Objective: Cerebral ischemia is a medical condition that occurs due to poor supply of blood in the brain. Reperfusion being savage further exaggerates the tissue injury causing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/R). CI/R is marked by an impairment in release of neurotransmitter, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.The current study has utilized brivaracetam (BRV), a synaptic vesicle protein 2A modulator in experimental model of CI/R injury. Methods: CI/R injury was induced in Swiss Albino mice by occlusion of common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. Animals were assessed for learning and memory, motor coordination (Rota rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking test), cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Biochemical assessments were made for oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in brain supernatants. Results: CI/R animals showed impairment in learning, memory, and motor coordination, along with increase in cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, increase in brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity were recorded in CI/R animals. Administration of BRV (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg; p.o.) was observed to recuperate CI/R induced impairments in behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Conclusion It may be concluded that BRV mediates neuroprotection during CI/R via decreasing brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity.

Objective: Cerebral ischemia is a medical condition that occurs due to poor supply of blood in the brain. Reperfusion being savage further exaggerates the tissue injury causing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/R). CI/R is marked by an impairment in release of neurotransmitter, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.The current study has utilized brivaracetam (BRV), a synaptic vesicle protein 2A modulator in experimental model of CI/R injury. Methods: CI/R injury was induced in Swiss Albino mice by occlusion of common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. Animals were assessed for learning and memory, motor coordination (Rota rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking test), cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Biochemical assessments were made for oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in brain supernatants. Results: CI/R animals showed impairment in learning, memory, and motor coordination, along with increase in cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, increase in brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity were recorded in CI/R animals. Administration of BRV (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg; p.o.) was observed to recuperate CI/R induced impairments in behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Conclusion It may be concluded that BRV mediates neuroprotection during CI/R via decreasing brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity.

Objective: Cerebral ischemia is a medical condition that occurs due to poor supply of blood in the brain. Reperfusion being savage further exaggerates the tissue injury causing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/R). CI/R is marked by an impairment in release of neurotransmitter, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.The current study has utilized brivaracetam (BRV), a synaptic vesicle protein 2A modulator in experimental model of CI/R injury. Methods: CI/R injury was induced in Swiss Albino mice by occlusion of common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. Animals were assessed for learning and memory, motor coordination (Rota rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking test), cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Biochemical assessments were made for oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in brain supernatants. Results: CI/R animals showed impairment in learning, memory, and motor coordination, along with increase in cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, increase in brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity were recorded in CI/R animals. Administration of BRV (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg; p.o.) was observed to recuperate CI/R induced impairments in behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Conclusion It may be concluded that BRV mediates neuroprotection during CI/R via decreasing brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity.

Objective: Cerebral ischemia is a medical condition that occurs due to poor supply of blood in the brain. Reperfusion being savage further exaggerates the tissue injury causing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/R). CI/R is marked by an impairment in release of neurotransmitter, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.The current study has utilized brivaracetam (BRV), a synaptic vesicle protein 2A modulator in experimental model of CI/R injury. Methods: CI/R injury was induced in Swiss Albino mice by occlusion of common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. Animals were assessed for learning and memory, motor coordination (Rota rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking test), cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Biochemical assessments were made for oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in brain supernatants. Results: CI/R animals showed impairment in learning, memory, and motor coordination, along with increase in cerebral infarction, and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, increase in brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity were recorded in CI/R animals. Administration of BRV (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg; p.o.) was observed to recuperate CI/R induced impairments in behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Conclusion It may be concluded that BRV mediates neuroprotection during CI/R via decreasing brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE activity.

