ObjectiveTo reveal the influence of Jianchangbang characteristic processing method on the change process of volatile components and the processing mechanism of reducing toxicity and increasing efficiency of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex（MOC） by studying the changes in the composition and content of volatile components during the processing of ginger processed Xingpo pieces. MethodSamples of raw products， ginger juice moisturized products and stir-fried and heap moisturized products of MOC were taken according to the set time points， and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS） was used to determine the contents of volatile components in the samples， and the relative content of each component was obtained by peak area normalization. Principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were performed on the sample data using SIMCA 14.1 software， and the differential components during the processing were screened with variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1 as the indicator. ResultA total of 68 volatile components were identified in the samples， among which some of the chemical components with similar structures showed similar trends of changes， and there was also the phenomenon of interconversion between compounds. Compared with the raw products， the contents of 42 components in ginger juice moisturized products increased， while the contents of 25 components decreased， 19 components were unique， and 4 components were unique to the raw products. Compared with ginger juice moisturized products， MOC in the early stage of piling had three unique components， and the contents of 11 components such as cyclosativene and （+）-α-pinene increased， and the contents of 5 components such as tricyclic terpene and α-curcumene decreased， and ginger juice moisturized products had four unique components. Compared with the early stage of piling， in the later stage， the contents of 8 components such as （+）-α-pinene and camphene significantly increased， while the contents of 6 components such as linalool and α-selinene significantly decreased. During the processing of MOC， there were significant changes in the chemical composition of the samples before and after 20 days. The differences between ginger juice moistening and the early stage of piling， the early stage and the later stage of piling could be clearly distinguished. ConclusionDuring the preparation process of ginger processed Xingpo pieces， the addition of ginger juice can reduce the contents of stimulating components， and the contents of active components continue to increase in several stages， such as the addition of ginger juice， frying and heap moisturizing， the quality of the decoction pieces may change significantly at about 20 d of processing. This study can provide a research basis for exploring the processing mechanism of ginger processed Xingpo pieces.

ObjectiveTo systematically compare the chemical compositional differences between Puerariae Thomsonii stem base（PTSB） and Puerariae Thomsonii Radix（PTR）， and to explore the potential hepatoprotective effects of PTSB by liver metabolomics. MethodUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS） was used to analyze the chemical compositions of PTSB and PTR. Twenty Kunming mice aged 6-8 weeks， half male and half female， were randomly divided into the blank group（sterile water） and PTSB group（1.95 g·kg^-1）， with 10 mice in each group， and the drug was administered by gavage for 14 d， and the body mass was weighed once a day. After the last administration， mice were anesthetized， organs such as heart， liver， spleen， lungs and kidneys were collected， and the organ index was calculated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） was used to measure the levels of aspartate aminotransferase（AST）， alanine aminotransferase（ALT）， total cholesterol（TC） and triglyceride（TG） in the serum of mice from each group， the morphological changes of heart， liver， spleen， lung and kidney tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining， and the regulation of PTSB for the hepatic metabolic profiles of mice was analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS， then the differential metabolites between the blank group and PTSB group were designated， and the metabolic pathways was enriched by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG）. ResultA total of 19 common chemical constituents were identified from PTSB and PTR， all of which were the main pharmacodynamic substances of PTR. The pharmacodynamic results showed that PTSB could control the growth of body mass of mice and reduce the contents of TC， TG， ALT and AST in serum of mice. HE staining observations and organ indexes showed that there was no significant effect of PTSB on all major organs at the highest clinically equivalent dose. A total of 38 differential metabolites were identified by metabolomics， of which 35 were up-regulated and 3 were down-regulated. These differential metabolites were mainly compounds such as amino acids， fatty acids， vitamins， steroids， nucleosides， pyrimidines and alkaloids. Three key metabolic pathways， including tyrosine metabolism， vitamin B₆ metabolism and tryptophan metabolism， were screened by metabolic pathway analysis. ConclusionPTSB has a similar chemical composition to that of PTR， and it may regulate the metabolism of amino acids and vitamins through the flavonoids and isoflavonoids， thus exerting a potential hepatoprotective effect. This study provides an experimental reference for the clinical application and product development of PTSB.

