This review article summarizes the current modification methods employed to enhance the osseointegration properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a novel biomaterial. Our analysis highlights that strategies such as surface treatment, surface modification, and the incorporation of bioactive composites can markedly improve the bioactivity of PEEK surfaces, thus facilitating their effective integration with bone tissue. However, to ensure widespread application of PEEK in the medical field, particularly in oral implantology, additional experiments and long-term clinical evaluations are required. Looking ahead, future research should concentrate on developing innovative modification techniques and assessment methodologies to further optimize the performance of PEEK implant materials. The ultimate goal is to provide the clinical setting with even more reliable solutions.
Benzophenones ; Ketones/chemistry* ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry* ; Osseointegration ; Humans ; Polymers ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry* ; Surface Properties ; Prostheses and Implants ; Dental Implants

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of a zero-profile three-dimensiaonal (3D)-printed microporous titanium alloy Cage and a conventional titanium plate combined with a polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK)-Cage in the treatment of single-segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) by anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS: The clinical data of 83 patients with single-segment CSM treated with ACDF between January 2022 and January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, and they were divided into 3D-ZP group (35 cases, using zero-profile 3D-printed microporous titanium alloy Cage) and CP group (48 cases, using titanium plate in combination with PEEK-Cage). There was no significant difference in gender, age, disease duration, surgical intervertebral space, and preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, neck disability index (NDI), vertebral height at the fusion segment, Cobb angle, and other baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, complications, interbody fusion, and prosthesis subsidence were recorded and compared between the two groups. VAS score, NDI, and JOA score were used to evaluate the improvement of pain and function before operation, at 3 months after operation, and at last follow-up, and the vertebral height at the fusion segment and Cobb angle were measured by imaging. The degree of dysphagia was assessed by the Bazaz dysphagia scale at 1 week and at last follow-up. RESULTS: The operation was successfully completed in all the 83 patients. There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss and hospital stay between the two groups (P>0.05), but the operation time in the 3D-ZP group was significantly shorter than that in the CP group (P<0.05). Patients in both groups were followed up 24-35 months, with an average of 25.3 months, and there was no significant difference in the follow-up time between the two groups (P>0.05). The incidence and grade of dysphagia in CP group were significantly higher than those in 3D-ZP group at 1 week after operation and at last follow-up (P<0.05). There was no dysphagia in 3D-ZP group at last follow-up. There was no complication such as implant breakage or displacement in both groups. The intervertebral fusion rates of 3D-ZP group and CP group were 65.71% (23/35) and 60.42% (29/48) respectively at 3 months after operation, and there was no significant difference between the two groups [OR (95%CI)=1.256 (0.507, 3.109), P=0.622]. The JOA score, VAS score, and NDI significantly improved in the 3D-ZP group at 3 months and at last follow-up when compared with preoperative ones (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the improvement rate of JOA between the two groups at last follow-up (P>0.05). At 3 months after operation and at last follow-up, the vertebral height at the fusion segment and Cobb angle significantly improved in both groups, and the two indexes in 3D-ZP group were significantly better than those in CP group (P<0.05). At last follow-up, the incidence of prosthesis subsidence in 3D-ZP group (8.57%) was significantly lower than that in CP group (29.16%) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The application of zero-profile 3D-printed Cage and titanium plate combined with PEEK-Cage in single-segment ACDF can both reconstruct the stability of cervical spine and achieve good effectiveness. Compared with the latter, the application of the former in ACDF can shorten the operation time, reduce the incidence of prosthesis subsidence, and reduce the incidence of dysphagia.
Humans ; Spinal Fusion/instrumentation* ; Titanium ; Cervical Vertebrae/surgery* ; Diskectomy/instrumentation* ; Bone Plates ; Male ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Benzophenones ; Adult ; Spondylosis/surgery* ; Aged ; Polymers ; Ketones ; Polyethylene Glycols

