Olfactory receptors (ORs) form the largest superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Traditionally recognized for their role in the nasal olfactory epithelium, where they mediate the sense of smell, accumulating evidence has firmly established their ectopic expression in non-olfactory tissues, including the intestine, lungs, and kidneys. The intestine, as the primary site for nutrient digestion and absorption, harbors a highly complex chemical environment. To adapt to this environment, the gut employs a sophisticated network of “chemosensors” to monitor luminal contents and maintain homeostasis. Among these sensors, intestinal ORs have emerged as crucial functional components, serving as a molecular bridge that connects environmental chemical signals—such as food-derived odorants—to specific physiological responses. This discovery has significantly deepened our understanding of how dietary flavors and compounds influence intestinal physiology at the molecular level. This review systematically summarizes the expression profiles, ligand classification, and biological functions of ORs within the gastrointestinal tract. Studies indicate that intestinal ORs exhibit distinct spatial distribution patterns across different gut segments and display cell-type specificity, particularly within enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. These receptors function as versatile sensors capable of recognizing a wide variety of ligands, including exogenous dietary components, gut microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and endogenous small molecules like azelaic acid. Upon activation by specific ligands, intestinal ORs trigger intracellular signaling cascades, primarily involving the AC-cAMP-PKA pathway or calcium influx channels. A major focus of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors regulate the secretion of gut hormones. Activation of specific ORs in enteroendocrine cells has been shown to stimulate the release of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and serotonin (5-HT), thereby modulating systemic energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and gastrointestinal motility. Furthermore, the review addresses the critical roles of ORs in immune regulation and pathology. Evidence suggests that specific ORs contribute to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and may offer protection against inflammation. Beyond their involvement in inflammatory responses, ORs such as Olfr78 have been shown to regulate the differentiation and function of intestinal endocrine cells. Similarly, Olfr544 has been demonstrated to alleviate intestinal inflammation by remodeling the gut microbiome and metabolome. These findings collectively suggest that specific ORs hold promise as therapeutic targets for mitigating intestinal inflammation and maintaining gut homeostasis. Additionally, the review explores the emerging role of ORs in cancer. Although OR expression is often downregulated in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosa, activation of specific ORs by certain ligands can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration and induce apoptosis via pathways such as MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK. Conversely, other receptors, such as OR7C1, may serve as biomarkers for cancer-initiating cells. In conclusion, intestinal ORs represent a vital component of the gut’s sensory network. The review also discusses the translational potential of these findings. By elucidating the precise pairing relationships between dietary components and specific ORs, novel therapeutic strategies could be developed. Intestinal ORs may thus emerge as promising targets for nutritional and pharmacological interventions in metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and malignancies.

AIM To establish a UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous content determination of alisol A,23-acetyl alisol B,alisol A-24-acetate,alisol B,alisol C,23-acetyl alisol C,alisol F,alisol G,atractylenolideⅠ,atractylenolide Ⅱ,atractylenolide Ⅲ,atractylon and ferulic acid in Zexie Decoction.METHODS The analysis was performed on a 30 ℃ thermostatic Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm),with the mobile phase comprising of water(containing 0.1％formic acid)-acetonitrile(containing 0.1％formic acid)flowing at 0.3 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and electron spray ionization source was adopted in positive and negative ion scanning with multiple reaction monitoring mode.RESULTS Thirteen constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(r＞0.999 1),whose average recoveries were 95.05％-103.8％with the RSDs of 1.4％-6.7％.CONCLUSION This simple,rapid and accurate method can provide experimental basis for the quality control of Zexie Decoction.

Compared to traditional machine learning algorithms,which often suffer from low feature extraction efficiency,insufficient nonlinear pattern recognition capabilities and slow training speeds,the broad learning system(BLS)enhances the learning ability and efficiency by horizontally expanding the network structure.BLS offers advantages such as a simple structure,fast training speed,and strong generalization capabilities.While BLS has demonstrated potential in various fields,but its application in identification of complex samples has not been fully explored.This research investigated the feasibility of using BLS algorithm for identification of complex samples based on physicochemical indicators.Using the iris,wine,and breast cancer datasets,the length and width of petals and sepals of iris flowers,the physicochemical properties of wine,and the nuclear characteristics of breast cancer cells were used as input variables to establish BLS models for identifying iris species,wine varieties,and benign versus malignant nucleus.The model performance was evaluated by confusion matrices,accuracy,and runtime.Compared with partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA),soft independent modeling of class analogies(SIMCA),and artificial neural networks(ANN),the results indicated that BLS demonstrated significant advantages in computational efficiency and recognition accuracy.Thus,BLS was an efficient and reliable method for identification of complex samples.

The treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections has become a challenge in today's healthcare field,and time-to-event data analysis has shown significant value in clinical prognostic studies of critically ill patients.This study comprehensively reviewed the results of the application of time-to-event analysis in clinical studies of anti-multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial drugs,aiming to provide a scientific basis for the optimization of therapeutic strategies and prognostic assessment of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections,and to promote the widespread application of time-to-event analysis methods in similar studies.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between physical activity and genetic risk and their combined effects on the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 318,085 biobank participants from the UK. Physical activity was assessed using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The participants were stratified into low-, intermediate-, and high-genetic-risk groups based on their polygenic risk scores. Multivariate Cox regression models and multiplicative interaction analyses were used. RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 13 years, 9,209 participants were diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For low genetic risk, compared to low physical activity, the hazard ratios ( HRs) for moderate and high physical activity were 0.853 (95% confidence interval [ CI]: 0.748-0.972) and 0.831 (95% CI: 0.727-0.950), respectively. For intermediate genetic risk, the HRs were 0.829 (95% CI: 0.758-0.905) and 0.835 (95% CI: 0.764-0.914), respectively. For participants with high genetic risk, the HRs were 0.809 (95% CI: 0.746-0.877) and 0.818 (95% CI: 0.754-0.888), respectively. A significant interaction was observed between genetic risk and physical activity. CONCLUSION Moderate or high levels of physical activity were associated with a lower risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease across all genetic risk groups, highlighting the need to tailor activity interventions for genetically susceptible individuals.
Humans ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology* ; Exercise ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Aged ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Risk Factors ; United Kingdom/epidemiology* ; Incidence ; Adult

AIM To establish a UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous content determination of alisol A,23-acetyl alisol B,alisol A-24-acetate,alisol B,alisol C,23-acetyl alisol C,alisol F,alisol G,atractylenolideⅠ,atractylenolide Ⅱ,atractylenolide Ⅲ,atractylon and ferulic acid in Zexie Decoction.METHODS The analysis was performed on a 30 ℃ thermostatic Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm),with the mobile phase comprising of water(containing 0.1％formic acid)-acetonitrile(containing 0.1％formic acid)flowing at 0.3 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and electron spray ionization source was adopted in positive and negative ion scanning with multiple reaction monitoring mode.RESULTS Thirteen constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(r＞0.999 1),whose average recoveries were 95.05％-103.8％with the RSDs of 1.4％-6.7％.CONCLUSION This simple,rapid and accurate method can provide experimental basis for the quality control of Zexie Decoction.

