; Stem Cells/cytology* ; Regeneration ; Tooth, Deciduous/cytology* ; Cell Differentiation ; Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Regenerative Medicine

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of lithium disilicate glass ceramic cantilever resin-bonded fixed partial dentures(CRBFPDs)on single anterior tooth loss to provide a reference for the selection of restoration methods for single anterior tooth loss.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and informed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-two patients with less than two anterior teeth with monomaxillary loss were included in this study.After 6 months,1 year,2 years,and 3 years,the aesthetic and functional effects of the restorations and the periodontal health status were evaluated,and the visual analog scale(VAS)was used to assess pa-tient satisfaction.Results During the observation period,the connector fractured in one case within 3 months.One case had debonded within 2 years.The aesthetic restoration effect of all lithium disilicate glass ceramic CRBFPDs was categorized as Class A.The periodontal health was good,there was no clinical absorption in the soft and hard tissues of the abutment or subbridge,periodontal status according to the evaluation indices was classified as class A,and the total satisfaction rate of the patient was 100%.Conclusion For single anterior tooth loss patients,lithium disilicate glass ceramic cantilever resin-bonded fixed partial denture can achieve the restoration effect of less invasion,better adhesion,aesthetics,comfort and good biocompatibility.With high patient satisfaction,it can be considered an ideal restoration method for replacing a single anterior tooth.

BACKGROUND: Insufficient bone mass in the posterior maxilla region often increases the difficulty of dental implantation. The application of maxillary sinus floor elevation successfully solves this problem. In the surgery bone grafting can be used to obtain sufficient bone mass. However, nonuse of graft materials can shorten the cycle of patient's treatment and reduce trauma and cost. OBJECTIVE: Combining the latest relevant research trends, to review the advances in the study of maxillary sinus floor elevation with and without bone grafting. METHODS: The first author searched PubMed, VIP, WanFang and CNKI databases using computer for relevant articles published from January 1985 to August 2018. The key words were "dental implant, maxillary sinus, bone augmentation, bone substitute" in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally, 78 articles were included in result analysis after screening and summarizing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Ideal results can be achieved in the maxillary sinus floor elevation with or without simultaneous bone grafting In addition, the nonuse of grafting materials have the advantages of simplifying surgical procedures, shortening treatment cycles, reducing trauma and pain, reducing treatment costs, reducing complications and failure rates, thus gaining the favor of doctors and patients. Therefore, the maxillary sinus floor elevation without simultaneous bone grafting will be the primary choice of the doctors engaged in dental implantation in the future.

Objective To investigate the effect of tooth extraction with antibiotics on atherosclerosis, and to examine the expression of serum interleukin 6(IL-6) and the pathological changes of the carotid artery in chronic periodontitis(CP) rats with or without atherosclerosis(As).Methods A total of 44 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, group A(normal control), group B(As), group C(CP),group D(CP+As).After model establishment, group C and group D were randomly divided into group C1/D1 (tooth extraction) and group C2/D2(tooth extraction with antibiotics) according to random number table and received the corresponding oral intervention treatment respectively.Serum IL-6 levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) respectively one week before the intervention, one week after the first intervention, one, three, five weeks after the second intervention.The pathological changes of the carotid artery were accessed under light microscope.Results At all sampling time points, the levels of serum IL-6 in group B, C, D were higher than that of group A, with group D 1 being increased most obviously,significantly higher than that of group A(P＜ 0.001).One week after the second intervention, the content of IL-6 in group C and group D peaked[C1(127.0±29.9) ng/L, C2: (120.6±23.1) ng/L, D1: (175.1±50.8) ng/L,D2: (160.5±37.7) ng/L], and was significantly higher than that of group B[B: (43.4±7.5) ng/L, P＜0.001].Then they all had varying degrees of decline, 5 weeks after the second intervention, group C1 and D1 were still higher than that of group B, but group C2 and D2 were lower than that of group B.At all sampling time points, the levels of serum IL-6 in group C2/D2 were lower than those in group C1/D1, 5 weeks after the second intervention the difference was most obvious and statistically significant(P＜0.001).Pathology showed that the carotid artery wall in group A was normal.The carotid artery wall was thickened in group B,inflammatory cells and foam cells could be seen, and elastic fibers disordered.The carotid artery wall in group C 1 was uneven, foam cells and a small amount of inflammatory cells were visible, and elastic fiber disordered.Obvious thickening was not seen in the carotid artery wall of group C2, a small amount of foam cells and inflammatory cells were found, and elastic fiber mildly disordered.The carotid artery wall in group D1 was obviously uneven, calcium salt deposits were visible in the artery wall, a large amount of inflammatory cells and foam cells could be found, and elastic fiber disordered.Obvious thickening was not seen in the carotid artery wall of group D2, a small amount of inflammatory cells and a large amount of foam cells could be seen, and elastic fiber disordered.Conclusions Periodontitis and hyperlipidemia could increase the level of serum IL-6 and the risk of the As.In chronic periodontitis rats with or without atherosclerosis, when periodontal inflammation was not controlled, tooth extraction may increase the risk of the As.At the time of tooth extraction, giving the anti-inflammatory treatment can reduce the risk to a certain extent.