Acute-on-chronic liver failure （ACLF） is a complex clinical syndrome， and early identification and accurate prognostic evaluation are of great importance for patient treatment and management. In recent years， with in-depth research on the pathogenesis of ACLF， multiple prognostic biomarkers have been proposed and used in clinical practice. This article systematically reviews the research advances in prognostic biomarkers for ACLF from the aspects of clinical predictive models， immunological biomarkers， metabolic biomarkers， genetic and epigenetic biomarkers， microbiome-related biomarkers， and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and multi-omics， and it also discusses the value and application prospects of these biomarkers in the prognostic evaluation of ACLF and proposes future research directions， in order to provide a scientific and comprehensive reference for clinicians， guide individualized treatment and management of ACLF patients， and finally improve the clinical outcomes of patients.

Climate and land use changes may significantly impact the habitat distribution of Gastrodia elata, an endangered traditional medicinal plant. Accurately predicting its future potential suitable habitats is crucial for its conservation and sustainable development. This study integrates current distribution data of G. elata with 56 environmental variables and uses the MaxEnt model to predict changes in its suitable habitats under current climate conditions and four future climate scenarios(SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). The results show that October precipitation and December minimum temperature are key environmental factors influencing its distribution. Under the current climate, optimal habitats for G. elata are concentrated in montane forest areas in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hubei, which meet the species' requirements for understory growth. Across all future scenarios, the suitable habitat of G. elata consistently shows a stable northward shift, with a steady increase in suitable areas, extending to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Huang-Huai region, and even expanding into Liaoning, Jilin, and southern Heilongjiang. Land use analysis, taking into account the protection of arable land and the utilization of forest resources, indicates that by 2100, under future climate conditions, arable land in medium-to high-suitability areas is expected to increase by 30%-124%. While the conversion of non-suitable forest land into suitable habitats is projected to increase by 5%-52%, the growth of medium-to high-suitability areas within forests is relatively modest, ranging from 1% to 24%. These findings highlight the need to balance agricultural expansion with forest resource conservation to ensure the long-term sustainability of G. elata and provide scientific guidance for future suitable habitat management.
Ecosystem ; China ; Climate Change ; Gastrodia/growth & development* ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Plants, Medicinal/growth & development*

Acute kidney injury (AKI) has high morbidity and mortality, but effective clinical drugs and management are lacking. Previous studies have suggested that macrophages play a crucial role in the inflammatory response to AKI and may serve as potential therapeutic targets. Emerging evidence has highlighted the importance of forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) in mediating macrophage activation and polarization in various diseases, but the specific mechanisms by which FoxO1 regulates macrophages during AKI remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of FoxO1 in macrophages in the pathogenesis of AKI. We observed a significant upregulation of FoxO1 in kidney macrophages following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that the administration of FoxO1 inhibitor AS1842856-encapsulated liposome (AS-Lipo), mainly acting on macrophages, effectively mitigated renal injury induced by I/R injury in mice. By generating myeloid-specific FoxO1-knockout mice, we further observed that the deficiency of FoxO1 in myeloid cells protected against I/R injury-induced AKI. Furthermore, our study provided evidence of FoxO1's pivotal role in macrophage chemotaxis, inflammation, and migration. Moreover, the impact of FoxO1 on the regulation of macrophage migration was mediated through RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (ARHGEF1), indicating that ARHGEF1 may serve as a potential intermediary between FoxO1 and the activity of the RhoA pathway. Consequently, our findings propose that FoxO1 plays a crucial role as a mediator and biomarker in the context of AKI. Targeting macrophage FoxO1 pharmacologically could potentially offer a promising therapeutic approach for AKI.

Over the past few decades, tumor immunotherapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer clinical treatment. There is a flourishing development of combination strategies to improve the anti-tumor efficacy of mono-immunotherapy. However, instead of a straightforward combination of multiple therapeutics, it is more preferable to pursue a synergistic effect by designing rational combinations as well as administration strategies, which are based on a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and pathological features. In this case, the timing and spatial distribution of the combination drugs become essential factors in achieving improved therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, the concept of Sequential Drug Delivery System (SDDS) is proposed to define the spatiotemporally programmed drug delivery/release through triggers of internal conditions and/or external interventions, thus complying with the dynamic disease evolution and the human immunity. This review summarizes the recent advancements in biomaterial-based SDDSs used for spatiotemporally-tuned combination tumor immunotherapy. Furthermore, the rationales behind various engineering strategies are discussed. Finally, an overview of potential synergistic mechanisms as well as their prospects for combination immunotherapy is presented.