AIM To investigate the clinical effects of Supplemented Gegen Qinlian Decoction combined with acupuncture on patients with ulcerative colitis of Large Intestinal Dampness-heat Pattern.METHODS One hundred and twenty patients were randomly assigned into control group(60 cases)for 1-month administration of Pefikang Capsules and Mesalazine Sustained Release Granules,and observation group(60 cases)for 1-month administration of Supplemented Gegen Qinlian Decoction,acupuncture,Pefikang Capsules and Mesalazine Sustained Release Granules.The changes in clinical effects,symptom remission time,TCM syndrome scores,Geboes index,lesion activity index,Baron score,inflammatory factors(IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α),immune function indices(IgA,IgG,IgM),IBDQ score and recurrence rate were detected.RESULTS The observation group demonstrated higher total effective rate than the control group(P＜0.05),along with shorter symptom remission time(P＜0.05)and lower recurrence rate(P＜0.05).After the treatment,the two groups displayed decreased TCM syndrome scores,Geboes index,lesion activity index,Baron score,inflammatory factors,IgG,IgM(P＜0.05),and increased IBDQ score(P＜0.05),especially for the observation group(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION For the patients with ulcerative colitis of Large Intestinal Dampness-heat Pattern,Gegen Qinlian Decoction combined with acupuncture can improve clinical symptoms,promote disease recovery,enhance immune functions and life quality,and reduce recurrence rate.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Asteris Radix et Rhizoma and their anti-inflammatory activities.METHODS The extract from Asteris Radix et Rhizoma was isolated and purified by column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.Their anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by RAW264.7 model.RESULTS Thirteen compounds were isolated and identified as(Z)-9,10,11-trihydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid(1),tianshic acid(2),6,6-dimethyl-2-methlenebicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-O-(6-O-apiofuranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid(4),ent-17-hydroxy-19-kauranoic acid(5),7β,17-dihydroxy-16α-ent-kauran-19-oic acid 19-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ester(6),paniculoside Ⅳ(7),thomimarine A(8),cyclo-(S-Pro-R-Leu)(9),4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid 1-methyl ether(10),methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate(11),5-acetyl-3β-hydroxy-2β-(1-hydroxyisopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofurane(12),4-ally-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl glucoside(13).Compounds 1 and 3-12 had inhibition on the release of NO in RAW264.7 cells,and 4-6,8,10-12 were better than the positive control.CONCLUSION Compounds 1,6,8-9 are isolated from Compositae family for the first time,and 2-5,7,10 and 11-13 are first isolated from this plant.Compounds 1,3-12 have anti-inflammatory activities.

Objective:To explore the intervention effect of ultra-pure double-lumen dialyzer paired with online hemodiafiltration (PHF) on the microinflammatory state in maintenance hemodialysis patients.Methods:A total of 112 maintenance hemodialysis patients admitted to the Huadu District People′s Hospital of Guangzhou from January 2020 to December 2023 were prospectively enrolled. Using a parallel control and before-after control method, the patients were divided into an observation group and a control group according to the odd and even numbers of their enrollment sequence, with 56 cases in each group. The observation group received PHF during hemodiafiltration, while the control group received hemodiafiltration with a high-flux dialyzer. Venous blood samples were collected from both groups before treatment and 6 months after treatment to detect the levels of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon (IFN)-γ. The dialysis efficacy of the two groups was compared by evaluating the changes in microinflammatory index levels.Results:Before treatment, there were no significant differences in serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and hs-CRP between the two groups (all P>0.05). After treatment, various inflammatory indicators in the observation group were significantly lower than those before treatment (all P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in inflammatory indicators in the control group before and after treatment (all P>0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences in inflammatory indicators between the observation group and the control group after treatment ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Ultra-pure double-lumen dialyzer paired with online hemodiafiltration can significantly improve the inflammatory state in hemodialysis patients.

Objective:To explore the clinicopathological features of rectal neuroendocrine tumor (R-NET) G2, identify prognostic factors, and summarize treatment experience.Methods:The clinical data of patients diagnosed with R-NET G2 by pathological diagnosis admitted to Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2003 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The Fisher's exact test and Kaplan-Meier curves were performed to analyze the association between pathological features and prognosis.Results:A total of 22 patients were enrolled in this study and 21 patients were followed up for a period of 6-98 months with a median follow-up time of 42 months. 5 patients died due to tumor progression during the follow-up period. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) of the whole group were 100.0%, 92.9%, and 69.6%, respectively. Of the 22 patients, 20 underwent surgical treatment, of which 15 underwent postoperative adjuvant therapy; 2 underwent medical treatment for liver and bone multiple metastases. The 5-year survival rates of patients with tumours ≥2 cm in length, T2-3 stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis (57.1%, 68.8%, 66.7%, and 63.6%, respectively) were shorter than those of patients with tumours <2 cm in length, T1 stage, no lymph node metastasis, and no distant metastasis (all 100.0%, P＜0.001). In addition, patients with liver metastases had larger primary tumor diameters and higher T-stages compared with those without distant metastasis ( P＜0.05). Conclusions:R-NET G2 has a high degree of malignancy compared with G1 and a high propensity for metastasis. Clinicians should formulate appropriate diagnostic and treatment strategies based on factors such as tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node status, presence of distant metastasis, and the location and extent of distant metastasis.