OBJECTIVES: To investigate the changing trends and influencing factors for growth retardation-related obesity in Chinese children aged 7-12 years in 2010-2020, providing a basis for formulating physical health interventions for children. METHODS: The data of body height and body mass index were collected from 16 289 children aged 7-12 years in the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2010-2020, and the trends of growth retardation, obesity, and growth retardation-related obesity in 2010-2020 were analyzed and compared between different sexes and between urban and rural areas. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2020, the overall rates of growth retardation and growth retardation-related obesity among children aged 7-12 years in China showed a declining trend (P<0.05). By gender and urban-rural classification, the overall obesity rate from 2010 to 2020 showed an increasing trend in all groups except for the rural male and female children groups, the rural children group, and the female children group (P<0.05). The prevalence rates of growth retardation, obesity, and growth retardation-related obesity in male children were significantly higher than those in female children, and similarly, these indicators were also significantly higher in rural children compared to urban children (P<0.05). Urban/rural residence, age, sex, and year were influencing factors for growth retardation and growth retardation-related obesity in children aged 7-12 years (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of growth retardation, obesity, and growth retardation-related obesity among Chinese children aged 7-12 years shows gender and urban-rural disparities, which highlights the needs for targeted interventions for boys and children in rural areas.
Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Comorbidity ; East Asian People ; Growth Disorders/etiology* ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology*

Objective To understand the growth and dietary diversity status of children in multi-ethnic areas of Sichuan province,and to explore the associations of dietary diversity with growth and development indicators. Methods Children of 18-36 months old and their primary caregivers were selected with multi-stage cluster random sampling method from rural areas of Han,Tibetan,and Yi ethnic groups in Sichuan province. The sociodemographic information of children and their caregivers was collected using self-designed questionnaire.The dietary diversity score(DDS)was calculated according to the criteria in the Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.The body height(length)and body weight of each child were measured by standard equipment for anthropological measurement,and the height for age Z score(HAZ),weight for age Z score(WAZ),and weight for height Z score(WHZ) were calculated.Multivariate linear regression was performed to analyze the relationship between dietary diversity and growth indicators of children. Results A total of 1092 children were enrolled in this study,and the prevalence of stunting(HAZ<-2),underweight(WAZ<-2),and wasting(WHZ<-2)was 21.1%,4.9%,and 2.5%,respectively.The children had the mean DDS of 4.8±1.7,and 45.3% of children had poor dietary diversity(DDS≤4).The children of Han ethnic group(5.8±1.4)had higher DDS than those of Tibetan ethnic group(4.9±1.6)and Yi ethnic group(3.9±1.6)(P<0.001).The results of multivariate linear regression indicated that DDS was positively correlated with HAZ(β=0.206,95%CI=0.158-0.254,P<0.001)after adjustment of sex,age,birth weight,preterm birth,and parental body height.After further adjustment of family fixed assets,ethnic group,caregiver's type,and caregiver's education background,the correlation between DDS and HAZ remained significant(β=0.077,95%CI=0.026-0.128, P=0.003). Conclusions The children in the multi-ethnic rural areas of Sichuan province showed troublesome growth and development status and low dietary diversity,which were conspicuously different between ethnic groups,especially in the rural areas of Yi ethnic group.The dietary diversity was positively associated with HAZ.It is recommended to carry out nutrition and health education according to the local dietary characteristics and thus improve the growth and development of children in multi-ethnic rural areas in Sichuan.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Ethnicity ; Female ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Nutritional Status ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth ; Rural Population