ObjectiveTo analyze the effects of new integration processing method in producing area and traditional method on the composition and pharmacological action of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata（PMRP）， and to illustrate the advantages of toxicity reducing and efficacy enhancing of the decoction pieces prepared by the new method. MethodFresh Polygoni Multiflori Radix（PMR） was taken from Dao-di producing area， and was processed by new integration processing method in producing area（steaming with black bean juice under pressure of 0.1 MPa and temperature at 120 ℃ for 10.5 h） and traditional method（steaming with black bean juice under water for 36 h）， respectively. Samples were collected during the processing process of the two methods， For new method， the samples were collected at 0.5， 3， 5.5， 8， 10.5 h， separately. For traditional method， the samples were collected every 4 h. High performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） was used to establish fingerprint and identify common peaks， the content of polysaccharides was determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetry at 627 nm， and the contents of anthraquinones and stilbene glycosides in different processed products were determined according to the methods under the item of determination of PMR and PMRP in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In pharmacological experiments， 90 SD rats were randomly divided into 9 groups with 10 in each group（half of male and half of female）， including the blank group， and raw products， 24 h processed products under atmospheric pressure， 30 h processed products under atmospheric pressure， 8 h processed products under high pressure groups with low and high dosages（4.125， 16.5 g·kg^-1）. Rats were given the drug by gavage for 29 d with once a day， blood was collected from the abdominal aorta after the last administration， and the serum was isolated， the body mass and liver mass of rats were weighed and the organ index was calculated. The pathological change of liver tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining， and biochemical methods were used to detect the contents of aspartate aminotransferase（AST）， alanine aminotransferase（ALT）， alkaline phosphatase（ALP）， γ-glutamyltransferase（GGT）， lactic dehydrogenase（LDH） in serum which used as liver function indicators and the levels of superoxide dismutase（SOD）， malondialdehyde（MDA）， glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px） in brain tissues which used as oxidation indicators. ResultA total of 14 common peaks were identified in the fingerprint of PMR， PMRP prepared by new method and traditional method， and three of the peaks were designated as stilbene glycoside， emodin and emodin methyl ether， respectively. The characteristic peak areas of each processed products changed significantly from 0 min to 25 min， indicating that different processing methods had an effect on the contents of components with high polarity in PMRP， and the trend of the changes of the two methods was similar， with the higher degree of change in the new method. The determination results showed that compared with the traditional method， the content of polysaccharide（a kind of beneficial component in PMRP obtained by the new method） significantly increased， while the contents of stilbene glycoside and bound anthraquinone（liver-damaging ingredients） significantly decreased. The pharmacological results showed that compared with the blank group， AST and LDH levels of male rats in the low and high dose groups of 24 h processed products under atmospheric pressure and AST level of male rats in the low and high dose groups of 8 h processed products under high pressure were significantly reduced（P<0.05， P<0.01）， while compared with the raw product groups with the same dose， AST and LDH levels of male rats in the low dose group of 30 h processed products under atmospheric pressure were significantly reduced（P<0.05， P<0.01）， the AST levels of male rats in the low and high dose groups of 8 h processed products under high pressure were significantly decreased（P<0.01）， and there was no statistical significance in the differences of biochemical indexes of female rats in each administration group as compared with those of the blank group. ConclusionThe new integration processing method in producing area of PMRP can reach the quality of relevant regulations in 8 h. The processed products obtained by this method have more advantages than the traditional method in terms of toxicity reducing and efficacy enhancing， and energy saving to avoid the loss of ingredients， which can provide ideas for the production of high-quality decoction pieces of PMRP， and the integration processing method in producing area of other roots and rhizomes of traditional Chinese medicines.

