Objective: To examine the modalities of treatment and clinical outcomes of emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN), in order to improve the survival rate of EPN patients. Methods: Totally 14 patients diagnosed as EPN between October 2011 and November 2020 at Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine were included in this article. Data collection including patient demographics, clinical manifestations, management and clinical outcomes were conducted by retrospective charts review, after receiving the institutional review board's approval. There were 11 females and 3 males with a median age of 59 years (range: 52 to 73 years). The lesions were located on the left side in 10 patients and right side in 4 patients. All the 14 patients suffered from fever, and present with severe sepsis or septic shock. The median time from symptom onset to admission to hospital was 3 days(range: 2 to 5 days). All cases had diabetes mellitus. Escherichia coli was the most common organism been cultured (11 cases), while Klebsiella pneumonia was the second (3 cases). CT scan showed bubbly or located gas in the renal parenchyma in 5 cases and presence of steaky or mottled gas in the renal parenchyma in 9 cases. All patients had been admitted to ICU for anti-septic shock therapy. Three patients had undergone percutaneous catheter drainage along with broad-spectrum antibiotics therapy while 3 patients had immediate nephrectomy, the other 8 cases had a combination of an initial percutaneous catheter drainage and second stage nephrectomy. Results: In this case series, 3 patients were died from EPN while the other 11 were survived. The median ICU stay time was 6 days (range: 3 to 11 days). Of the 3 patients died from EPN, 2 had undergone percutaneous catheter drainage along and 1 had received immediate nephrectomy. Among the 11 patients who were survived, only 1 had received percutaneous catheter drainage while the other 10 received nephrectomy (8 patients had staged nephrectomy). Follow-up was performed 6 months after discharge. Of the 11 surviving patients, 2 were lost to follow-up, and the remaining 9 patients had an creatine level of (118.4±29.4) μmol/L (range: 89 to 176 μmol/L). Conclusions: For patients coupled with diabetes who were initially diagnosed as acute pyelonephritis, the possibility of EPN should be considered when the disease progressed rapidly especially septic shock occurred. On the basis of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics therapy and standardized anti-septic shock treatment, a combination of an initial percutaneous catheter drainage and second stage nephrectomy could be efficacious.
Aged ; Emphysema/therapy* ; Escherichia coli Infections ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pyelonephritis/therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Drainage ; methods ; Electrocardiography ; Emphysema ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pyelonephritis ; diagnosis ; therapy

PURPOSE: We investigated whether C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, urine protein-creatinine ratio (uProt/Cr), and urine electrolytes can be useful for discriminating acute pyelonephritis (APN) from other febrile illnesses or the presence of a cortical defect on 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scanning (true APN) from its absence in infants with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 150 infants experiencing their first febrile UTI and 100 controls with other febrile illnesses consecutively admitted to our hospital from January 2010 to December 2012. Blood (CRP, electrolytes, Cr) and urine tests [uProt/Cr, electrolytes, and sodium-potassium ratio (uNa/K)] were performed upon admission. All infants with UTI underwent DMSA scans during admission. All data were compared between infants with UTI and controls and between infants with or without a cortical defect on DMSA scans. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, the ability of the parameters to predict true APN was analyzed. RESULTS: CRP levels and uProt/Cr were significantly higher in infants with true APN than in controls. uNa levels and uNa/K were significantly lower in infants with true APN than in controls. CRP levels and uNa/K were relevant factors for predicting true APN. The method using CRP levels, u-Prot/Cr, u-Na levels, and uNa/K had a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 65%, positive predictive value of 60%, and negative predictive value of 95% for predicting true APN. CONCLUSION: We conclude that these parameters are useful for discriminating APN from other febrile illnesses or discriminating true APN in infants with febrile UTI.
Acute Disease ; C-Reactive Protein/*analysis ; Case-Control Studies ; Fever/microbiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Potassium/*urine ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Proteinuria/diagnosis ; Pyelonephritis/*diagnosis/radionuclide imaging ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sodium/*urine ; *Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid ; Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/*radionuclide imaging

