BACKGROUND:Nanogels can combine the properties of nanoparticles and hydrogels,which have multiple advantages and can play a great role in clinical translation.OJECTIVE:To summarize the self-and cross-linking properties of nanogels,the diagnostic and therapeutic integration strategies they played in a variety of imaging processes,in conjunction with their functional visualization and application properties.METHODS:By searching PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and Wanfang databases,English and Chinese search terms were"nanogel,nanohydrogel,imaging,magnetic resonance imaging,fluorescence imaging,ultrasound imaging,photoacoustic imaging,multimodal imaging,therapy,treatment."According to the inclusion criteria,78 articles were finally selected for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The preparation process of nanogels is significantly affected by their multiple properties and cross-linking mechanisms.Optimization of these properties and mechanisms can help to improve their structural performance and accelerate the translation of their clinical applications.With the trend of integrated diagnosis and treatment,functional visualization of nanogels can effectively image tumors with the help of magnetic resonance imaging,fluorescence imaging,ultrasonography,photoacoustic imaging,and multimodal imaging,which can be of key value in the treatment strategies of various diseases.These findings not only pave the way for improving the preparation methods of nanogels,but also create a robust groundwork for hastening their clinical translation.

BACKGROUND:Nanogels can combine the properties of nanoparticles and hydrogels,which have multiple advantages and can play a great role in clinical translation.OJECTIVE:To summarize the self-and cross-linking properties of nanogels,the diagnostic and therapeutic integration strategies they played in a variety of imaging processes,in conjunction with their functional visualization and application properties.METHODS:By searching PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and Wanfang databases,English and Chinese search terms were"nanogel,nanohydrogel,imaging,magnetic resonance imaging,fluorescence imaging,ultrasound imaging,photoacoustic imaging,multimodal imaging,therapy,treatment."According to the inclusion criteria,78 articles were finally selected for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The preparation process of nanogels is significantly affected by their multiple properties and cross-linking mechanisms.Optimization of these properties and mechanisms can help to improve their structural performance and accelerate the translation of their clinical applications.With the trend of integrated diagnosis and treatment,functional visualization of nanogels can effectively image tumors with the help of magnetic resonance imaging,fluorescence imaging,ultrasonography,photoacoustic imaging,and multimodal imaging,which can be of key value in the treatment strategies of various diseases.These findings not only pave the way for improving the preparation methods of nanogels,but also create a robust groundwork for hastening their clinical translation.

ObjectiveTo establish a new noninvasive， simple， and convenient clinical predictive model by identifying independent predictive factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy in cirrhotic patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding （EGVB）， and to provide a basis for individualized risk assessment and development of clinical intervention strategies. MethodsCirrhotic patients with EGVB who were diagnosed and treated in The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University from September 2018 to October 2023 were enrolled as subjects， and according to whether the patient experienced rebleeding within 1 year after endoscopic therapy， they were divided into rebleeding group with 93 patients and non-rebleeding group with 84 patients. Clinical data were collected and analyzed. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups， and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups； the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. A Logistic model was established based on the results of the univariate and multivariate analyses， and the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve and the area under the ROC curve （AUC） were used to assess the accuracy of the model. R software was used to visualize the model by plotting a nomogram， and the Bootstrap method was used for internal validation of the model. ResultsThe multivariate analysis showed that red blood cell count （RBC）， cholinesterase （ChE）， alkaline phosphatase （ALP）， albumin （Alb）， thrombin time （TT）， portal vein trunk diameter， sequential therapy， and primary prevention were independent predictive factors for rebleeding. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis， a logistic model was established as logit（P）=-0.805-1.978×（RBC）+0.001×（ChE）-0.020×（ALP）-0.314×（Alb）+0.567×（TT）+0.428×（portal vein trunk diameter）-2.303×［sequential therapy （yes=1， no=0）］-2.368×［primary prevention （yes=1， no=0）］. The logistic model （AUC=0.928， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 0.893—0.964， P<0.001） had a better performance in predicting rebleeding than MELD score （AUC=0.603， 95%CI： 0.520—0.687， P=0.003）， Child-Pugh class （AUC=0.650， 95%CI： 0.578—0.722， P=0.001）， and FIB-4 index （AUC=0.587， 95%CI： 0.503—0.671， P=0.045）. The model had an optimal cut-off value of 0.607， a sensitivity of 0.817， and a specificity of 0.817. Internal validation confirmed that the model had good predictive performance and accuracy. ConclusionSequential therapy， implementation of primary prevention， an increase in RBC， and an increase in Alb are protective factors against rebleeding， while prolonged TT and widened main portal vein diameter are risk factors. The logistic model based on these independent predictive factors can predict rebleeding and thus holds promise for clinical application.