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of a polycaprolactone (PCL)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) scaffold incorporated with concentrated growth factor (CGF) on the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). METHODS: The PCL-PEG-CGF composite scaffold was fabricated using an immersion and freeze-drying technique. Its microstructure, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility were systematically characterized. The hPDLSCs were isolated through enzymatic digestion, and the hPDLSCs were identified through flow cytometry. Third-passage hPDLSCs were seeded onto the composite scaffolds, and their adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were assessed using CCK-8 assays, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red staining, and Western blot analysis of osteogenesis-related proteins [Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), ALP, and morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)]. RESULTS: Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the PCL-PEG-CGF composite scaffold exhibited a honeycomb-like structure with heterogeneous pore sizes. The composite scaffold exhibited excellent hydrophilicity, as evidenced by a contact angle (θ) approaching 0° within 6 s. Its elastic modulus was measured at (4.590 0±0.149 3) MPa, with comparable hydrophilicity, fracture tensile strength, and fracture elongation to PCL-PEG scaffold. The hPDLSCs exhibited significantly improved adhesion to the PCL-PEG-CGF composite scaffold compared with the PCL-PEG scaffold (P<0.01). Additionally, cell proliferation was markedly improved in all the experimental groups on days 3, 5, and 7 (P<0.01), and statistically significant differences were found between the PCL-PEG-CGF group and other groups (P<0.01). The PCL-PEG-CGF group showed significantly elevated ALP activity (P<0.05), increased mineralization nodule formation, and upregulated expression of osteogenic-related proteins (Runx2, BMP2 and ALP; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The PCL-PEG-CGF composite scaffold exhibited excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, enhancing the adhesion and proliferation of hPDLSCs and promoting their osteogenic differentiation by upregulating osteogenic-related proteins.
Humans ; Polyesters/chemistry* ; Periodontal Ligament/cytology* ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry* ; Stem Cells/cytology* ; Tissue Scaffolds ; Cell Proliferation ; Osteogenesis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Adhesion ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/metabolism* ; Cells, Cultured ; Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism* ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology* ; Tissue Engineering/methods*

Hormesis effect has been observed in the secondary metabolite synthesis of microorganisms induced by rare earth elements. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. To analyze the molecular mechanism of the regulatory effect of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa in the presence of lanthanum chloride, different concentrations of lanthanum chloride were added to the fermentation medium of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and the carotenoid content was subsequently measured. It was found that the concentrations of La³⁺ exerting the promotional and inhibitory effects were 0-100 mg/L and 100-400 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of 33 genes and the synthesis of 55 metabolites were observed to be up-regulated, while the expression of 85 genes and the synthesis of 123 metabolites were found to be down-regulated at the concentration range of the promotional effect. Notably, the expression of carotenoid synthesis-related genes except AL1 was up-regulated. Additionally, the content of β-carotene, lycopene, and astaxanthin demonstrated increases of 10.74%, 5.02%, and 3.22%, respectively. The expression of 5 genes and the synthesis of 91 metabolites were up-regulated, while the expression of 35 genes and the synthesis of 138 metabolites were down-regulated at the concentration range of the inhibitory effect. Meanwhile, the content of β-carotene, lycopene, and astaxanthin decreased by 21.73%, 34.81%, and 35.51%, respectively. In summary, appropriate concentrations of rare earth ions can regulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites by modulating the activities of various enzymes involved in metabolic pathways, thereby exerting the hormesis effect. The findings of this study not only contribute to our comprehension for the mechanism of rare earth elements in organisms but also offer a promising avenue for the utilization of rare earth elements in diverse fields, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare.
Lanthanum/pharmacology* ; Rhodotorula/genetics* ; Carotenoids/metabolism* ; Hormesis/drug effects* ; Fermentation ; Multiomics