Background: Maxillofacial trauma presents with a myriad of complications, including functional disability and aesthetic compromise. Optimal treatment includes management of bone and soft tissue injuries along with dental rehabilitation. Prompt management, including open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) combined with immediate dental implant rehabilitation, facilitates both functional recovery and aesthetic restoration, thereby leading to improved quality of life. Methods: A total of 36 patients with maxillofacial bony trauma, along with non-restorable fractured, avulsed, or missing teeth, were managed with ORIF with dental rehabilitation. Eighteen patients underwent delayed implant placement after 6 months of ORIF, and the other 18 underwent immediate implant rehabilitation during ORIF. The outcomes measured included implant stability, crestal bone loss, and evaluation of pain, swelling, and patient satisfaction. All follow-up visits were scheduled with reference to the post-implant placement period in both groups. Results: Implant stability was significantly increased in the immediate implant placement group of patients at the third- and sixth month follow-up post-implant placement (p< 0.001). Pain assessment revealed that the immediate implant group experienced significantly higher pain scores than the delayed implant group on the first day (p< 0.001), seventh day (p< 0.001), and 28th day (p< 0.001) following implant placement. Significant differences in facial swelling were observed at the third and sixth months (p= 0.009), with the immediate implant group exhibiting lower swelling. Swelling was significantly higher along the tragal-commissure line in the immediate implant group on the first and seventh days (p< 0.001). Patient satisfaction was initially higher in the delayed implant group on the first day (p= 0.047) and remained so by the third month (p< 0.001). However, by the sixth month, both groups demonstrated similar levels of satisfaction after implant placement. Conclusion Immediate implant rehabilitation during ORIF in patients sustaining maxillofacial trauma improves implant success rates, reduces morbidity, and ultimately enhances patients’ overall quality of life.

The etiology of recurrent miscarriage (RM) is extremely heterogeneous, encompassing genetic, immunological, anatomical, endocrine, thrombophilic, infectious, and uterine abnormalities. Thrombophilia is a major contributor to pregnancy complications, potentially harming the fetus and jeopardizing the continuation of pregnancy. Therefore, successful pregnancy outcomes depend on maintaining a delicate balance between coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, crucial for ensuring the adjustment of the basal plate to facilitate adequate placental perfusion. Despite numerous studies shedding light on the role of thrombophilic factors and genetic variations in RM, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. It is imperative to systematically rule out thrombophilia and other related factors responsible for pregnancy disorders and RMs to guide appropriate and active management strategies. Addressing thrombophilia continues to present challenges in terms of effective treatment. The current review aims to address the heterogeneity of RM as a therapeutic challenge, emphasizing the need for standardized diagnostic tests and welldesigned multicenter research trials to gather robust, evidence-based data on thrombophilic causes of RM and provide effective treatment. The goal is to enhance the understanding of thrombophilic factors and genetic landscapes associated with RM through various approaches, including candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, and high-throughput sequencing. Meta-analyses have underscored the significance of genetic aberrations in RM, highlighting the necessity for identifying critical mutations implicated in the etiopathogenesis of miscarriages to pave the way for implementation of targeted clinical therapies.

The etiology of recurrent miscarriage (RM) is extremely heterogeneous, encompassing genetic, immunological, anatomical, endocrine, thrombophilic, infectious, and uterine abnormalities. Thrombophilia is a major contributor to pregnancy complications, potentially harming the fetus and jeopardizing the continuation of pregnancy. Therefore, successful pregnancy outcomes depend on maintaining a delicate balance between coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, crucial for ensuring the adjustment of the basal plate to facilitate adequate placental perfusion. Despite numerous studies shedding light on the role of thrombophilic factors and genetic variations in RM, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. It is imperative to systematically rule out thrombophilia and other related factors responsible for pregnancy disorders and RMs to guide appropriate and active management strategies. Addressing thrombophilia continues to present challenges in terms of effective treatment. The current review aims to address the heterogeneity of RM as a therapeutic challenge, emphasizing the need for standardized diagnostic tests and welldesigned multicenter research trials to gather robust, evidence-based data on thrombophilic causes of RM and provide effective treatment. The goal is to enhance the understanding of thrombophilic factors and genetic landscapes associated with RM through various approaches, including candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, and high-throughput sequencing. Meta-analyses have underscored the significance of genetic aberrations in RM, highlighting the necessity for identifying critical mutations implicated in the etiopathogenesis of miscarriages to pave the way for implementation of targeted clinical therapies.

