Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a kidney disease characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, massive proteinuria, hypo-albuminemia and peripheral edema. Sinkihwan-gamibang (SKHGMB) was recorded in a traditional Chinese medical book named "Bangyakhappyeon ()" and its three prescriptions Sinkihwan, Geumgwe-sinkihwan, and Jesaeng-sinkihwan belong to Gamibang. This study confirmed the effect of SKHGMB on renal dysfunction in an NS model induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). The experimental NS model was induced in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats through injection of PAN (50 mg·kg^-1)via the femoral vein. SKHGMB not only reduced the size of the kidneys increased due to PAN-induced NS, but also decreased proteinuria and ascites. In addition, SKHGMB significantly ameliorated creatinine clearance, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. SKHGMB relieved glomeruli dilation and tubules fibrosis in the glomeruli of the NS model. SKHGMB inhibited the protein and mRNA levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome including NLRP3, ASC, and pro-caspase-1 in NS rats. SKHGMB reduced the protein and mRNA levels of fibrosis regulators in NS rats. The results indicated that SKHGMB exerts protective effects against renal dysfunction by inhibiting of renal inflammation and fibrosis in NS rats.
Animals ; Kidney ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome/drug therapy* ; Proteinuria/metabolism* ; Puromycin Aminonucleoside/toxicity* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVES: To study the expression of adipokines in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) before and after treatment and its correlation with blood lipids, as well as the role of adipokines in PNS children with hyperlipidemia. METHODS: A total of 90 children who were diagnosed with incipient PNS or recurrence of PNS after corticosteroid withdrawal for more than 6 months were enrolled as subjects. Thirty children who underwent physical examination were enrolled as the control group. Venous blood samples were collected from the children in the control group and the children with PNS before corticosteroid therapy (active stage) and after urinary protein clearance following 4 weeks of corticosteroid therapy (remission stage). ELISA was used to measure the levels of adipokines. An automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure blood lipid levels. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the children with PNS had a significantly lower level of omentin-1 in both active and remission stages, and their level of omentin-1 in the active stage was significantly lower than that in the remission stage ( CONCLUSIONS Omentin-1 may be associated with disease activity, dyslipidemia, and proteinuria in children with PNS. Blood lipid ratios may be more effective than traditional blood lipid parameters in monitoring early cardiovascular risk in children with PNS.
Adipokines ; Chemokines ; Child ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism* ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Lectins/metabolism* ; Lipids ; Nephrotic Syndrome/drug therapy* ; Proteinuria

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main active components in Ⅲ and their targets and explore the mechanism by which Ⅲ alleviates proteinuria in chronic kidney disease (CKD) based on network pharmacology. METHODS: The active components of Ⅲ and their potential targets, along with the oral bioavailability and drug-like properties of each component were searched in the TCMSP database. The proteinuria-related targets were searched in the GeneCards database. The active component-target network was constructed using Cytoscape software, and the acquired information of the targets from ClueGO was used for enrichment analysis of the gene pathways. RESULTS: A total of 102 active components were identified from Ⅲ. These active components acted on 126 targets, among which 69 were related to proteinuria. Enrichment analysis revealed fluid shear stress- and atherosclerosisrelated pathways as the highly significant pathways in proteinuria associated with CKD. CONCLUSIONS We preliminarily validated the prescription of Ⅲ and obtained scientific evidence that supported its use for treatment of proteinuria in CKD. The findings in this study provide a theoretical basis for further study of the mechanism of Ⅲ in the treatment of proteinuria in CKD.
Biological Availability ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Proteinuria ; drug therapy ; etiology ; metabolism ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; complications ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of 6-week intensive training on renal function in rats and the mechanism of exercise-induced proteinuria. METHODS: Thirty-six male SD rats, aged 6 weeks, were divided into two groups, including a control group(C,=12)and an overtraining group(M,=24). After the rats adapted to feeding for 4 d, group C did not carry out any exercise, and the M group did 6-week of increasing load swimming, 6 days a week, once a day. Started with the load of 1%weight at the beginning of the 4 week,and gradually increased (to 6% weight). Took a single urine from both groups 30 min after the end of the training. Blood was taken from the main ventral vein, and the bilateral kidneys were to be tested. The levels of tested urine protein, microalbumin and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin(NGAL) was determined by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assaytest. The content of urine creatinine was tested with alkaline picric acid method,. The serum levels of colorimetric method to determine serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were determined by colorimetric method. The expression of Nephrin in renal tissue was detected by Western blot and the radioimmunoassay was used to test serum testosterone, corticosterone and renin-angiotensin system related index. RESULTS: Compared with group C, the serum testosterone/cortisone(T/C) of group M was decreased significantly (<0.01). The urine total protein(TP), microalbumin (mAlb), microalbumin/creatinine (mAlb/CRE), NGAL, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine(SCr) were increased significantly (<0.01). The abnormality of glomerular structure was obvious, and the paller scores were higher. The protein expression of Nephrin was obviously down decreased (<0.01). The renin activity (Ra) and angiotension Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) in renal and circulating blood were decreased significantly (<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The effects of 6-week intensive training on renal function in rats and the mechanism of exercise-induced proteinuria may be that overtraining can induce the continuous excitation of Reninrenin activity in renal and circulating blood, down-regulated the expression of Nephrin, lead to abnormality of renal structure and function, and proteinuria.
Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Corticosterone ; blood ; Creatinine ; blood ; Kidney ; physiopathology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; adverse effects ; Proteinuria ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Testosterone ; blood

