With the change of infectious disease incidence pattern and the development of related technologies, progresses have been made in the research of infectious disease epidemiology. In recent years, due to the change in the requirements of infectious disease prevention and control, the research focus has expanded from common infectious diseases to diseases which have been eliminated or might be eliminated, as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Infectious disease data has been characterized by multiple sources and modalities. Along with the rapid development of pathogen detection methods, infectious disease surveillance has shifted from a single disease-targted one to a comprehensive one. Moreover, novel technologies such as multi-omics and artificial intelligence have been applied in infectious disease epidemiology research. The international cooperation in this field has become increasingly crucial, and the revision of the International Health Regulations and the negotiation of pandemic agreement will have a profound impact. In the future, infectious disease epidemiology research will develop with more powerful tools to improve its capabilities.

With the change of infectious disease incidence pattern and the development of related technologies, progresses have been made in the research of infectious disease epidemiology. In recent years, due to the change in the requirements of infectious disease prevention and control, the research focus has expanded from common infectious diseases to diseases which have been eliminated or might be eliminated, as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Infectious disease data has been characterized by multiple sources and modalities. Along with the rapid development of pathogen detection methods, infectious disease surveillance has shifted from a single disease-targted one to a comprehensive one. Moreover, novel technologies such as multi-omics and artificial intelligence have been applied in infectious disease epidemiology research. The international cooperation in this field has become increasingly crucial, and the revision of the International Health Regulations and the negotiation of pandemic agreement will have a profound impact. In the future, infectious disease epidemiology research will develop with more powerful tools to improve its capabilities.

The COVID-19 continues to spread throughout the world, and local clusters and outbreaks related to overseas imports have occurred in many places in China. Vaccination against COVID-19 is one of the most effective tools to prevent disease, severe illness and death. For vaccines developed and used by China, it is particularly important for scientific and targeted prevention and control to study different outbreak scenarios, to conduct in-depth real-world research on SARS-CoV-2 variants, and to further promote vaccine development and technical reserves. This article commented the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine, and prospected the future research on vaccine efficacy, immunization strategy and vaccine development, which provided evidence for optimizing vaccination strategy.

The COVID-19 continues to spread throughout the world, and local clusters and outbreaks related to overseas imports have occurred in many places in China. Vaccination against COVID-19 is one of the most effective tools to prevent disease, severe illness and death. For vaccines developed and used by China, it is particularly important for scientific and targeted prevention and control to study different outbreak scenarios, to conduct in-depth real-world research on SARS-CoV-2 variants, and to further promote vaccine development and technical reserves. This article commented the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine, and prospected the future research on vaccine efficacy, immunization strategy and vaccine development, which provided evidence for optimizing vaccination strategy.

BACKGROUND: World Health Organization recommends that influenza vaccines should benefit as much of the population as possible, especially where resources are limited. Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the greatest threats to health systems worldwide. The present study aimed to extend the evidence of the association between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 to promote the former. METHODS: In this systematic review, four electronic databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, were searched for related studies published up to May 2022. All odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled by meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 36 studies, encompassing 55,996,841 subjects, were included in this study. The meta-analysis for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection provided an OR of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.73-0.87). The statistically significant estimates for clinical outcomes were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.72-0.96) for intensive care unit admission, 0.69 (95% CI: 0.57-0.84) for ventilator support, and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.52-0.93) for fatal infection, while no effect seen in hospitalization with an OR of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.68-1.10). CONCLUSION: Influenza vaccination helps limit SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes, but further studies are needed. REGISTRATION PROSPERO, CRD42022333747.
Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Influenza, Human ; Intensive Care Units ; Vaccination