Polyethylene (PE) is widely used due to its excellent properties. However, the improper disposal of PE waste has led to serious environmental pollution. Microbial degradation of PE is a low-carbon, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient method of homogeneous recycling. The use of microbial degradation technology to treat polyethylene waste has become one of the current research hotspots. As a result, employing microbial degradation technology to address polyethylene waste has become a key focus of current research. A PE-degrading strain ETX1 was screened from waste plastics in a landfill by the enrichment culture method. The strain was identified as Lysinibacillus sp.. After incubating PE powder with the strain for 20 days, a weight loss of 29.41% was observed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that special absorption peaks such as carbonyl and hydroxyl groups appeared, proving that ETX1 had the effect of degrading PE. The degradation effect of this strain was characterized by the weight loss of PE film, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle. The results showed that ETX1 reduced the PE film weight by up to 5.23% within 120 days. The film structure was damaged, with holes formed by erosion on the film surface, and the hydrophilicity was enhanced. Additionally, a stronger carbonyl absorption peak appeared. The discovery of the PE-degrading strain ETX1 not only enriches the resources of PE plastic-degrading strains but also lays a foundation for mining efficient PE-degrading elements, obtaining degrading enzymes, and deciphering related degradation pathways.
Polyethylene/chemistry* ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Bacillaceae/classification* ; Plastics/metabolism*

The PIF7 gene is a member of the bHLH family, playing a pivotal role in plant germination. However, its roles in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) remain largely unexplored. In this study, we cloned the phytochrome-interacting factor gene CsPIF7 to elucidate its role in the germination of tea plants. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that CsPIF7 was localized in the nucleus. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that CsPIF7 directly bound to a specific region (7-321 bp) of the CsEXP promoter, thereby repressing the expression of CsEXP. These findings suggest that CsPIF7 may modulate the germination of tea plants by inhibiting the expression of CsEXP. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that both CsPIF7 and CsEXP exhibited high expression levels in tea buds, with different expression patterns in response to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Furthermore, both CsPIF7 and CsEXP were upregulated under cold stress at 4 ℃, indicating their involvement in the cold response of tea plants. Taken together, these results suggest that CsPIF7 regulates CsEXP expression in an ABA-dependent manner, thereby influencing the germination of tea plants. This study provides both theoretical and experimental insights into the molecular mechanisms governing the germination of tea plants, laying the groundwork for further exploring the role of PIF7 in plant development and stress responses.
Camellia sinensis/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Abscisic Acid/pharmacology* ; Germination/genetics* ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism* ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Cold Temperature

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers are characterized by exceptional mechanical strength, and textiles blended with cotton fibers combine both comfort and durability, showcasing widespread use in daily applications. However, improper disposal of discarded polyester-cotton textiles has resulted in severe environmental pollution, necessitating urgent and effective mitigation strategies. Enzymatic recycling of textiles offers superior environmental benefits and holds greater potential for industrial applications than alternative recycling methods. This study aims to explore a large-scale solution for the treatment of waste textiles, particularly addressing the challenge of resource recovery from polyester-cotton blended fabrics. An innovative enzymatic depolymerization process has been developed to achieve the recovery of high-purity terephthalic acid monomers. Experiments were conducted on three different textile blends with polyester-to-cotton ratios of 65/35, 70/30, and 80/20, and the influences of different colors on the process were investigated. Initially, the textiles were pretreated through mechanical grinding, which was followed by depolymerization of cotton fibers with commercial cellulase. The crystallinity of PET in the textiles was reduced through a rapid heating and cooling process. Subsequently, the PET was depolymerized by the engineered PET hydrolase. The results demonstrated that after decolorization and separation of terephthalic acid (TPA) from the reaction system, the monomer recovery rates for the three textile blends (65/35, 70/30, and 80/20) reached 90%, 91%, and 92%, respectively. Characterization analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) confirmed that the purity of the recovered TPA was greater than 99%. In conclusion, the fully enzymatic recycling process developed in this study shows considerable promise for large-scale industrial applications and is anticipated to significantly advance the adoption and development of enzymatic recycling technologies for PET in industrial processes.
Phthalic Acids/chemistry* ; Polyesters/chemistry* ; Textiles ; Cotton Fiber ; Polyethylene Terephthalates/chemistry* ; Cellulase/chemistry* ; Recycling/methods* ; Polymerization