Biopsy ; Female ; Glomerular Basement Membrane ; metabolism ; Hashimoto Disease ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; metabolism ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Proteinuria ; metabolism ; pathology ; Sjogren's Syndrome ; metabolism ; pathology

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients are susceptible to Helicobacter pylori (HP), and it has been reported that the occurrence of proteinuria is associated with HP infection in T2DM patients; however, this view remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between HP infection and the occurrence of proteinuria in T2DM patients. In addition, we hope to provide some recommendations to readers in clinical or related fields. Methods: Our meta-analysis was conducted with the methodology of the Cochrane Collaboration. Search strategies were formulated by relevant professionals. Case-control studies that compared the occurrence of proteinuria in T2DM patients with and without HP infection were involved in our meta-analysis. Relevant English or Chinese studies were searched on online databases before 2018, including PubMed, the Cochrane library, Medline, Google Scholar, the China National Infrastructure, and Wanfang database. The search strategies were "diabetic proteinuria, diabetic microalbuminuria, diabetic albuminuria, diabetic kidney disease, diabetic renal dysfunction, diabetic renal disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic complications, and diabetic mellitus, combined with HP." The quality of these involved articles was separately assessed by two investigators using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled using fixed-effects models. Results: Seven studies involving 1029 participants were included. The quality of these seven articles was all above five stars as assessed by NOS, and there was no significant publication bias in our meta-analysis. We found that T2DM patients with HP infection had a 2.00 times higher risk of the occurrence of proteinuria than patients without HP infection (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.48-2.69). Conclusions Our analysis showed that HP infection was associated with the occurrence of proteinuria in T2DM patients. HP radical surgery might be a therapeutic option for protecting kidney function in patients with T2DM.
Confidence Intervals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Helicobacter Infections ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Humans ; Kidney ; metabolism ; Proteinuria ; metabolism ; microbiology

Cofilin is a actin-binding protein in eukaryotic cells. It plays a role in maintaining the steady state of the internal environment through regulating actin dynamics, which contributes to the development of various kinds of diseases. In recent 20 years, cofilin has been widely attracted due to its regulatory effect on cell phenotype, gene transcription, apoptosis and inflammation in renal tissue. Cofilin plays a regulatory role in pathological changes in proteinuria diseases such as minimal change nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy. It could be one of the diagnosis index for glomerular podocyte injury. At the same time, cofilin plays a key role in maintaining the polarity and function of proximal tubular epithelial cells and it is involved in the regulation of kidney inflammation in a variety of kidney diseases, such as renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetic nephropathy, and hypertensive nephropathy reaction. In addition, cofilin plays an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells and epithelial cells in various tissues, suggesting that cofilin may be involved in the regulation of peritoneal dialysis-related EMT and fibrosis. Cofilin might turn into the new diagnosis and treatment target of kidney diseases.
Cofilin 1 ; metabolism ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Kidney ; physiopathology ; Kidney Diseases ; physiopathology ; Proteinuria ; genetics ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of Huaiqihuang Granules (, HQH), a mixture of Chinese herbs including Trametes robiniophila Murr, Fructus Lycii and Polygonatum sibiricum, on adriamycininduced nephropathy (ADRN) in rats and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODSRats with ADRN were divided into four groups: the sham group, the model group (distilled water), the low-dose HQH-treated (2 g/kg) group, and the high-dose HQH-treated (4 g/kg) group. Body weight and 24-h urinary protein (Upro) were checked every week. After 5-week intervention, at the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for examination of biochemical parameters, including glomerular morphological makers, podocyte shape, cellular apoptosis, expressions of nephrin, inflammatory and apoptosis markers.

