On the basis of the previous work of the research group, the orthogonal design method was further used to optimize the processing technology for reducing toxicity of fried Tripterygium wilfordii in Lysimachia christinae Decoction. A total of 9 processed products of T.wilfordii in L.christinae decoction were prepared by four factors and three levels orthogonal design table. The contents of triptolide in T.wilfordii were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) before and after processing: 4.27, 3.92, 3.57, 2.75, 2.42, 2.66, 3.51, 1.87, 1.75, 2.03 μg·g~(-1). On this basis, the above processed products were orally given to mice for 28 days. 12 hours after the last administration, food fasting except water was provided, and 24 hours later, the eyeballs were taken for blood and liver tissue. Serum biochemical indexes, liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant related indexes were detected by kit method. Twenty-eight days after oral administration of raw T.wilfordii, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and liver malondialdehyde(MDA) in mice increased by 91%(P<0.01), 46%(P<0.05), 73%(P<0.01) and 99%(P<0.01), while the liver antioxidant indexes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPX) and glutathione-S transferase(GST) significantly decreased(P<0.01). After administration of the processed products, the above indexes were significantly reversed(P<0.01 or P<0.05). Especially, the processing conditions of A_3B_2C_1D_3 had the best detoxification effect on T.wilfordii, which decreased the high levels of AST, ALT, ALP and MDA by 49%(P<0.01), 32%(P<0.01), 42%(P<0.01), and 17%(P<0.05). Therefore, the best processing conditions for T.wilfordii in L.christinae decoction were A_3B_2C_1D_3, namely "15% mass fraction of L.christinae, 1 h moistening time, 160 ℃ frying temperature, and 9 min frying time".
Animals ; Antioxidants ; Liver ; Mice ; Primulaceae ; Technology ; Tripterygium

In order to established a method for simultaneous determination of isoquercitrin, astragaline, quercetin and kaempferol in Lysimachia clethroides, the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([HMIM]PF6) methanol was used as the ultrasound-assisted extraction solvent combing with RP-HPLC. A Purospher star RP-C1 column was used with the mobile phase of aceto- nitrile, methanol and 0. 4% phosphate acid by gradient elution at the detection wavelength of 360 nm. The flow rate was 0.7 mL x min(-1), and the column temperature was the room temperature. Under the optimized conditions, the linear ranges were 2.54 x 10(-2)-2. 54, 2.50 x 10(-2)- 2.50, 1.54 x 10(-3)-0.154, 1.49 x 10(-3)-0.149 microg for isoquercitrin, astragaline, quercetin and kaempferol, respectively. The average recoveries of the four constituents were 101.1%, 98.90%, 101.0%, 101.6%, respectively. The method was green, simple, rapid and accurate, and provided a valid method for analysis of isoquercitrin, astragaline, quercetin and kaempferol in L. clethroides.
Chemical Fractionation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Ionic Liquids ; chemistry ; Primulaceae ; chemistry

To set standards for histomorphological studies on Lysimachia fortunei, an efficacious and widely applied folk medicine in this study, in order to develop its resources. Its species were identified by observing plant morphology and herbs appearance characters, preparing slices with routine methods and defining structural characters. According to the results of morphologic observation, leaves, stamen and pistil of this plant were different from the descriptions in Flora of China. The whole herb can be used in medicines, mainly including rhizomes, stems and leaves. According to the findings in the first study on microscopic structures, its rhizomes, stems and leaves were characteristic and worth identifying. The transaction tissue structures of rhizomes and stems were under developed and contained endodermis, secretory structures; Stems had sclerenchymata of different shapes of sclereids; Leaves were bifacial and had vascular bundles under midribs, which were surrounded by parenchymal sheathes. On the surface of leaves, stomata, glandular hairs and keratin lines were morphologically different in upper and lower epidermis. The herbal power had glandular hairs, sclereids and vessels. In conclusion, herbs of L. fortunei can be identified by the above histomorphological characteristics, which lays a foundation for further development and application of L. fortunei.
Medicine, Traditional ; Plant Leaves ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Plant Stems ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Plants, Medicinal ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Primulaceae ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development

Eleven flavonol glycosides were isolated from the ethanol extract of Lysimachia clethroides by a combination of various chromatographic techniques including column chromatography over silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and reversed-phase HPLC. Their structures were identified as astragalin (1), isoquercitrin (2), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-β-D-6"-acetylglucopyranoside (4), quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), prunin (6), 2-hydroxynaringin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), kaempferol-3-O-rutinonoside (8), kaempferol-3-O-robinobioside (9), rutin (10) and kaempferol-3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11). Among them, compounds 4, 7 and 11 were obtained from the Lysimachia genus for the first time, while compounds 3, 5 and 9 were firstly reported from this plant. In the preliminary assays, compounds 2, 6 and 8 possessed significant inhibition against aldose reduc- tase, with IC50 values of 2.69, 1.00, 1.80 μmol · L(-1), respectively; none of compounds 1-11 exhibited obvious cytotoxic activity (IC50 > 10 μmol · L(-1)).
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Flavonols ; chemistry ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Primulaceae ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Lysimachiae Herba and Desmodii Styracifolii Herba are common traditional Chinese medicines for treating lithiasis. Both of them have efficacies of clearing heat, diuresis and eliminating calculi. However, there are some differences in their clinic applications. The former is mainly used to treat hepatolithiasis, gallstones, jaundice, stranguria and gout; Whereas the latter is mainly used to treat urinary calculus. In this paper, the pharmacological effects of Lysimachiae Herba and Desmodii Styracifolii Herba on removing calculus, choleresis, anti-inflammation and oxidation resistance were compared and analyzed based on document retrieval. In conclusion, both of them show the preventive and therapeutic effects on kidney stones and gallstones. Particularly, Desmodii Styracifolii Herba has a better effect in treating the kidney stones, while Lysimachiae Herba has a better effect in treating cholesterol gallstones.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Fabaceae ; Gallstones ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi ; drug therapy ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Phytotherapy ; Primulaceae

