Myopia prevalence is still rising worldwide, addressing the worldwide myopia “epidemic” is of utmost importance, since the World Health Organization estimates that half of the world's population will suffer from myopia by the middle of the century. In addition to causing vision loss, myopia is closely associated with irreversible blinding disorders such as glaucoma and retinopathy. The pathophysiology of myopia is strongly linked to the biomechanical effects of intraocular pressure(IOP)on the scleral structure. Scleral tissue undergoes considerable structural remodelling during myopia development, increasing its sensitivity to the mechanical stresses of IOP. Important mechanisms include increased collagen degradation brought on by matrix metalloproteinase(MMP-2)activity, extracellular matrix dynamics destabilization from an imbalance in the regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase(TIMPs), aberrant choroidal blood supply brought on by activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)pathway, and cascading regulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in scleral remodeling. This study provides a significant scientific foundation and fresh concepts for the future research into myopia prevention and control strategies by methodically examining the connection between changes in IOP and the development of myopia as well as its molecular underpinnings.

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK),acting as a"molecular switch"for cellular energy status,regulates multiple metabolic pathways to maintain energy balance and plays a crucial role in the development of various ocular diseases.This article summarizes the mechanisms of AMPK in several ophthalmic diseases and the pro-gress of related research,with a focus on age-related macular degeneration,diabetic retinopathy,and ocular surface disea-ses.By reviewing the pathogenesis of these diseases and the regulatory role of the AMPK signaling pathway,we explore the potential applications of the AMPK signaling pathway in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases and analyze the limitations and deficiencies of current research.With further investigation,regulatory strategies targeting the AMPK signaling pathway are expected to provide new ideas and potential therapies for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases in the future.

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK),acting as a"molecular switch"for cellular energy status,regulates multiple metabolic pathways to maintain energy balance and plays a crucial role in the development of various ocular diseases.This article summarizes the mechanisms of AMPK in several ophthalmic diseases and the pro-gress of related research,with a focus on age-related macular degeneration,diabetic retinopathy,and ocular surface disea-ses.By reviewing the pathogenesis of these diseases and the regulatory role of the AMPK signaling pathway,we explore the potential applications of the AMPK signaling pathway in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases and analyze the limitations and deficiencies of current research.With further investigation,regulatory strategies targeting the AMPK signaling pathway are expected to provide new ideas and potential therapies for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases in the future.