Although shock in sepsis is usually managed successfully by conventional medical treatment, a subset of cases do not respond and may require salvage therapies such as veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) support as well as an attempt to remove endotoxins. However, there are limited reports of attempts to remove endotoxins in patients with septic shock on VA ECMO support. We recently experienced a case of septic shock with severe myocardial injury whose hemodynamic improvement was unsatisfactory despite extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Since the cause of sepsis was acute pyelonephritis and blood cultures grew gram-negative bacilli, we additionally applied polymyxin B direct hemoperfusion (PMX-DHP) to the ECMO circuit and were able to successfully taper off vasopressors and wean off ECMO support. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first adult case in which PMX-DHP in addition to ECMO support was successfully utilized in a patient with septic shock. This case indicates that additional PMX-DHP therapy may be beneficial and technically feasible in patients with septic shock with severe myocardial injury refractory to ECMO support.
Adult ; Cardiomyopathies* ; Endotoxins ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Hemodynamics ; Hemoperfusion* ; Humans ; Membranes* ; Oxygen* ; Polymyxin B* ; Polymyxins* ; Pyelonephritis ; Salvage Therapy ; Sepsis ; Shock ; Shock, Septic*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Efforts to decrease the use of extended-spectrum cephalosporins are required to prevent the selection and transmission of multi-drug resistant pathogens, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The objectives of this study were to assess the clinical efficacy of intravenous cefuroxime as an empirical antibiotic for the treatment of hospitalized women with acute pyelonephritis (APN) caused by Escherichia coli. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical and microbiologic database of 328 hospitalized women with community-onset APN. RESULTS: Of 328 women with APN, 22 patients had cefuroxime-resistant E. coli APN, and 306 patients had cefuroxime-susceptible E. coli APN. The early clinical success rates were significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the cefuroxime-susceptible group (90.8%, 278/306) than in the cefuroxime-resistant group (68.2%, 15/22) at 72 hours. The clinical cure rates at 4 to 14 days after completing antimicrobial therapy were not significantly different in the cefuroxime-resistant or -susceptible groups, with 88.2% (15/17) and 97.8% (223/228; p = 0.078), respectively. The microbiological cure rates were not significantly different and were 90.9% (10/11) and 93.4% (128/137), respectively (p =0.550). The median duration of hospitalization in the cefuroxime-resistant and -susceptible groups was 10 days (interquartile range [IQR], 8 to 13) and 10 days (IQR, 8 to 14), respectively (p =0.319). CONCLUSIONS: Cefuroxime, a second-generation cephalosporin, can be used for the initial empirical therapy of community-onset APN if tailored according to uropathogen identification and susceptibility results, especially in areas where the prevalence rate of ESBL-producing uropathogens is low.
Administration, Intravenous ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Cefuroxime/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis/*drug therapy/microbiology/urine ; Databases, Factual ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis/*drug therapy/microbiology/urine ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Pyelonephritis/diagnosis/*drug therapy/microbiology/urine ; Remission Induction ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinalysis ; Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/*drug therapy/microbiology/urine ; Urine/microbiology

Although shock in sepsis is usually managed successfully by conventional medical treatment, a subset of cases do not respond and may require salvage therapies such as veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) support as well as an attempt to remove endotoxins. However, there are limited reports of attempts to remove endotoxins in patients with septic shock on VA ECMO support. We recently experienced a case of septic shock with severe myocardial injury whose hemodynamic improvement was unsatisfactory despite extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Since the cause of sepsis was acute pyelonephritis and blood cultures grew gram-negative bacilli, we additionally applied polymyxin B direct hemoperfusion (PMX-DHP) to the ECMO circuit and were able to successfully taper off vasopressors and wean off ECMO support. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first adult case in which PMX-DHP in addition to ECMO support was successfully utilized in a patient with septic shock. This case indicates that additional PMX-DHP therapy may be beneficial and technically feasible in patients with septic shock with severe myocardial injury refractory to ECMO support.
Adult ; Cardiomyopathies ; Endotoxins ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Hemodynamics ; Hemoperfusion ; Humans ; Membranes ; Oxygen ; Polymyxin B ; Polymyxins ; Pyelonephritis ; Salvage Therapy ; Sepsis ; Shock ; Shock, Septic