Objective: To understand the growth retardation among primary and secondary school students in areas covered by the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students and its influencing factors to provide evidence for improving the nutrition status of rural students in China. Methods: The multi-stage cluster random sampling method selected 1 550 969 primary and secondary school students aged 6-15 years from China's central and western regions. The ratio of male and female students was balanced. The height was measured, and the growth retardation of students was determined according to the Screening Criteria for School-age Children and Adolescents malnutrition (WS/T 456-2014), from the school and county questionnaire survey related factors. The number of cases and percentages described the growth retardation of students, and the χ² test was used for comparison between groups. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze students' growth retardation factors. Results: In 2019, the growth retardation rate of primary and secondary school students in areas covered by the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students was 5.7% (88 631/1 550 969), the growth retardation rate in the western part (7.1%, 66 167/927 954) was higher than that in the central part (3.7%,19 511/533 973) with difference statistically significant (P<0.001). The growth retardation rate of the boys (6.3%,50 665/803 851) were higher than that of girls (5.1%, 37 966/747 118), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The growth retardation rate of primary school students in central China was 3.9%(14 914/380 598), higher than that of junior middle school students (3.0%,4 597/153 375, P<0.001). In contrast, the growth retardation rate of the western junior high school students (7.2%, 21 494/297 217) were higher than that of elementary school students (7.1%, 44 673/630 737), with a difference statistically significant (all P=0.009). Multi-factor logistic regression results showed that, in high income area (OR=0.829, 95%CI: 0.816-0.842, P<0.001), parents providing part of the meal cost (OR=0.948, 95%CI: 0.931-0.965, P<0.001), enterprises providing meals (OR=0.845, 95%CI: 0.805-0.887, P<0.001), schools providing milk (OR=0.780, 95%CI: 0.767-0.793, P<0.001), health education courses (OR=0.702, 95%CI: 0.682-0.723, P<0.001) and other local nutrition improvement efforts (OR=0.739, 95%CI: 0.720-0.758, P<0.001) were negatively correlated with the occurrence of growth retardation, The growth retardation rate of the students was lower. Conclusions: There appeared significant regional, gender, and age differences in the growth retardation rate of primary and middle school students in areas covered by the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students. Appropriate food supply in schools, health education courses, and parental participation in nutritional improvement was related to children's lower growth retardation rate.
Adolescent ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Growth Disorders ; Humans ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Rural Population ; Schools ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The γδ T cells are unconventional lymphocytes that function in both innate and adaptive immune responses against various intracellular and infectious stresses. The γδ T cells can be exploited as cancer-killing effector cells since γδ TCRs recognize MHC-like molecules and growth factor receptors that are upregulated in cancer cells, and γδ T cells can differentiate into cytotoxic effector cells. However, γδ T cells may also promote tumor progression by secreting IL-17 or other cytokines. Therefore, it is essential to understand how the differentiation and homeostasis of γδ T cells are regulated and whether distinct γδ T cell subsets have different functions. Human γδ T cells are classified into Vδ2 and non-Vδ2 γδ T cells. The majority of Vδ2 γδ T cells are Vγ9δ2 T cells that recognize pyrophosphorylated isoprenoids generated by the dysregulated mevalonate pathway. In contrast, Vδ1 T cells expand from initially diverse TCR repertoire in patients with infectious diseases and cancers. The ligands of Vδ1 T cells are diverse and include the growth factor receptors such as endothelial protein C receptor. Both Vδ1 and Vδ2 γδ T cells are implicated to have immunotherapeutic potentials for cancers, but the detailed elucidation of the distinct characteristics of 2 populations will be required to enhance the immunotherapeutic potential of γδ T cells. Here, we summarize recent progress regarding cancer immunology of human γδ T cells, including their development, heterogeneity, and plasticity, the putative mechanisms underlying ligand recognition and activation, and their dual effects on tumor progression in the tumor microenvironment.
Allergy and Immunology ; Communicable Diseases ; Cytokines ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Interleukin-17 ; Ligands ; Lymphocytes ; Mevalonic Acid ; Plastics ; Population Characteristics ; Protein C ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta ; Receptors, Growth Factor ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; T-Lymphocytes ; Terpenes ; Tumor Microenvironment

growth factor receptor status, and aggressive molecular subtypes showed higher SWV(mean) + QM (all p < 0.05), while only lymphovascular involvement showed higher SWV(mean) − QM (p = 0.036).CONCLUSION: The use of QM in SWE might improve the diagnostic performance for breast lesions and facilitate prediction of the biological characteristics of invasive breast cancers.]]>
Area Under Curve ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Population Characteristics ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Progesterone ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‒tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective clinical therapeutics for EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Osimertinib, a thirdgeneration EGFR TKI, has proven effective against T790M mutations. However, the vast majority of patients acquire resistance following successful treatment. A 59-year-old female patient with metastatic NSCLC developed resistance after 43 weeks of osimertinib. CancerSCAN of the metastatic liver lesion revealed a EGFR C797G mutation at an allele frequency of 72%, a preexisting T790M mutation (73%) in cis and an exon 19 deletion (87%). Another 53-year-old female patient developed systemic progression after 10 months of osimertinib. CancerSCAN of the lung biopsy identified an EGFR L718Q mutation at an allele frequency of 7%, concomitant PIK3CA E545K (12.90%) and preexisting EGFR L858R (38%), but loss of the T790M mutation. The heterogeneity of osimertinib resistance mechanisms warrants further investigation into novel or combination agents to overcome the rare acquired resistances.
Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Exons ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Liver ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Phosphotransferases ; Population Characteristics ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor

Unmet healthcare needs are being used as an important indicator of the accessibility of healthcare services worldwide. To examine current status and trends of unmet needs in Korea, we used data from four sources: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2007–2017); the Community Health Survey (CHS 2008–2017); the Korea Health Panel Survey (KHP 2011–2015); and the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS 2006–2017). The proportion of individual reporting unmet healthcare needs as of 2017 was 8.8% (KNHANES), 10.6% (CHS), and 12.4% (KHP as of 2015). The proportion of households reporting unmet healthcare needs due to cost was 0.5% (KOWEPS). Annual percentage change was −19.2%, −13.3%, −5.8%, and −13.3% respectively. Low income populations had more unmet healthcare needs than high income populations. However, unlike the last two studies, the main reason for unmet medical reasons was that there was no time regardless of income level.
Delivery of Health Care ; Family Characteristics ; Health Surveys ; Korea ; Nutrition Surveys ; Population Growth ; Poverty

BACKGROUND: This study purposed to compare the difference on medical utilization and health expenditure of baby boomer generation by depression between gender. METHODS: Korea Welfare Panel Survey 2016, provided by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, was used for the analysis. For the research, we used the two-part model, yes or no of use (part 1), and frequency of use (part 2) for medical utilization. The dependent variables are the whether or not to use of hospitalization services, outpatient services, length of stay, outpatient service visits, and health expenditure. And the independent variables are used as the predisposing (education, spouse presence), enabling (insurance type, private insurance, economic activity, income), and need (chronic disease, self-rated health, disability) factors in the Andersen behavior model. Depression was used as intervening variables. Structural equation model and multiple group analysis by gender were used. RESULTS: There were differences in the medical care usage and cost between men and women in baby boomer. For men, mediating effects of depression were present at the hospitalization (yes/no), length of stay, and health expenditure. On the other hand, for women, the mediating effect of depression was found only at the outpatient visits. Specially, depression was working at the medical services by the different way between gender. The size of effect (multiple group analysis) was affected by significant differences between men and women. CONCLUSION: This study found that the mediating effect of depression is increased medical usage and health expenditure and the effect factors are different by gender. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a medical care policy considering the socio-economic characteristics of baby boomers.
Depression ; Female ; Hand ; Health Expenditures ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Insurance ; Korea ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Negotiating ; Outpatients ; Population Growth ; Sex Characteristics ; Spouses

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) gene therapy on the surface markers, multilineage differentiation, viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage and senescence of human Dental Pulp-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (hDPSC). METHODS: hDPSCs were isolated from human teeth, and were cultured with 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) in minimum essential media-alpha (α-MEM). TGF-β1 gene transfer into hDPSCs was performed by electroporation method after the plasmid was prepared. The transfection efficiency was achieved by using western blot and flow cytometry analyses and GFP transfection. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers, multilineage differentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage and cellular senescence assays were performed by comparing the transfected and non-transfected cells. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism. RESULTS: Strong expression of TGF-β1 in pCMV-TGF-β1-transfected hDPSCs was detected in flow cytometry analysis. TGF-β1 transfection efficiency was measured as 95%. Western blot analysis showed that TGF-β1 protein levels increased at third and sixth days in pCMV-TGF-β1-transfected hDPSCs. The continuous TGF-β1 overexpression in hDPSCs did not influence the immunophenotype and surface marker expression of MSCs. Our results showed that TGF-β1 increased osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, but decreased adipogenic differentiation. Overexpression of TGF-β1 increased the proliferation rate and decreased total apoptosis in hDPSCs (p<0.05). The number of cells at “S” phase was higher with TGF-β1 transfection (p<0.05). Cellular senescence decreased in TGF-β1 transfected group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results reflect that TGF-β1 has major impact on MSC differentiation. TGF-β1 transfection has positive effect on proliferation, cell cycle, and prevents cellular senescence and apoptosis.
Aging ; Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Aging ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; DNA Damage ; Electroporation ; Flow Cytometry ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Methods ; Plasmids ; Population Characteristics ; Tooth ; Transfection ; Transforming Growth Factors

Mucinous carcinoma (MC) is a rare subtype of breast cancer, which is composed of tumor cells floating in the abundant extracellular mucin. This form of cancer is usually estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative. Here, we present a case of HER2-positive MC with an unusual signet ring cell differentiation. It is very rare that a breast tumor consists entirely of signet ring cells. The tumor showed pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with trastuzumab and pertuzumab. pCR of HER2-positive MC has rarely been described in literature. It is important to consider the biological heterogeneity of MCs for effective management.
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell ; Cell Differentiation ; Drug Therapy ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; Estrogens ; Humans ; Mucins ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Characteristics ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptor, ErbB-2 ; Trastuzumab