Quality marker (Q-Marker) is an innovative concept and model for quality control of Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), which will navigate the new direction of quality development of TCMs. Yet, how to characterize the overall quality attributes of TCMs and their biological effects is still debating. In view of this key scientific issue, this paper proposes a research method based on mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technology for the discovery and confirmation of TCMs Q-Marker. MSI is powerful in investigating the spatial distribution of molecules in a variety of samples, and visualizing the information obtained from MS. On this basis, combine with the five principles of TCMs Q-Marker validation, i.e., specificity, transmission and traceability, testability, prescription compatibility, and validity, were applied to confirm the finalized Q-Marker. It will lead the new direction of quality development of TCMs.

AIM To analyze the component composition of Xeriga-4 Powder,and to determine the contents of phellodendrine,chlorogenic acid,gardenoside,berberine,rutin and curcumin.METHODS The high performance liquid chromatography-Q-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q-Exactive-MS)qualitative analysis was performed on a 35℃thermostatic Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq column(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of methanol-0.1%formic acid flowing at 0.35 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and electron spray ionization source was adopted in positive and negative ion scanning.High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)quantitative analysis was performed on a 35℃thermostatic Shim-pack GIST-HP C18 column(2.1 mm×100 mm,3 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of methanol-0.1%formic acid flowing at 0.25 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and electron spray ionization source was adopted in positive and negative ion scanning with multiple reaction monitoring mode.RESULTS Total 65 constituents were identified,containing 19 alkaloids,13 organic acids,13 flavonoids,7 curcumins,6 iridoids,4 fatty acids,2 aldehydes,and 1 amino acid.Six constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(r≥0.999 1),whose average recoveries were 96.44%-102.37%with the RSDs of 2.05%-3.74%.CONCLUSION This study can provide a reference for the quality control for Xieriga-4 Powder.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. At present, levodopa and other drugs are mainly used for dopamine supplementation therapy. However, the absorption of levodopa in the gastrointestinal tract is unstable and its half-life is short, and long-term use of levodopa will lead to the end-of-dose deterioration, dyskinesia, the "ON-OFF" phenomenon and other symptoms. Therefore, new preparations need to be developed to improve drug efficacy, reduce side effects or improve compliance of patients. Based on the above clinical needs, this review briefly introduced the preparation modification strategies for the treatment of PD through case analysis, in order to provide references for the research and development of related preparations.

Objective: To understand the implementation of daily study time standard among secondary school students in Shandong Province, so as to provide scientific basis for the formulation and implementation of relevant policies. Methods: From January to May 2023, a multi stage random sampling method was used to select 8 725 middle school students in Shandong Province. A survey questionnaire was designed based on the Requirements for Daily Study Time of Primary and Secondary School Students(GB/T 17223-2012), to investigate indicators such as students daily learning schedule, sleep and physical activity time, break time and scheduling requirements. Results: The compliance rates for daily study time in junior and senior high school students in Shandong Province were 29.2% and 23.6%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference ( χ 2=33.63, P <0.01). Compliance rates for sleep duration, physical activity and recess time, morning and afternoon class hours, and class duration were 19.3%, 26.2%, 30.5%, 73.2% and 16.2%. Class duration compliance was relatively high, with rates of 96.7% in junior high and 94.4% in senior high school students. There was a statistically significant difference in compliance rates for extended class breaks between different educational stages ( χ 2= 81.78, P <0.01), with rates of 84.6% in junior high and 83.4% in senior high school students. As students progressed through their educational stages, compliance rates for physical activities, class breaks, consecutive classes, and total weekly class hours showed a decreasing trend, with rates of 31.8% and 18.3%, 35.7% and 23.1%, 60.5% and 29.6%, 55.2% and 35.1% in junior and senior high school students, respectively. Conclusions The revised standard of Requirements for Daily Study Time of Primary and Secondary School Students(GB/T 17223-2012) optimizes the daily study and life schedule of middle school students to a certain extent. However, daily study time for middle school students in Shandong Province exceeds standard. Relevant departments need to enhance their ability to implement standards and strengthen the supervision of policy standards implementation.