Megalocytic interstitial nephritis is a rare form of kidney disease caused by chronic inflammation. We report a case of megalocytic interstitial nephritis occurring in a 45-yrold woman who presented with oliguric acute kidney injury and acute pyelonephritis accompanied by Escherichia coli bacteremia. Her renal function was not recovered despite adequate duration of susceptible antibiotic treatment, accompanied by negative conversion of bacteremia and bacteriuria. Kidney biopsy revealed an infiltration of numerous histiocytes without Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. The patient's renal function was markedly improved after short-term treatment with high-dose steroid.
Acute Disease ; Acute Kidney Injury/complications/*drug therapy/pathology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Azithromycin/therapeutic use ; Bacteremia/*drug therapy/microbiology/pathology ; Cefotaxime/therapeutic use ; Creatinine/blood ; Escherichia coli ; Escherichia coli Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney/pathology ; Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use ; Middle Aged ; Nephritis, Interstitial/*drug therapy/immunology/pathology ; Pyelonephritis/complications/*drug therapy/pathology ; Renal Dialysis ; Shock, Septic/drug therapy/microbiology

PURPOSE: This study examined the clinical effectiveness of parenteral cefuroxime and cefotaxime as empirical antibiotics for treating hospitalized women with uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis (APN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on the clinical and microbiologic data of 255 hospitalized women with APN. Of these 255 women, 144 patients received cefuroxime and 111 received cefotaxime. RESULTS: There were no marked differences in the demographic features, clinical characteristics, and treatment duration between the populations of the cefuroxime and cefotaxime groups. The rates of defervescence showed no significant differences in the two groups at 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. The clinical cure rates observed at the follow-up visit 4 to 14 days after the completion of antimicrobial therapy were not statistically different between the cefuroxime and cefotaxime groups [94.9% (129 of 136) versus 98.0% (100 of 102), respectively; p=0.307], and the microbiological cure rates were also not significantly different [88.3% (91 of 103) versus 95.0% (76 of 80), respectively; p=0.186]. The median hospitalization periods in the cefuroxime and cefotaxime groups were 7 (6-8) and 7 (6-8) days (p=0.157), respectively. Microbiological success rates after 72-96 hours of initial antimicrobial therapy were also not statistically different in the cefuroxime and cefotaxime groups, 89.4% (110 of 123) versus 94.9% (93 of 98; p=0.140). CONCLUSION: Cefuroxime, a second-generation cephalosporin, is an appropriate antibiotic option for the initial treatment of uncomplicated APN and its efficacy does not differ from cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin, in the initial parenteral therapy for community-onset APN.
Administration, Intravenous ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Cefotaxime/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Cefuroxime/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Community-Acquired Infections/*drug therapy ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Infusions, Parenteral ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pyelonephritis/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is the most common cause of community-onset bacteremia in hospitalized elderly patients. The objectives of this study were to investigate the differences in the clinical and microbiological data of hospitalized elderly and non-elderly women with community-onset APN. METHODS: Women with community-onset APN as a discharge diagnosis were identified from January 2004 to December 2013 using an electronic medical records system. We compared the clinical and microbiologic data in elderly and non-elderly women with community-onset APN due to Enterobacteriaceae. RESULTS: Of the 1,134 women with community-onset APN caused by Enterobacteriaceae, 443 were elderly and 691 were non-elderly women. The elderly group had a lower frequency of upper and lower urinary tract symptoms/signs than the non-elderly. The incidence of bacteremia, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, patients with a C-reactive protein (CRP) level > or = 15 mg/dL, and patients with a leukocyte count > or = 15,000/mm3 in the blood, were significantly higher in the elderly group than in the non-elderly group. The proportion of patients requiring hospitalization for 10 days or more was significantly higher in the elderly group compared to the non-elderly group (51.5% vs. 26.2%, p < 0.001). The clinical cure rates at 4 to 14 days after the end of therapy were 98.3% (338/344) and 97.4% (519/533) in the elderly and non-elderly groups, respectively (p = 0.393). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly women with APN exhibit higher serum CRP levels, a higher frequency of bacteremia, a higher proportion of ESBL-producing uropathogens, and require a longer hospitalization than non-elderly women, although these patients may not complain of typical urinary symptoms.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Community-Acquired Infections/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Electronic Health Records ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pyelonephritis/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Remission Induction ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Tract Infections/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology

No abstract available.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Choristoma/*complications/radiography ; Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Female ; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/*complications/radiography ; Humans ; *Kidney ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Pyelonephritis/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Thoracic Diseases/*complications/radiography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome