OBJECTIVE To summarize the current status of position training for clinical pharmacists in China and provide references for the continuous optimization of such training programs. METHODS SinoMed， CNKI，VIP and Wanfang Data were electronically searched to collect position training of clinical pharmacists studies from the inception until November 5th 2024. After data extraction and quality evaluation， descriptive analysis was performed on the results of the included studies. RESULTS & A total of 68 pieces of relevant literature were included in the study. Among them， 50 studies reported on training content， 49 involved the allocation of teaching resources in the bases， 48 addressed training methods， and 39 focused on training evaluation； only 2 studies mentioned faculty development. There were notable variations in the clinical pharmacist training programs across different bases， particularly in the allocation of teaching resources， such as the composition of the teaching team and the utilization of auxiliary teaching tools. Additionally， differences existed in training approaches， such as those employing a single method versus a blended approach. Conversely， the core training content of each base generally revolved around clinical pharmacy practice， demonstrating a degree of consistency. Moreover， the overall emphasis on teacher training and assessment tended to be obviously insufficient. Each base can focus on enhancing the competence of clinical pharmacists by allocating teaching resources， selecting training methods， improving training content， and using evaluation tools， to further enhance the quality of clinical pharmacist training.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the characteristics and clinical significance of anorectal manometry measurements in children with tethered cord syndrome (TCS) before and after surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 44 children with TCS treated at the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2022 to September 2023. These patients were divided into effective subgroup (n=34) and non-effective subgroup (n=10) based on postoperative symptom improvement. Additionally, 34 children with functional constipation were selected as a control group. Baseline data and manometry measurements were compared between the preoperative TCS group and the control group, as well as between the non-effective and effective subgroups. RESULTS: The TCS group had lower short contraction time and defecation relaxation rate compared to the control group (P<0.05), while defecation residual pressure and maximum rectal tolerable threshold were higher than the control group (P<0.05). The length of the anal canal in the high-pressure zone in the effective subgroup was greater postoperatively than preoperatively (P<0.05), and the initial rectal sensation threshold decreased postoperatively (P<0.05). The non-effective subgroup had lower preoperative maximum rectal expulsion pressure compared to the effective subgroup (P<0.05). Postoperative rectal anal inhibition reflex values in the effective subgroup were higher than those in the non-effective subgroup (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS There are some differences in anorectal dynamics between children with TCS and those with functional constipation. Maximum rectal expulsion pressure may be a key predictor of surgical outcomes. Surgery can alter certain defecation functions in some children.
Humans ; Male ; Anal Canal/physiopathology* ; Female ; Rectum/physiopathology* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Retrospective Studies ; Manometry ; Neural Tube Defects/physiopathology* ; Infant ; Defecation ; Adolescent ; Constipation/physiopathology* ; Clinical Relevance

Objective To investigate the current situation and health effects of indoor microbial pollution in Xi'an, to analyze the purification effect of air purifiers on indoor microbial pollution, and to provide reference for improving the indoor environment. Methods Through stratified random sampling, 20 families from rural areas and 20 families from upwind and downwind urban areas respectively were selected from Xi'an. Data was collected by questionnaire surveys and on-site environmental sampling. Non-parametric analysis and correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results Overall, the standard-exceeding rate of total count of bacteria was 5.00%. The medians of the total count of bacteria and fungi were 312.50 cfu/m3 and 260.00 cfu/m³, respectively. In terms of health effects, the correlation between rhinitis and cold with total bacterial count was statistically significant (P<0.05), with the correlation coefficients of 0.182 and 0.223, respectively. Purification effect of air purifiers on microbial pollution was statistically significant (P<0.05). After opening for 2 hours, the total numbers of bacteria and fungi decreased significantly. Conclusion The occurrence risk of colds and rhinitis is increased by indoor microbial pollution. Air purifiers have a certain effect on decreasing the total number of bacteria and fungi. It is recommended to use air purifiers with high CADR of particulate matter, double-layer filter and sterilization and dehumidification function, and replace the filters regularly to reduce indoor microbiological contamination.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare highly aggressive brain tumor originating from the extranodal sites, with a low 5-year overall survival rate. Some patients may have drug resistance or relapse, the therapeutic regimens based on high-dose methotrexate is insufficient to meet the clinical treatment needs. With the in-depth study of characteristics of lymphoma-related genes and immune microenvironment, new pathways continue to emerge, including Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune preparations such as lenalidomide, anti-programmed death receptor-1 antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, etc. This review focuses on the progress of targeted drugs and immunotherapy for PCSNL.

Objective To construct a model of Fat-1/APPPS1 transgenic mice and a cellular model of microglia and explore the improvement effect and underlying mechanism of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFAs)on the learning and memory abilities of APPPS1 mice by regulating microglial activation and polarization.Methods After the male mice with heterozygous Fat-1 genotype were mated with the female ones with heterozygous APPPS1 genotype,genetic identification was used to screen the male offspring with Fat-1/APPPS1 genotype.Then after the male wild-type(WT)mice and those with Fat-1,Fat-1/APPPS1,and APPPS1 genotypes were bred until 9 months old,their learning and memory abilities were evaluated with Morris water maze(MWM)test.In addition,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was performed to detect the concentration of PUFAs in the brain,and immunohistochemistry(IHC)was applied to detect the deposition of β-amyloid protein(Aβ)in the hippocampal regions.Moreover,immunofluorescence assay,qRT-PCR,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA)were conducted to measure inflammation,and transcription and expression of Iba-1(indicating the microglial activation)and CD86 and CD206(indicating microglial polarization)in central nervous system(CNS).After pretreated with DHA+EPA(25 pmol/mL∶25 μmol/mL),microglial model of inflammatory injury was established in immortalized mouse BV2 cells induced by LPS(1 μg/mL).Afterwards,immunofluorescence assay,qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect inflammation and microglial activation and polarization.Results Compared with the APPPS1 mice,endogenous n-3 PUFAs effectively improved the learning and memory disorders in Fat-1/APPPS1 ones(P＜0.05),remarkably alleviated Aβ deposition in the hippocampal regions(P＜0.05),evidently reduced CNS inflammation and microglial activation(P＜0.05)and transformed the activated microglia from M1 to M2(P＜0.05).Furthermore,BV2 cells with DHA+EPA pretreatment obviously resisted LPS-induced cellular inflammation and induced activated ones from M1 to M2(P＜0.05).Conclusion n-3 PUFAs inhibit the microglial activation,regulate the microglial polarization from M1 to M2,reduce CNS inflammation,and thus alleviate learning and memory disorders in APPPS1 mice.

Objective To understand the current situation of human brain donation in Hebei Province by analyzing the basic information of Human Brain Bank samples of Hebei Medical University in order to provide basic data support for subsequent scientific research.Methods The samples collected from the Human Brain Bank of Hebei Medical University were analyzed(from December 2019 to February 2024),including gender,age,cause of death,as well as quality control data such as postmortem delay time,pH value of cerebrospinal fluid and and RNA integrity number and result of neuropathological diagnosis.Results Until February 2024,30 human brain samples were collected and stored in the Human Brain Bank of Hebei Medical University,with a male to female ratio of 9∶1.Donors over 70 years old accounted for 53％.Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases(36.67％)and nervous system diseases(23.33％)accounted for a high proportion of the death causes.The location of brain tissue donors in Shijiazhuang accounted for 90％donations,and the others were from outside the city.The postmortem delay time was relatively short,90％within 12 hours and 10％more than 12 hours.69.23％of the brain samples had RNA integrity values greater than 6.Cerebrospinal fluid pH values ranged from 5.8 to 7.5,with an average value of 6.60±0.45.Brain weights ranged from 906-1496 g,with an average value of(1210.78±197.84)g.Three apolipoprotein E(APOE)alleles were detected including five genotypes(ε2/ε3,ε2/ε4,ε3/ε3,ε3/ε4,ε4/ε4).Eleven staining methods related to neuropathological diagnosis had been established and used.A total of 12 cases were diagnosed as neurodegenerative diseases(including Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,multiple system atrophy,corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy,etc.),accounting for 40％donated brains.The comorbidity rate of samples over 80 years old was 100％.Conclusion The summary and analyses of the data of brain donors in the Human Brain Bank of Hebei Medical University can reflect the current situation of the construction and operation of the brain bank in Hebei Province,and it can also be more targeted to understand and identify potential donors.Our information can provide reference for the construction of brain bank and provides more reliable materials and data support for scientific research.