Benzene is a carcinogenic pollutant with significant emission sources present in the atmosphere. The need for accurate and precise measurement of benzene in the atmosphere has become increasingly evident due to its toxicity and the adverse health effects associated with exposure to different concentrations. Certified reference material (CRM) is essential to establish the traceability of measurement results. The present review compiles the available national and international measurement methods, certified reference materials (CRMs) for benzene and the limit of benzene in fuel composition (v/v) worldwide. Overall, the review indicates the benzene level in the atmosphere and the resulting impacts on the environment and human health, which frequently exceed the exposure limits of different environment regulatory agencies. An extensive literature review was conducted to gather information on monitoring and analysis methods for benzene, revealing that the most preferred method, i.e. Gas Chromatography- Flame Ionization Detector and Mass Spectrometry, is neither cost-effective nor suitable for real-time continuous monitoring. By analysing existing literature and studies, this review will shed light on the understanding of the importance of benzene pollution monitoring in ambient air and its implications for public health. Additionally, it will reflect the mitigation strategies applied by regulators & need for future revisions of air quality guidelines.

The etiology of recurrent miscarriage (RM) is extremely heterogeneous, encompassing genetic, immunological, anatomical, endocrine, thrombophilic, infectious, and uterine abnormalities. Thrombophilia is a major contributor to pregnancy complications, potentially harming the fetus and jeopardizing the continuation of pregnancy. Therefore, successful pregnancy outcomes depend on maintaining a delicate balance between coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, crucial for ensuring the adjustment of the basal plate to facilitate adequate placental perfusion. Despite numerous studies shedding light on the role of thrombophilic factors and genetic variations in RM, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. It is imperative to systematically rule out thrombophilia and other related factors responsible for pregnancy disorders and RMs to guide appropriate and active management strategies. Addressing thrombophilia continues to present challenges in terms of effective treatment. The current review aims to address the heterogeneity of RM as a therapeutic challenge, emphasizing the need for standardized diagnostic tests and welldesigned multicenter research trials to gather robust, evidence-based data on thrombophilic causes of RM and provide effective treatment. The goal is to enhance the understanding of thrombophilic factors and genetic landscapes associated with RM through various approaches, including candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, and high-throughput sequencing. Meta-analyses have underscored the significance of genetic aberrations in RM, highlighting the necessity for identifying critical mutations implicated in the etiopathogenesis of miscarriages to pave the way for implementation of targeted clinical therapies.

The etiology of recurrent miscarriage (RM) is extremely heterogeneous, encompassing genetic, immunological, anatomical, endocrine, thrombophilic, infectious, and uterine abnormalities. Thrombophilia is a major contributor to pregnancy complications, potentially harming the fetus and jeopardizing the continuation of pregnancy. Therefore, successful pregnancy outcomes depend on maintaining a delicate balance between coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, crucial for ensuring the adjustment of the basal plate to facilitate adequate placental perfusion. Despite numerous studies shedding light on the role of thrombophilic factors and genetic variations in RM, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. It is imperative to systematically rule out thrombophilia and other related factors responsible for pregnancy disorders and RMs to guide appropriate and active management strategies. Addressing thrombophilia continues to present challenges in terms of effective treatment. The current review aims to address the heterogeneity of RM as a therapeutic challenge, emphasizing the need for standardized diagnostic tests and welldesigned multicenter research trials to gather robust, evidence-based data on thrombophilic causes of RM and provide effective treatment. The goal is to enhance the understanding of thrombophilic factors and genetic landscapes associated with RM through various approaches, including candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, and high-throughput sequencing. Meta-analyses have underscored the significance of genetic aberrations in RM, highlighting the necessity for identifying critical mutations implicated in the etiopathogenesis of miscarriages to pave the way for implementation of targeted clinical therapies.