ObjectiveTo analyze the volatile components in raw Coptidis Rhizoma， Euodiae Fructus juice-processed Coptidis Rhizoma （Yuhuanglian）， and the processing adjuvant Euodiae Fructus juice， identify marker volatile components in the processed product， and elucidate the material basis changes during the processing with Euodiae Fructus juice. MethodsHeadspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （HS-SPME-GC-Q-TOF-MS） was employed to analyze the volatile components in raw Coptidis Rhizoma， Yuhuanglian， and Euodiae Fructus juice. Chemometric analysis was performed to compare volatile components among samples and screen the marker components. Finally， the relative odor activity value （ROAV） was calculated to investigate odor characteristics. ResultsA total of 127 components were detected， with 27， 75， 84 volatile components identified in Euodiae Fructus juice， raw Coptidis Rhizoma， and Yuhuanglian， respectively. Processing with Euodiae Fructus juice significantly increased the number and content of volatile components. Chemometric analysis revealed significant changes in volatile components among the three sample types， allowing clear discrimination. After processing， 39 components such as methyl octanoate and allyl propionate were introduced， while 34 components including furfural and hexanoic acid increased in content， and 11 components including butyric acid and octanal decreased. Additionally， eight components， including zingiberene， 6-methyl-6-hepten-2-one， and 5-methyl-2-hexanone， were screened as marker components of Yuhuanglian. Moreover， processing enhanced the ROAV values of 2，5-dimethylpyrazine （roasted， nutty， coffee-like aroma）， 3-ethylphenol， and guaiacol （smoky， woody aroma）. Additionally， it incorporated 1-hepten-3-one from Euodiae Fructus juice and the newly generated 1-hexen-3-one， contributing mushroom and cucumber-like odors. The sensory profile of Yuhuanglian integrated nutty， roasted， smoky， and woody notes with the citrus and fruity aroma originally contributed by octanal. ConclusionThe processing with Euodiae Fructus juice introduced components from adjuvant， significantly altering the volatile component profile and enhancing the sensory odor characteristics of Yuhuanglian. This study provides a valuable reference for exploring the material basis of volatile components and establishing processing specifications for Yuhuanglian.

ObjectiveTo analyze the volatile components in raw Coptidis Rhizoma， Euodiae Fructus juice-processed Coptidis Rhizoma （Yuhuanglian）， and the processing adjuvant Euodiae Fructus juice， identify marker volatile components in the processed product， and elucidate the material basis changes during the processing with Euodiae Fructus juice. MethodsHeadspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （HS-SPME-GC-Q-TOF-MS） was employed to analyze the volatile components in raw Coptidis Rhizoma， Yuhuanglian， and Euodiae Fructus juice. Chemometric analysis was performed to compare volatile components among samples and screen the marker components. Finally， the relative odor activity value （ROAV） was calculated to investigate odor characteristics. ResultsA total of 127 components were detected， with 27， 75， 84 volatile components identified in Euodiae Fructus juice， raw Coptidis Rhizoma， and Yuhuanglian， respectively. Processing with Euodiae Fructus juice significantly increased the number and content of volatile components. Chemometric analysis revealed significant changes in volatile components among the three sample types， allowing clear discrimination. After processing， 39 components such as methyl octanoate and allyl propionate were introduced， while 34 components including furfural and hexanoic acid increased in content， and 11 components including butyric acid and octanal decreased. Additionally， eight components， including zingiberene， 6-methyl-6-hepten-2-one， and 5-methyl-2-hexanone， were screened as marker components of Yuhuanglian. Moreover， processing enhanced the ROAV values of 2，5-dimethylpyrazine （roasted， nutty， coffee-like aroma）， 3-ethylphenol， and guaiacol （smoky， woody aroma）. Additionally， it incorporated 1-hepten-3-one from Euodiae Fructus juice and the newly generated 1-hexen-3-one， contributing mushroom and cucumber-like odors. The sensory profile of Yuhuanglian integrated nutty， roasted， smoky， and woody notes with the citrus and fruity aroma originally contributed by octanal. ConclusionThe processing with Euodiae Fructus juice introduced components from adjuvant， significantly altering the volatile component profile and enhancing the sensory odor characteristics of Yuhuanglian. This study provides a valuable reference for exploring the material basis of volatile components and establishing processing specifications for Yuhuanglian.

Objective To compare the effect of insulin or insulin secretagogues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients complicated with non -alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods The study population consisted of 438 patients who were diagnosed T 2DM with B ultrasound checking screen fatty livers . According to different always used medications ,the patients were divided into insulin group and insulin secretagogous group.With the help of the B Doppler examination , the incidence rate of NAFLD was compared between the two groups .Further research chose respectively 113 patients from each group ,continued to use insulin for treatment ( group A);group B continued to use insulin secretagogous treatment (group B).After six months,when the patients visited to hospital again ,the impact of the two classes of drugs on the liver fat deposition was observed .Results There were 156 T2DM patients with NAFLD in group A(65.0％) and 131 T2DM patients with NAFLD in group B(66.2％).After six months of treatment ,TC,TG and LDL-C in group A and group B improved compared with before treatment [group A:TC decreased from (5.81 ±1.52)mmol/L to (4.14 ±1.82)mmol/L,t=3.575,P<0.05;TG decreased from (2.91 ±1.32) mmol/L to (2.14 ±1.40) mmol/L,t =0.770,P<0.05;LDL-C decreased from (3.67 ± 1.48)mmol/L to (3.11 ±1.21)mmol/L,t=2.120,P<0.05.Group B:TC decreased from (5.90 ±0.92)mmol/L to (4.37 ±1.22)mmol/L,t=4.016,P<0.05;TG decreased from (2.65 ±0.88)mmol/L to (2.21 ±1.02)mmol/L, t=0.554,P<0.05;LDL-C decreased from (3.91 ±1.38) mmol/L to (3.38 ±1.34) mmol/L,t=0.401,P<0.05].Changes of fatty liver with B ultrasound:the improvement rate was 10.7％in group A and 9.8％in group B, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05).Conclusion In the T2DM popula-tion who used insulin or insulin secretagogues ,the prevalence of NAFLD is high .Exogenous insulin does not aggravate the liver lipid deposition .T2DM who used insulin or insulin secretagogues has different degrees of the improvement in blood sugar,lipid,Homa-IR and fatty liver.