ObjectiveBy comparing the differences in composition and content of volatile components between Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma（AMR）and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR， the effect of processing with rice-washed water on the volatile components in AMR and bran-fried AMR were investigated. MethodHeadspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）was used to determine the volatile components in raw products， bran-fried products and their processed products with rice-washed water. GC conditions were programmed temperature（starting temperature of 50 ℃， rising to 140 ℃ at 10 ℃·min^-1， maintained for 5 min， then rising to 210 ℃ at 4 ℃·min^-1）， splitting ratio of 10∶1， high purity helium as the carrier gas and a solvent delay time of 3 min. MS conditions were an electron bombardment ion source（EI） with an electron collision energy of 70 eV， ion source temperature of 230 ℃， and the detection range of m/z 20-650. The relative contents of the components were determined by the peak area normalization method， the obtained sample data were subjected to principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） by SIMCA 14.1 software， and the differential components of AMR and bleaching AMR， and bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR were screened according to variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1 and P<0.05. ResultA total of 71 volatile components were identified， including 53 in AMR， 50 in bleaching AMR， 51 in bran-fried AMR， and 44 in bran-fried bleaching AMR. OPLS-DA results showed that there were significant differences between AMR and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR， but not between AMR samples from different origins. The compound composition of AMR and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR did not change， but the contents of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes changed significantly. ConclusionSignificant changes in the contents of volatile components were observed in AMR and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR， among them， 1，2-dimethyl-4-methylidenecyclopentene， 9，10-dehydro-isolongifolene， γ-elemene， zingiberene， atractylone， silphinene， modhephene and （1S，4S，4aS）-1-isopropyl-4，7-dimethyl-1，2，3，4，4a，5-hexahydronaphthalene can be used as candidate differential markers of volatile components of AMR before and after processing with rice-washed water.

ObjectiveTo identify the chemical constituents of Alismatis Rhizoma before and after processing with salt-water by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）， and to investigate the changes of terpenoids in Alismatis Rhizoma before and after processing with salt-water. MethodUPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to detect with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A）-acetonitrile （B）as mobile phase for gradient elution （0-0.01 min， 20%B； 0.01-5 min， 20%-40%B； 5-40 min， 40%-95%B； 40-42 min， 95%B； 42-42.1 min， 95%-20%B； 42.1-45 min， 20%B）， electrospray ionization （ESI） was selected for collection and detection in positive ion mode with the scanning range of m/z 100-1 250 and ion source temperature at 500 ℃. The data were analyzed by PeakView 1.2.0.3， the components were identified according to the primary and secondary MS data， and combined with the reference substance and literature. After normalized treatment by MarkerView 1.2.1， the MS data were analyzed by principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）， and then the differential components before and after processing were screened. The content changes of differential components were analyzed according to the relative peak area. ResultA total of 30 components were identified under positive ion mode， including 28 prototerpene triterpenes and 2 sesquiterpenes. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were significant differences in components from Alismatis Rhizoma before and after processing with salt-water， and 10 differential components （alisol B 23-acetate， alisol I， alismol， 11-deoxy-alisol B 23-acetate， alisol B， alisol C， 11-deoxy-alisol B， alisol G， 11-deoxy-alisol C and alisol A） were screened， and the contents of alisol G and alisol A decreased significantly after processing. ConclusionUPLC-Q-TOF-MS can comprehensively and accurately identify the chemical constituents in raw and salt-processed products of Alismatis Rhizoma. It takes a great difference in the contents of chemical constituents before and after processing， and the difference of substituents is the main reason for this differences， which can provide reference for determining the material basis of efficacy changes of Alismatis Rhizoma before and after processing with salt-water.

ObjectiveBy comparing the composition and content changes of the volatile components in Atractylodis Rhizoma before and after processing with rice-washed water， the effect of rice-washed water processing on volatile components in Atractylodis Rhizoma was investigated. MethodHeadspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （HS-GC-MS） was used to detect the volatile components in rhizomes of Atractylodes chinensis and A. lancea， and their processed products of rice-washed water. Chromatographic conditions were programmed temperature （starting temperature of 50 ℃ for 2 min， rising to 120 ℃ with the speed of 10 ℃·min^-1， then rising to 170 ℃ at 2.5 ℃·min^-1， and rising to 240 ℃ at 10 ℃·min^-1 for 3 min）， the inlet temperature was 280 ℃， the split ratio was 10∶1， and the solvent delay time was 3 min. The conditions of mass spectrometry were electron bombardment ionization （EI） with ionization temperature at 230 ℃ and detection range of m/z 20-650. Then the relative content of each component was determined by the peak area normalization method. SIMCA 14.1 software was used to perform unsupervised principal component analysis （PCA） and supervised orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） on each sample data， the differential components of Atractylodis Rhizoma and its processed products were screened by the principle of variable importance in the projection （VIP） value>1. ResultA total of 60 components were identified， among which 40 were rhizomes of A. chinensis and 38 were its processed products， 46 were rhizomes of A. lancea and 47 were its processed products. PCA and OPLS-DA showed that the 4 kinds of Atractylodis Rhizoma samples were clustered into one category respectively， indicating that the volatile components of the two kinds of Atractylodis Rhizoma were significantly changed after processing with rice-washed water， and there were also significant differences in the volatile components of rhizomes of A. lancea and A. chinensis. The compound composition of Atractylodis Rhizoma and its processed products was basically the same， but the content of the compounds was significantly different. The differential components were mainly concentrated in monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids， and the content of monoterpenoids mostly showed a decreasing trend. ConclusionAfter processing with rice-washed water， the contents of volatile components in rhizomes of A. lancea and A. chinensis are significantly changed， and pinene， 3-carene， p-cymene， ocimene， terpinolene， atractylon， acetic acid and furfural can be used as difference markers before and after processing.

OBJECTIV E To study composition an d content changes of volatile components during the bleaching process of Atractylodis macrocephala with the water of washing rice. METHODS The raw products of A. macrocephala and bleached products of 5 different bleaching stages were prepared （in the first and second stages ，raw products were bleached with 9-fold volumn of the water of washing rice for 12 h and 24 h，respectively；in the third ，fourth and fifth stages ，the raw products were firstly bleached with 9-fold volumn of the water of washing rice for 24 h，and then bleached with 9-fold volumn of clean water for 12，24 and 48 h，respectively）；the bleaching temperature was set at 26 ℃. The volatile components of raw products of A. macrocephala and its bleached products of 5 different bleaching stages were qualitatively analyzed by using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relative percentage of each component was calculated by peak area normalization method. RESULTS A total of 49 volatile components were identified from raw products of A. macrocephala and its bleached products of 5 different bleaching stages，including 20 common volatile components such as terpinolene ，cyperene and atractylon ，etc. Among them ，33，31，28， 30，28 and 29 volatile components were identified from the raw products of A. macrocephala and the bleached products of the first to fifth stages ，the relative percentages of which were 66.218％ ，64.711％ ，79.410％ ，65.419％ ，67.101％ ，66.818％ ， respectively；among them ，the relative percentage of atractylon in bleached products was the highest in the fourth stage （41.206％），but was the lowest in the third stage （35.926％）. Compared with the raw product ，16 volatile components such as pethylbrene and β-vetivenen were added in the bleaching process ，while 8 volatile components such as ethyl palmitate and β-maaliene were not detected. However ，5 volatile components including 11-rotundene and （－）-valeranone in the bleaching process showed a trend of disappearance-emergence and disappearance-emergence-disappearance. CONCLUSIONS In the third stage，the total relative percentage of each volatile component and the relative percentage of representative dry component as ， atractylone are the lowest in bleached products of A. ； macrocephala，i.e. the bleaching technology of relieving the dry property of A. macrocephala e with the water of washing rice is bleaching with 9-fold volumn of the water of washing rice for 24 h，and then bleaching with 9-fold volumn of clean water for 12 h.

ObjectiveTo analyze changes of the chemical composition in Euodiae Fructus before and after processing with Coptidis Rhizoma decoction， so as to provide scientific basis for elucidating the processing mechanism of this decoction pieces. MethodUltra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF/MS） was performed on a Titank C₁₈ column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.8 μm）， the mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-acetonitrile for gradient elution， the column temperature was set at 40 ℃， the flow rate was 0.25 mL·min^-1. Electrospray ionization （ESI） was used to scan in positive and negative ion modes， and the scanning range was m/z 50-1 250. The chemical constituents in Euodiae Fructus were identified before and after processing by reference substance comparison， database matching and literature reference， and MarkerView™ 1.2.1 software was used to normalize the obtained data， SIMCA-P 14.1 software was employed to perform principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） on MS data of raw and processed products to screen the differential components before and after processing. ResultA total of 50 compounds were identified， including 48 kinds of stir-fried products with Coptidis Rhizoma decoction and 44 kinds of raw products. After processing， six compounds were added， including danshensu， noroxyhydrastinine， oxyberberine， 13-methylberberrubine， protopine and canadine. However， two kinds of compounds， including （S）-7-hydroxysecorutaecarpine and wuchuyuamide Ⅱ， were not detected after processing. In general， after processing， the overall contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids decreased significantly， the overall content of limonoids increased， and the overall content of alkaloids did not decrease insignificantly. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were significant differences in the composition and content of the chemical components of Euodiae Fructus before and after processing， and a total of 12 variables such as quercetin， dihydrorutaecarpine and dehydroevodiamine were obtained by screening. ConclusionEuodiae Fructus stir-fried with Coptidis Rhizoma decoction mainly contains phenolic acids， flavonoids， limonoids and alkaloids. The composition and content of the chemical components have some changes before and after processing. The addition of processing excipients and hot water immersion are the main reasons for the difference， which can provide experimental basis for interpretation of the processing mechanism of this characteristic processed products of Euodiae Fructus.

ObjectiveTo quickly analyze and identify the components in raw and rice-washed water products of Atractylodes lancea rhizoma （ALD） by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）， and then find out the differential components before and after processing. MethodTitanK C₁₈ column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.8 μm） was used with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A）-acetonitrile （B） for gradient elution （0-0.01 min， 10%B； 0.01-12 min， 10%-25%B； 12-18 min， 25%-55%B； 18-30 min， 55%-70%B； 30-35 min， 70%-95%B； 35-37 min， 95%B； 37-37.1 min， 95%-10%B under negative ion mode and 0-0.01 min， 10%B； 0.01-10 min， 10%-56%B； 10-30 min， 56%-75%B； 30-35 min， 75%-95%B； 35-37 min， 95%B； 37-37.1 min， 95%-10%B under positive ion mode）. Electrospray ionization was selected for collection and detection in positive and negative ion modes with the scanning range of m/z 100-1 250. Combining the reference substances， databases and related literature information， PeakView 1.2 software was used to identify the chemical components of ALD and its rice-washed water products. After normalized treatment by MarkerView™ 1.2.1， the MS data of each sample were analyzed with principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） in SICMA 14.1， and then the differential components before and after processing were screened according to the principle of variable importance in the projection （VIP） value>1 and P<0.01 in t-test. ResultA total of 56 components were identified from the raw and rice-washed water products of ALD， including 17 terpenoids， 8 polyacetylenes， 12 organic acids， 4 glycosides， 4 flavonoids and 11 others. There were 43 components in both， and 7 and 6 specific components respectively. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were significant differences in the contents of the chemical components of ALD before and after processing， and 23 differential components such as atractylodin， atractylenolide Ⅰ， atractylenolide Ⅱ and wogonin were screened. ConclusionALD mainly contains sesquiterpenoids， polyacetylenes and organic acids. The components of ALD are hydrolyzed before and after processing， and the content of active ingredients such as atractylodin increased. According to this， it can provide reference for the research on material basis of processing of ALD.

BACKGROUND:Although the nickel-titanium occluder in the treatment of congenital heart disease has a better clinical effect, arrhythmia wil be more likely to develop in late stage. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of nickel-titanium wire on expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca~(2+)-ATPase and ryanodine receptor of rat myocardial cels. METHODS:Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained and randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control groups. The nickel-titanium wire was implanted to the apex of heart of rats in the experimental group. Rats in the control group received no special treatment. Rat mycardial cels were harvested at the 1th, 3rdand 6th months after operation. The gene and protein expressions of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca~(2+)-ATPase and ryanodine receptor of rat myocardial cels were detected using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The inflammatory reactions were detected using hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After the nickel-titanium wire was implanted into the rat myocardium, inflammatory reaction was induced by inflammatory cel infiltration in the experimental group, with hyperplasia of fibrous tissue. The inflammatory reaction gradualy disappeared as the implanted time extended. No inflammatory cel infiltration was visible in the control group. There was no significant difference in the gene and protein expressions of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca~(2+)-ATPase and ryanodine receptor of rat myocardial cels at different time points after operation between these two groups. It showed that nickel-titanium wire had no influence on the expressions of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca~(2+)-ATPase and ryanodine receptor of rat myocardial cels. These results suggest that nickel-titanium occluder-related arrhythmia may have little relationship with abnormal protein expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca~(2+)-ATPase and ryanodine receptor.