Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome is an inflammation-related acute encephalopathy that occurs in previously healthy children and adolescents.It is clinically characterized by super-refractory status epilepticus that occurs after a febrile infection and is often associated with poor prognosis.In recent years,with a deeper understanding of this disease,the treatment approaches have shifted to early and timely immunotherapy and comprehensive support on the basis of standardized anti-epileptic seizure treatment.This review comprehensively elaborates the definition,clinical characteristics,auxiliary examinations,pathogenesis,diagnosis and evaluation,treatment,prognosis,and future research directions of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome,aiming to enhance under-standing and improve prognosis.

Objective To investigate the effects of baicalein on the expression of inflammatory factors in bronchial epithelial cell(BEC),and explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms involved.Methods Log-phase 16 HBE cells were categorized into five groups:the normal control group,the toluene diisocyanate(TDI)-stimulated group,and the low-,medium-,and high-dose baica-lein groups.The normal control group was cultured with standard medium,while the TDI-stimulated group was treated with TDI-human serum albumin(TDI-HSA)to establish an asthma-like cell model.Following TDI-HSA stimulation,the low-,medium-,and high-dose baicalein groups were intervened with baicalein at final concentrations of 10,20 and 40μmol/L for48hours.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay,and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)release assays were performed to evaluate the LDH release rate.Flow cytometry was used to determine the rate of pyroptosis.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA)were conducted to measure the levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-18(IL-18)in the culture supernatants.Protein ex-pression levels of NLR family,pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3),cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific protease 1(caspase-1),Gasdermin D and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC)were examined via Western blot analysis.Results Compared with the normal control group,the cell viability in the TDI stimulation group decreased(P＜0.05),and the LDH release rate,pyroptosis rate,and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-18 in the supernatant all increased(P＜0.05).Com-pared with the TDI-stimulated group,the cell viability in the low-,medium-,and high-dose baicalein groups increased(P＜0.05),while the LDH release rate,pyroptosis rate,and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-18 in the supernatant all decreased(P＜0.05),and all in a dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05).Compared with the normal control group,the protein expressions of NLRP3,caspase-1,Gasdermin D and ASC in the TDI-stimulated group were all increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the TDI-stimulated group,the protein expressions of NLRP3,caspase-1,Gasdermin D and ASC in the low-,medium-and high-dose baicalein groups were all decreased(P＜0.05),also in a dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05).Conclusion Baicalein may alleviate TDI-induced the expression of inflammatory factors in BEC by modulating the pyroptosis pathway.Through this mechanism,scutellarin enhances cell viabil-ity and reduces the rate of pyroptosis.

Objective To investigate the effects of baicalein on the expression of inflammatory factors in bronchial epithelial cell(BEC),and explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms involved.Methods Log-phase 16 HBE cells were categorized into five groups:the normal control group,the toluene diisocyanate(TDI)-stimulated group,and the low-,medium-,and high-dose baica-lein groups.The normal control group was cultured with standard medium,while the TDI-stimulated group was treated with TDI-human serum albumin(TDI-HSA)to establish an asthma-like cell model.Following TDI-HSA stimulation,the low-,medium-,and high-dose baicalein groups were intervened with baicalein at final concentrations of 10,20 and 40μmol/L for48hours.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay,and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)release assays were performed to evaluate the LDH release rate.Flow cytometry was used to determine the rate of pyroptosis.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA)were conducted to measure the levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-18(IL-18)in the culture supernatants.Protein ex-pression levels of NLR family,pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3),cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific protease 1(caspase-1),Gasdermin D and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC)were examined via Western blot analysis.Results Compared with the normal control group,the cell viability in the TDI stimulation group decreased(P＜0.05),and the LDH release rate,pyroptosis rate,and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-18 in the supernatant all increased(P＜0.05).Com-pared with the TDI-stimulated group,the cell viability in the low-,medium-,and high-dose baicalein groups increased(P＜0.05),while the LDH release rate,pyroptosis rate,and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-18 in the supernatant all decreased(P＜0.05),and all in a dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05).Compared with the normal control group,the protein expressions of NLRP3,caspase-1,Gasdermin D and ASC in the TDI-stimulated group were all increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the TDI-stimulated group,the protein expressions of NLRP3,caspase-1,Gasdermin D and ASC in the low-,medium-and high-dose baicalein groups were all decreased(P＜0.05),also in a dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05).Conclusion Baicalein may alleviate TDI-induced the expression of inflammatory factors in BEC by modulating the pyroptosis pathway.Through this mechanism,scutellarin enhances cell viabil-ity and reduces the rate of pyroptosis.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy and cardiovascular protective effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor(SGLT-2i)on patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy(T2DN).Methods:A total of 376 T2DN patients admitted in our Department of Endocrinology and Department of Cardiology from January 2018 to December 2021 were selected.According to therapeutic program,they were divided into control group(n=177,re-ceived routine treatment program)and SGLT-2i group(n=199,received SGLT-2i based on routine treatment program),both groups were continuously treated for 1 year.Blood glucose,blood pressure,blood lipids,uric acid,body mass index,renal function-related indexes and the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events were compared between the two groups after 12 months,as well as the adverse drug reactions.Results:After 12-month treatment,compared with control group,there were significant reductions in levels of blood pressure,fasting blood glucose(FBG),glycosylated hemoglobin A1e(HbA1c),urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(UACR),creatinine(Cr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and uric acid(UA),and significant rise in estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),albumin(Alb)and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)in SGLT-2i group(P＜0.05 or＜0.01).Incidence rates of acute myocardial infarction(1.51％vs.6.21％)and heart failure caused-readmission(2.51％vs.6.78％)in SGLT-2i group were significantly lower than those of control group,and inci-dence rate of urinary system infection(8.54％vs.1.69％)was significantly higher than that of control group(P＜0.05 all).Conclusion:SGLT-2i can not only effectively control blood glucose,but also reduce body weight and blood pressure,improve blood lipids,reduce uric acid,improve renal hyperfiltration,reduce urinary protein and possess unique cardiovascular benefits,but risk of urinary system infection calls for attention.

Objective In this study,we investigated the active ingredients,targets and molecular mechanisms of Bai zhi based on network pharmacology and mRNA transcriptome sequencing technology for the treatment of microgravity induced bone loss,with a view to providing new therapeutic strategies for microgravity induced bone loss diseases.Methods Investigating the antagonistic effect of the traditional Chinese medicine Bai zhi on microgravity induced bone loss by constructing a hindlimb unloading mice model.18 healthy male mice were randomly divided into Control,HLU and HLU+BZ groups,6 mice in each group,and the effects of Bai zhi on the bone mineral density of the model mice were evaluated after 28 d of continuous gavage.Screening the active ingredients and targets of Bai zhi through TCMSP,Genecards,OMIM,TTD,DisGeNET and other network pharmacology databases.A hindlimb tail suspension unloading animal(HLU)model was established,and the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)responding to mechanical unloading were analyzed using transcriptome sequencing methods,and the targets of Bai zhi active ingredients intersected with the targets of the differentially expressed genes responding to mechanical unloading,so that the core gene targets of Bai zhi for intervening in weightlessness bone loss could be obtained;Construction of Bai zhi component-target protein interaction network(PPI)using String database and Cytoscape software,and enrichment and analysis of key signaling pathways of Bai zhi for treating microgravity induced bone loss using R Studio software.Results Bai zhi effectively restored bone loss in hindlimb tail suspension mice.By quantitative analysis of bone mineral density scanning of hindlimb tail suspension mice,the results showed that Bai zhi significantly restored the loss of bone mineral density in the model mice(P?

Objective:To compare the mid-term clinical effects of AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (ART+CDT) with catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) in the treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities.Methods:Ninety-one patients admitted to the Department from Jan 2016 to Dec 2017 were placed with inferior vena cava filters and divided into ART+CDT group (30 cases)and CDT group (61 cases). Total urokinase dosge, thrombolytic time, operative cost, length of hospital stay, detumescence rate, thrombus clearance rate, cumulative patency rate of lower limb veins, Villalta score at 2 years and 5 years, thrombosis recurrence rate and chronic venous insufficiency quality of life questionnaire were compared between the two groups.Results:The success rate of surgery was 100% in both groups, there was no mortality. There were significant differences in the short-term postoperative outcomes between the two groups in terms of total dosage of urokinase, thrombolysis time, total cost of surgery, length of hospital stay, detumescence rate, venous patency scores before and after treatment, and venous patency rate (all P<0.05). For the mid- and long-term postoperative outcomes of 2 and 5 years, there were no significant differences in the incidence of PTS, recurrence rate of thrombus, chronic venous function scale, and cumulative patency rate at 2 years (all P>0.05). Conclusions:ART+CDT has a significant advantage over CDT alone in terms of early efficacy and early reopening of blood flow in patients. Both ART+CDT and CDT have a low incidence of PTS and a low recurrence rate of thrombus in the mid-term follow-up, and both have satisfactory performance in the mid- and long-term efficacy of interventional treatment of deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs.