ObjectiveTo investigate the possible mechanism of electroacupuncture at "Neiguan" （PC6） and "Zhongwan" （RN12） in the treatment of functional dyspepsia （FD）. MethodsSPF male SD rats were randomly divided into model group， Neiguan （PC6） group， Zhongwan （RN12） group， and Neiguan-Zhongwan （PC6-RN12） group， with 8 rats in each group. Except for the normal group， the other groups of rats were cogavaged with 0.1% sucrose iodoacetamide solution combined with small platform standing training to establish FD rat models. After successful modeling， the rats in the normal group and model group were tied up for 30 min/d for 7 days； the Neiguan group， Zhongwan group， and Neiguan-Zhongwan group were treated with electroacupuncture intervention at "Neiguan" （PC6）， "Zhongwan" （RN12）， and "Neiguan" - "Zhongwan" （PC6-RN12） acupoints， respectively， using continuous wave， frequency of 2 Hz， current intensity of 1 mA， 30 min/d， and continuous intervention for 7 days. The general condition of rats in each group was observed. After treatment， the body weight and food intake of rats were measured， and the gastric emptying rate was calculated； HE staining was performed on the gastric antrum tissue of rats to observe the histopathologic changes； the expressions of calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） and Ghrelin protein in gastric antrum were detected by Western Blot； the metabolites in gastric antrum tissues were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）， and differential metabolites were screened by correlation analysis， then Metabo Analyst 5.0 and KEGG databases were used for metabolic pathway analysis. ResultsUnder light microscope， the gastric antrum structure was complete and the glands were abundant. No obvious inflammation and edema were found in gastric mucosa. Compared with the normal group， the body weight， food intake， and gastric emptie rate of rats in model group decreased， the expression of Ghrelin protein decreased and the expression of CGRP protein increased in gastric antrum tissue （P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， the body weight， food intake， and gastric emptance rate of rats in Neiguan group， Zhongwan group and Neiguan-Zhongwan group all increased， CGRP protein expression decreased in Neiguan group， and Ghrelin protein expression increased and CGRP protein expression decreased in Zhongwan group and Neiguan-Zhongwan group （P＜0.01 or P＜0.05）. Compared with Neiguan-Zhongwan group， Ghrelin protein expression decreased and CGRP protein expression increased in Neiguan group and Zhongwan group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Metabolomics results showed that compared with normal group， the content of metabolites adenosine diphosphate ribose， adenosine monophosphate and adenosine diphosphate in gastric antrum tissue of model group decreased； compared with model group， the contents of adenosine diphosphate， adenosine diphosphate and citicoline in Neiguan group increased， the contents of nicotine adenine dinucleotide， cytidine diphosphate ethanolamine and citicoline in Zhongwan group increased， and the contents of adenosine diphosphate， cytidine diphosphate and citicoline in Neiguan-Zhongwan group increased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， the main metabolic pathways of different metabolites in PC6-RN12 group were glycerophospholipid metabolism， taurine and hypotaurine metabolism， purine metabolism， starch and sucrose metabolism. ConclusionElectroacupuncture at “Neiguan” and “Zhongwan” acupoints can effectively regulate gastrointestinal motility and improve FD symptoms in FD rats， and the effect is better than that of "Neiguan" or "Zhongwan" acupoints alone. The mechanism may be related to the influence of related metabolites on energy metabolism， glucose metabolism and nucleotide metabolism， thereby regulating gastrointestinal motility hormones.

Objective To study the effect and mechanism of estradiol (E

【Objective】 To analyze the relevant factors affecting the positive psychological capital and communication ability of phlebotomist in blood stations based on the theory of positive psychology and communication behavior, so as to provide reference for the development of professional nursing work in blood stations. 【Methods】 According to the Extensive Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire and Zeng Kai′s Blood Donor Nurses Communication Ability Evaluation Scale, an online survey was conducted by WJX (a platform providing functions equivalent to Amazon Mechanical Turk) and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS25.0. 【Results】 The average score of positive psychological capital among phlebotomists was 4.78±0.75, with four dimensions (from high to low) as optimism 5.23±1.09, hope 4.9±0.92, self-efficacy 4.57±0.88 and resilience 4.52±0.69 (P<0.05). The highest and lowest scores among the six dimensions were communication ability and emotional support ability, as 4.55±0.58 and 4.35±0.66, respectively (P>0.05). There was a positive correlation between positive psychological capital and communication ability of phlebotomists(P<0.01). The academic qualifications, professional titles, training frequency and knowledge of self-perception are the factors affecting the positive psychological capital and communication ability of phlebotomists.. 【Conclusion】 Managers in blood collection and supply institutions should encourge phlebotomists to study, think and practice initiatively, and conduct education and training on psychological and professional quality of phlebotomists continuously.