RESULTSHQH ameliorated the rat's general status, proteinuria, renal morphological appearance and glomerulosclerosis. The decreased expression of nephrin in ADRN rats was increased by HQH, as well as the impaired podocyte foot process fusion. Cytosolic levels of p65 and inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα) were decreased in ADRN rats, and recovered by the treatment of HQH. Consistently, the induced expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), phosphorylated nuclear factor κB p65 (p-NFκB p65) and IκBα in ADRN were markedly suppressed by HQH. In addition, induction of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome C in ADRN rats were suppressed by HQH, indicating the amelioration of apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONHQH could ameliorate renal impairments in ADRN rats by increasing nephrin expression, inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway via the down-regulation of p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα, and suppression of glomerular and tubular apoptosis.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cytochromes c ; metabolism ; Doxorubicin ; adverse effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Kidney ; drug effects ; pathology ; Kidney Diseases ; blood ; chemically induced ; complications ; drug therapy ; Kidney Glomerulus ; drug effects ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Kidney Tubules ; drug effects ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha ; metabolism ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Organ Size ; drug effects ; Proteinuria ; blood ; complications ; drug therapy ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Transcription Factor RelA ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism

We report a new α-Galactosidase A (αGal-A) mutation in a 39-year-old Korean born, male Fabry disease patient. Fabry disease is a devastating, progressive inborn error of metabolism caused by X-linked genetic mutations. In this case, the first clinical symptom to occur was in childhood consisting of a burning pain originating in the extremities then radiating inwards to the limbs. This patient also stated to have ringing in his ears, angiokeratomas on his trunk, and cornea verticillata. He visited an outpatient cardiologist due to intermittent and atypical chest discomfort at the age of 39. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination showed left ventricular hypertrophy. A physical examination revealed proteinuria without hematuria. The patient's plasma αGal-A activity was markedly lower than the mean value of the controls. After genetic counseling and obtaining written informed consent, we identified one hemizygous mutation in exon 4 of galactosidase alpha, c.617T>C (p.Leu206 Pro). He was eventually diagnosed as having Fabry disease.
Adult ; Angiokeratoma ; Burns ; Cornea ; Ear ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Exons ; Extremities ; Fabry Disease* ; Galactosidases ; Genetic Counseling ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; Informed Consent ; Male ; Metabolism ; Outpatients ; Physical Examination ; Plasma ; Proteinuria ; Thorax

We aimed to investigate the differences in renal histopathological changes and laboratory parameters between adult and pediatric patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN), and to analyze the correlation between laboratory parameters and renal histopathological grading. A total of 139 patients diagnosed with HSPN between September 2010 and December 2014 at the First Hospital of Jilin University, China, were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical and pathological characteristics were examined and compared between the adult and the pediatric patients. A majority of adult (75.0%) and pediatric (66.2%) patients were categorized as pathological grade III HSPN. Adults having crescent lesions, interstitial fibrosis and renal artery involvement significantly outnumbered child counterparts (all P<0.05). Pathological grading showed a positive correlation with 24-h urine protein (r=0.307, P=0.009), microalbuminuria (r=0.266, P=0.000) and serum globulin (r=0.307, P=0.014), and a negative correlation with serum albumin (r=0.249, P=0.037) in pediatric patients with HSPN. Among adult patients with HSPN, histopathological grading showed a positive correlation with 24-h urine protein (r=0.294, P=0.015), microalbuminuria (r=0.352, P=0.006), α1-microglobulin (r=0.311, P=0.019) and immunoglobulin G (r=0.301, P=0.023) in urine, and serum creatinine (r=0.292, P=0.018). Further, a negative correlation between serum albumin and pathological grading was also observed (r=0.291, P=0.018). In conclusion, the severity of renal pathological lesions in HSPN patients is well reflected by the levels of proteinuria. Adult patients have more severe renal histopathological changes than pediatric patients.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Creatinine ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; urine ; Male ; Nephritis ; blood ; physiopathology ; urine ; Proteinuria ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch ; blood ; physiopathology ; urine ; Serum Albumin ; metabolism