In 2006, 2014 and 2020, the positive rates of HBsAg in 560, 384 and 402 children aged 1 to 14 years were 4.5%, 2.6% and 2.5%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). The positive rate of anti-HBs was highest in 2014 (57.8%) and lowest in 2006 (34.1%) (P<0.05). The positive rate of anti-HBc was highest in 2006 (15.7%), and decreased in 2014 (7.8%) and 2020 (5.7%) (P<0.001). The timely rate of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine for children in Lhasa in 2006, 2014 and 2020 was 7.7% (43/560), 50.3% (193/384) and 94.8% (381/402), respectively. The overall vaccination rates were 15.4% (86/560), 35.2% (135/384) and 96.0% (386/402), respectively, showing a trend of gradual increases (χtrend values were 718.63 and 589.59, both P values<0.001).
Child ; Humans ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Hepatitis B/prevention & control* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; Vaccination

Objective:To illustrate the onset of epileptic seizures in children with brain injury admitted in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and to explore the risk factors and the correlation between epileptic seizures and the prognosis.Methods:Clinical data of pediatric patients with brain injury who were admitted to PICU of Peking University First Hospital from January 2013 to December 2019, and monitored by video electroencephalography (VEEG) were retrospectively collected, including general demographic information, etiological data, clinical seizures prior to VEEG performing, in-hospital mortality, brain function score, VEEG manifestations, etc.Seizures detected by VEEG were the primary outcome, and prognosis when discharged from PICU was the secondary outcome. Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with seizures and poor outcome. Results:A total of 284 children were included, involving 54.9%(156/284) males.The median age of included children was 1.7(0.5, 5.0) years.Stratified by the cause of disease, 45.1%(128/284) had epilepsy, 26.1%(74/128) had genetic metabolic disease, and 14.4%(41/284) had central nervous system infection.A total of 82.0%(233/284) children had abnormal VEEG background activities, and 59.5%(169/284) had interictal epileptic discharges.Seizures were detected in 106 cases, including 39.6%(42/106) of non-convulsive seizures and 24.5%(26/106) of non-convulsive epileptic states.There were 12.0% (34/284) had poor prognosis at discharge, including 24 patients died in-hospital, and Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category scores were increased in 10 survivors.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that seizures existed before VEEG monitoring and interictal epileptiform discharge were the independent risk factors for seizure.Besides, mental retardation, sepsis related encephalopathy, consciousness abnormality during VEEG, abnormal VEEG background activity, and epileptic status were significantly correlated with the poor prognosis of children with brain injury in PICU. Conclusions:The incidence of electrographic seizure is higher in children with brain injury in PICU, and VEEG monitoring is beneficial to children with brain injury that achieves an early identification of seizures and prediction of prognosis.

Objective: To observe the characteristics of the evolution of liver indexes in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) treated with CAR-T-cells based on BCMA. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed of patients with RRMM who received an infusion of anti-BCMA CAR-T-cells and anti-BCMA combined with anti-CD19 CAR-T-cells at our center between June 1, 2019, and February 28, 2023. Clinical data were collected to observe the characteristics of changes in liver indexes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), and direct bilirubin (DBIL) in patients, and its relationship with cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) . Results: Ninety-two patients were included in the analysis, including 41 patients (44.6%) in the group receiving a single infusion of anti-BCMA CAR-T-cells, and 51 patients (55.4%) in the group receiving an infusion of anti-BCMA combined with anti-CD19 CAR-T-cells. After infusing CAR-T-cells, 31 patients (33.7%) experienced changes in liver indexes at or above grade 2, which included 20 patients (21.7%) with changes in one index, five patients (5.4%) with changes in two indexes, and six patients (6.5%) with changes in three or more indexes. The median time of peak values of ALT and AST were d17 and d14, respectively, and the median duration of exceeding grade 2 was 5.0 and 3.5 days, respectively. The median time of peak values of TBIL and DBIL was on d19 and d21, respectively, and the median duration of exceeding grade 2 was 4.0 days, respectively. The median time of onset of CRS was d8, and the peak time of fever was d9. The ALT, AST, and TBIL of patients with CRS were higher than those of patients without CRS (P=0.011, 0.002, and 0.015, respectively). CRS is an independent factor that affects ALT and TBIL levels (OR=19.668, 95% CI 18.959-20.173, P=0.001). The evolution of liver indexes can be reversed through anti-CRS and liver-protection treatments, and no patient died of liver injury. Conclusions: In BCMA-based CAR-T-cell therapy for RRMM, CRS is an important factor causing the evolution of liver indexes. The evolution of liver indexes after CAR-T-cell infusion is transient and reversible after treatment.
Humans ; Antigens, CD19 ; B-Cell Maturation Antigen/therapeutic use* ; Bilirubin ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Liver ; Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; T-Lymphocytes

Humans ; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Antigens, CD19