Objective To explore scientific and accurate prediction methods for the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in the post-pandemic era, and to address modeling challenges caused by abnormal fluctuations in case numbers from 2020 to 2023. Methods The seasonal index was used to pre-process the data. The traditional seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, singular spectrum analysis (SSA)-ARIMA model, ARIMA-Long short-term memory (LSTM) model, and SSA-ARIMA-LSTM model were used to fit the incidence from 2013 to 2023, and the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease in 2024 was predicted. The real data collected in 2024 were used as the test set to compare the prediction performance of the models. Results The fitting performance of the constructed models was as follows: the ARIMA model had MAE=107.50 and RMSE=144.53, the SSA-ARIMA model showed MAE=2.84 and RMSE=4.33, the ARIMA-LSTM model achieved MAE=99.46 and RMSE=131.59, and the SSA-ARIMA-LSTM model had MAE=96.35 and RMSE=132.13. In terms of prediction performance, the ARIMA model resulted in MAE=151.64 and RMSE=146.70, the SSA-ARIMA model demonstrated MAE=41.22 and RMSE=57.01, the ARIMA-LSTM model yielded MAE=220.75 and RMSE=257.89, and the SSA-ARIMA-LSTM model recorded MAE=58.83 and RMSE=72.06. Conclusion The SSA-ARIMA model has the best fitting degree and the highest prediction accuracy, and is suitable for predicting the incidence trend of hand, foot and mouth disease.

Tropical diseases, the transmission of which is affected by multiple natural and social factors, pose a great challenge to global public health, notably in African countries. During the past several decades, China and African countries have continuously collaborated for the control of neglected tropical diseases and malaria, which has become an important part of global South-to-South cooperation and global health governance. This article reviews the history of China-Africa cooperation for tropical diseases control, summarizes the experiences and achievements over the past decade, analyzes the current challenges in the coopera tion, and proposes future recommendations. The China-Africa cooperation has achieved significant progress in the control of tropical diseases, such as malaria, schistosomiasis, and filariasis, and established a China-Africa cooperation network for tropical diseases control. Through the "Three-Step" strategy of China-Africa cooperation, the effectiveness of China's integrated control strategies has been validated in Africa, and the application of China's tropical disease control technologies has been promoted in African disease-epidemic countries. Currently, China-Africa collaboration, however, still experiences multiple realistic challenges, such as insufficient resources, difficulty in technology transfer, and weak primary healthcare systems. In the future, both sides are recommended to further strengthen policy coordination, deepen technological cooperation, innovate cooperation models, aiming to continuously promote the high-quality development of China-Africa cooperation for tropical diseases control.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of the traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome types of primary liver cancer （PLC） with clinical features and multimodal quantitative radiological features on computed tomography （CT） and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）， and to provide a reference for the objectification of TCM syndrome differentiation and precise diagnosis and treatment. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 312 patients who were diagnosed with PLC in The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine from March 2020 to June 2025， and according to the TCM syndrome type， they were divided into stagnation of liver Qi group with 40 patients， stagnation of liver Qi and spleen deficiency group with 109 patients， Qi stagnation and blood stasis group with 62 patients， dampness-heat toxin amassment group with 81 patients， and liver-kidney Yin deficiency group with 20 patients. Clinical features and multimodal quantitative radiological features were compared between the patients with different TCM syndrome types. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups； the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups， and the Dunn’s multiple test was used for further comparison between two groups； the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups， and the Bonferroni method was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsThere were significant differences between the patients with different TCM syndrome types in China liver cancer staging （CNLC）， Child-Pugh class， alanine aminotransferase， aspartate aminotransferase， albumin， direct bilirubin， total bilirubin， prothrombin time， neutrophil， and albumin-bilirubin score （all P<0.05）. In the stagnation of liver Qi group， the patients with Child-Pugh class A accounted for 75.00%； among the patients with CNLC stage I PLC， the patients with stagnation of liver Qi accounted for 60.00%， and those with Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome accounted for 59.68%， while among the patients with CNLC stage IV PLC， the distribution proportion of dampness-heat toxin amassment （27.16%） and liver-kidney Yin deficiency （30.00%） was significantly higher than that of stagnation of liver Qi （2.50%） （all P<0.05）. Radiological examination showed that there were significant differences between the patients with different TCM syndrome types in the number of tumors， ascites， venous tumor thrombus， maximum tumor diameter， intrahepatic metastasis， and lymph node metastasis in the hepatic hilar and retroperitoneal regions （all P<0.05）. Compared with the patients with stagnation of liver Qi， the patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency or liver-kidney Yin deficiency were more likely to develop intrahepatic metastasis； the patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency， dampness-heat toxin amassment， or liver-kidney Yin deficiency were more likely to develop lymph node metastasis in the hepatic hilar and retroperitoneal regions； the patients with liver-kidney Yin deficiency were more likely to experience multiple tumors； the patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency or dampness-heat toxin amassment were more likely to develop ascites （all P<0.05）. Compared with the patients with Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome， the patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency had a significantly longer maximum tumor diameter and a significantly higher proportion of patients with venous tumor thrombus （both P<0.05）. Furthermore， among the 184 patients with MRI diffusion-weighted imaging sequences， the patients with dampness-heat toxin amassment or Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome had significantly higher ADC values and relative ADC values than those with stagnation of liver Qi （all P<0.05）. ConclusionThere are significant differences in CT/MRI radiological features and clinical features between PLC patients with different TCM syndrome types， among whom the patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency， dampness-heat toxin amassment， and liver-kidney Yin deficiency tend to exhibit progressive radiological features， and those with dampness-heat toxin amassment or Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome tend to have higher ADC values. These findings provide an objective basis for TCM syndrome differentiation in PLC.

Objective:To analyze the fitness of zirconia and lithium disilicate glass-ceramic onlays fab-ricated with direct and indirect computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing(CAD/CAM)technology in vitro.Methods:In the study,48 standardised typodont left mandibular first molars re-ceived standardised onlay preparation.Then,all the specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups.There were 12 specimens in each group.The preparation quality was checked under the stereo-microscope.All the specimens were fixed in typodonts.Subsequently,the typodonts were fixed in the dental simulators to simulate the oral conditions.In groups A and B,the digital impressions were ob-tained by using the intraoral scanner.In groups C and D,conventional impressions of polyether impres-sion material were obtained according to the instructions of the manufacturer using individual trays.The stone casts were made with type Ⅳ gypsum later.Then,all casts were digitized with the model scanner.Based on the data obtained from the scan,onlay restorations of all the groups were designed using the cor-responding software,the simulated cement thickness was set to 50 μm.Then,the final onlays restora-tions of all the groups were machined with the milling machines in lab.The fabrication materials were dif-ferent in groups.The specimens of groups A and C were fabricated with zirconia.While,the specimens of groups B and D were fabricated with lithium disilicate glass-ceramic.The marginal gap and internal gap of all restorations were analyzed by 3D replica technique,for each measurement,the specimen was digitised using the model scanner.Results:The marginal gap of the onlays fabricated with indirect digital impressions were smaller than that with direct digital impressions(P＜0.05).At the same time,the in-ternal gap of the onlays fabricated with indirect digital impressions were smaller than that with direct digi-tal impressions(P＜0.05).The marginal gap was larger in distal gingival than that in the other regions in all the groups(P＜0.05).Different fabrication materials,zirconia or lithium disilicate reinforced glass-ceramic,had no effect on onlay marginal and internal fit(P＞0.05).Conclusion:The marginal and in-ternal adaptation of the onlays fabricated with indirect digital impressions was better than with direct digital impressions.Zirconia and lithium disilicate reinforced glass-ceramic had no effect on the onlay adaptation.

Objective:To analyze the effect of joint management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) between specialty and community under the model of National Diabetes Prevention and Control Center (DPCC).Methods:A total of 2 527 T2DM patients managed by DPCC Pingshan Center of Shenzhen from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024 were retrospectively included. After management, the rate of downturn, reexamination rate, blood pressure compliance rate, metabolic indicators (waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood lipids) and screening rate of chronic complications of diabetes (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, microvascular disease, diabetic peripheral neuropathy) were analyzed. Those included 2022 ( n=564), 2023 ( n=1 477), and 2024 ( n=2 527). Results:The downturn rate in 2022, 2023 and 2024 increased year by year (22.8% vs 67.2% vs 89.9%, P<0.01), and the review rate (41.1% vs 62.2% vs 52.7%, P<0.01), complication screening rate (51.6% vs 85.3% vs 62.2%, P<0.01), blood pressure compliance rate (53.1% vs 78.0% vs 67.2%, P<0.01), body mass index compliance rate (13.2% vs 17.3% vs 28.6%, P<0.01), fasting blood glucose meeting rate (46.4% vs 60.2% vs 68.5%, P<0.01), glycated hemoglobin meeting rate (58.4% vs 63.2% vs 45.6%, P<0.01) were relatively improved. Waist circumference compliance rate (30.6% vs 27.7% vs 21.6%) and blood lipid compliance rate (33.6% vs 35.5% vs 31.9%) were not significantly improved, and the review rate, blood pressure compliance rate and complication screening rate in 2024 were lower than those in 2023 and higher than those in 2022. Conclusions:The combined management of type 2 diabetes under the DPCC model has significant effects on improving the down-conversion rate, rediagnosis rate, blood pressure compliance rate, metabolic index compliance rate and the screening rate of diabetes-related chronic complications in patients with diabetes. At the same time, it was also found that with the progress of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, the review rate, complication screening rate, blood pressure, waist circumference, blood lipid and glycosylated hemoglobin reached the standard of patients decreased compared with the previous situation, which needs to be further analyzed and improved.