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with a prevalence of 0.1%-4%, typically affecting individuals aged 30-60 years. Isolated lip involvement is uncommon, seen in 0.51%-8.9% of cases, predominantly in middle-aged men. We report a 58-year-old male with well-controlled diabetes who developed isolated lower lip LP, initially misdiagnosed as herpes simplex virus infection and unresponsive to oral acyclovir. Dermoscopy and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was managed with a novel regimen: Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment (morning) and tretinoin 0.025% cream (night), alongside sunscreen and petroleum jelly. After 4 weeks, marked improvement was observed with flattened lesions and reduced pruritus. This case underscores the potential efficacy of combining a calcineurin inhibitor and a retinoid as a corticosteroid-sparing alternative for localized LP. Clinically, this approach offers a valuable treatment option for patients with lip LP showing suboptimal response to initial corticosteroid therapy, minimizing steroid-related adverse effects and improving therapeutic outcomes.

Peyronie's disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by fibrous plaque formation in the penile tissue that leads to curvature and complications in advanced stages. In this study, we aimed to compare four injectable induction agents for the establishment of a robust rat model of PD: transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), fibrin, sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) combined with TGF-β1, and polidocanol (POL) combined with TGF-β1. The results showed that injection of TGF-β1 or fibrin into the tunica albuginea induced pathological endpoints without causing penile curvature. The STS + TGF-β1 combination resulted in both histological and morphological alterations, but with a high incidence of localized necrosis that led to animal death. The POL + TGF-β1 combination produced pathological changes and curvature comparable to STS + TGF-β1 and led to fewer complications. In conclusion, fibrin, STS + TGF-β1, and POL + TGF-β1 all induced PD with a certain degree of penile curvature and histological fibrosis in rats. The POL + TGF-β1 combination offered comparatively greater safety and clinical relevance and may have the greatest potential for PD research using model rats.
Animals ; Male ; Penile Induration/drug therapy* ; Rats ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fibrin ; Penis/drug effects* ; Polidocanol/administration & dosage* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Polyethylene Glycols/administration & dosage* ; Injections

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of non-chemotherapy strategy of retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with arsenic trioxide (ATO) on the survival of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). METHODS: The data of APL patients with complete information diagnosed in the hematology department of our hospital from June 2009 to November 2024 were retrospective analyzed. All patients in the non-CHT group received ATRA-ATO induction, consolidation and maintenance therapy. Patients in the CHT group received ATRA-ATO+chemotherapy induction therapy, followed by 3 cycles of ATRA-ATO+CHT consolidation therapy and 6-10 cycles of ATRA-ATO maintenance therapy. The primary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), remission rate, differentiation syndrome (DS) and safety. RESULTS: There were 182 patients with APL and 15 patients with early death (ED), accounting for 8.24%, which was related to age and risk stratification. There was no significant difference in remission rate between the non-CHT group and the CHT group (P =0.486). As of February 2025, the median follow-up time of patients was 39.5 months. The EFS of the non-CHT group was significantly better than that of the CHT group (P =0.038). There was no significant difference in OS between the two groups (P =0.442). Subgroup analysis showed that EFS in the non-CHT was longer in standard-risk patients (P =0.012). There was no significant difference in EFS (P =0.585) and OS (P =0.473) between the CHT and non-CHT groups in high-risk patients. The incidence of mild DS was 23.6% in the non-CHT group and 23.1% in the CHT group, respectively, with no statistically significant difference(P =0.937). Compared with CHT group, the incidence of serious adverse events was lower in the non-CHT group. CONCLUSION The non-chemotherapy regimen of ATRA combined with ATO is a feasible method to cure APL patients.
Humans ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy* ; Arsenic Trioxide/therapeutic use* ; Tretinoin/administration & dosage* ; Retrospective Studies ; Female ; Treatment Outcome ; Male ; Adult ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use* ; Middle Aged ; Remission Induction