In order to establish the stable andreliable ISSR-PCR System of Lysimachia christinae, L16 (4(5)) orthogonal design, which based on 7 levels of single factor experiment, were used in this study. The variance analysis was carried out by SPSS 19.0, and 5 main factors affecting the reaction system were optimized in 4 levels. The best annealing temperature was selected by the optimized reaction system. And the stability and reliability of this system was tested by 23 samples from different origins. The results showed that the five factors (DNA template, primer, dNTP, Mg2+ and Taq enzyme) were the most impacts on the amplified results of ISSR-PCR of L. christinae. The order of the influence was: primer > Taq enzyme > DNA template > Mg2+ > dNTP. The optimal system, which was determined by multiple comparison on different levels of each factor, was total volume of 25 microL, including DNA template 60 ng, primer 0.3 micromol x L(-1), dNTP 0.2 mmol x L(-1), Mg2+ 1.8 mmol x L(-1), Taq enzyme 1.25 U. The optimal system was stable and reliable tested by 23 samples from different origins. This study lays the foundation for genetic diversity analysis, fine varieties selection and molecular identification of L. christinae, and provides reference for optimization on ISSR-PCR system of other speciesin future.
DNA Primers ; genetics ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; classification ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Primulaceae ; classification ; genetics ; Quality Control

To study the chemical constituents of Lysimachia patungensis Hand.-Mazz., silica gel column chromatography, reverse phase ODS column chromatography, MCI and Sephadex LH-20, were used to separate the 95% EtOH extract of the whole plant of Lysimachia patungensis Hand.-Mazz.. The structures of the isolated compounds have been established on the basis of chemical and NMR spectroscopic evidence as well as ESI-MS in some cases. Twelve phenolic compounds were obtained and identified as quercetin-3, 3'-di- O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (1), myricetrin (2), quercitrin (3), rutin (4), 2-hydroxynaringenin-4'-O-glucopyranoside (5), naringenin 7-O-glucopyranoside (6), liquiritin apioside (7), licochalcone B (8), tetrahydroxymethoxy chalcone (9), methyl-p-coumarate (10), 2, 4, 6-trihydroxy acetophenone-2-O-glucopyranoside (11) and vaccihein A (12). Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 5, 11 and 12 are isolated from the genus Lysimachia L. for the first time, and the others are isolated from the plant for the first time.
Chalcones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Cinnamates ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Phenols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Primulaceae ; chemistry ; Quercetin ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Rutin ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Androsace umbellata.

METHODMany chromatography means were used in separation and purification, and the structures of all compounds were identified by the means of spectroscopic analysis and physico-chemical properties.

RESULT10 compounds were elucidated as kaempferol 3-O-(3-O-acetyl-)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside(1), kaempferol 3-O-(2-O-acetyl-)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside(2), kaempferol 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside(3), kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L- rhamnopyranoside(4), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(5), kaempferol 3-O-(3-O-acetyl-)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-alpha-L- rhamnopyranoside(6), kaempferml 3-O-(4-O-acetyl-)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside(7), quercetin 3-O-alpha-L- rhamnopyranoside(8), quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(9) and myricetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), respectively.

CONCLUSIONAll compounds were obtained from the title plant for the first time.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Primulaceae ; chemistry

Lysimachia foenum-graecum has been used as an oriental medicine with anti-inflammatory effect. The anti-obesity effect of L. foenum-graecum extract (LFE) was first discovered in our screening of natural product extract library against adipogenesis. To characterize its anti-obesity effects and to evaluate its potential as an anti-obesity drug, we performed various obesity-related experiments in vitro and in vivo. In adipogenesis assay, LFE blocked the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 2.5 microg/ml. In addition, LFE suppressed the expression of lipogenic genes, while increasing the expression of lipolytic genes in vitro at 10 microg/ml and in vivo at 100 mg/kg/day. The anti-adipogenic and anti-lipogenic effect of LFE seems to be mediated by the inhibition of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha expression as shown in in vitro and in vivo, and the suppression of PPARgamma activity in vitro. Moreover, LFE stimulated fatty acid oxidation in an AMPK-dependent manner. In high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice (n = 8/group), oral administration of LFE at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day decreased total body weight gain significantly in all doses tested. No difference in food intake was observed between vehicle- and LFE-treated HFD mice. The weight of white adipose tissues including abdominal subcutaneous, epididymal, and perirenal adipose tissue was reduced markedly in LFE-treated HFD mice in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of LFE also greatly improved serum levels of obesity-related biomarkers such as glucose, triglycerides, and adipocytokines leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. All together, these results showed anti-obesity effects of LFE on adipogenesis and lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo and raised a possibility of developing LFE as anti-obesity therapeutics.
3T3-L1 Cells ; Adipogenesis/*drug effects ; Adipose Tissue/drug effects/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue, White ; Animals ; Anti-Obesity Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Body Weight/drug effects ; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/genetics ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Eating/drug effects ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Lipid Metabolism/*drug effects ; Lipids ; Lipogenesis/drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Obesity/prevention & control ; PPAR gamma/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; Primulaceae/*chemistry

Nine flavonoids were isolated and identified as luteolin (1), luteolin-4'-O-beta-D-glucoside (2), acacetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside (3), rutin (4), acacetin (5), quercetin (6), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (7), kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (8), Isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside(9) from Lysimachia paridiformis var. stenophylla, and all these compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Antioxidants ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Primulaceae ; chemistry