Objective:To analyze the effect of joint management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) between specialty and community under the model of National Diabetes Prevention and Control Center (DPCC).Methods:A total of 2 527 T2DM patients managed by DPCC Pingshan Center of Shenzhen from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024 were retrospectively included. After management, the rate of downturn, reexamination rate, blood pressure compliance rate, metabolic indicators (waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood lipids) and screening rate of chronic complications of diabetes (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, microvascular disease, diabetic peripheral neuropathy) were analyzed. Those included 2022 ( n=564), 2023 ( n=1 477), and 2024 ( n=2 527). Results:The downturn rate in 2022, 2023 and 2024 increased year by year (22.8% vs 67.2% vs 89.9%, P<0.01), and the review rate (41.1% vs 62.2% vs 52.7%, P<0.01), complication screening rate (51.6% vs 85.3% vs 62.2%, P<0.01), blood pressure compliance rate (53.1% vs 78.0% vs 67.2%, P<0.01), body mass index compliance rate (13.2% vs 17.3% vs 28.6%, P<0.01), fasting blood glucose meeting rate (46.4% vs 60.2% vs 68.5%, P<0.01), glycated hemoglobin meeting rate (58.4% vs 63.2% vs 45.6%, P<0.01) were relatively improved. Waist circumference compliance rate (30.6% vs 27.7% vs 21.6%) and blood lipid compliance rate (33.6% vs 35.5% vs 31.9%) were not significantly improved, and the review rate, blood pressure compliance rate and complication screening rate in 2024 were lower than those in 2023 and higher than those in 2022. Conclusions:The combined management of type 2 diabetes under the DPCC model has significant effects on improving the down-conversion rate, rediagnosis rate, blood pressure compliance rate, metabolic index compliance rate and the screening rate of diabetes-related chronic complications in patients with diabetes. At the same time, it was also found that with the progress of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, the review rate, complication screening rate, blood pressure, waist circumference, blood lipid and glycosylated hemoglobin reached the standard of patients decreased compared with the previous situation, which needs to be further analyzed and improved.

Objective·To explore the diagnostic and treatment methods for patients with cystic fibrosis(CF)complicated by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA),and to enhance clinicians'understanding of these two diseases.Methods·A retrospectively analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 5 patients with CF complicated by ABPA admitted to the Department of Respiratory Medicine,Shanghai Children's Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,from July 2023 to August 2024.A literature search was performed in PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,and CNKI for studies published in the past 10 years regarding the co-existence of these diseases.Clinical manifestations,treatment courses,and current epidemiological research were summarized and analyzed.Results·Common symptoms of patients with CF complicated by ABPA included aggravated cough and expectoration,wheezing,fever,and dyspnea.Whole-exome aequencing indicated mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR)gene,and an increase in the concentration of chloride ions in sweat.The levels of total serum immunoglobulin E(IgE)and Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgE increased,and chest computed tomography(CT)showed bronchiectasis and mucus plugging.CF complicated by ABPA is often missed or misdiagnosed for asthma.In China,ABPA is often diagnosed before CF,whereas in Caucasian populations CF is typically diagnosed first.Initial treatment usually involves long-term oral administration of antifungal drugs such as voriconazole combined with glucocorticoids such as prednisone.For patients with frequent relapses or severe side effects,alternative antifungal agents or omalizumab therapy may be considered.Co-infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common,often requiring intravenous antibiotics such as cefoperazone-sulbactam.Current epidemiological research focuses mainly on clinical characteristics,treatment regimens,and novel diagnostic methods.Conclusion·ABPA and CF have overlapping symptoms.Accurate diagnosis of CF complicated by ABPA requires genetic testing,sweat chloride measurement,chest CT,and serological tests.The coexistence of these diseases often leads to missed,delayed,or incorrect diagnosis,increasing patient burden.Present epidemiological studies mainly address clinical characteristics with a lack of targeted clinical drug trials for this patient population.